APHUG Practice Test

A popular American hamburger chain successfully entered the fast-food market in India by altering the menu to include vegetarian burgers instead of hamburgers made with beef. This example can best be described as A) stimulus diffusion B) hierarchical diffusion C) relocation diffusion D) independent invention E) distance decay

A

In more developed countries, suburban development during the mid-twentieth century focused on moderate single-family homes on small lots. In contrast, in the latter half of the twentieth century, many suburban areas were developed to contain large lots with single-family homes. Which of the following explains the importance of this change in the pattern of development? A) Urban sprawl resulted from the expansion of transportation networks dependent on cars. B) Gentrification resulted from the reinvestment into existing urban residential real estate. C) Brownfields resulted from the deindustrialization of factories, warehouses, ports, and rail yards. D) Smart growth resulted from the planning of transportation networks dependent on trains and buses. E) New urbanism resulted from the zoning of mixed-use districts dependent on walkways and bikeways.

A

Nigeria can be identified as a A) multinational state B) nation-state C) colonial power D) choke point E) multistate nation

A

The Arabic word sawahili means "a language of the coast." Which of the following explains how this would relate to the Swahili language spoken today in Kenya, Tanzania, and northern Mozambique in eastern Africa? A) As Muslim merchants traveled to Africa, they needed to communicate with people living along the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean in order to trade, and a lingua franca developed. B) German colonizers needed a language that would unite all the people in their colonies. C) Traders from around the world used the countries of coastal Africa to spread not just goods, but also various languages. D) British colonizers found Swahili easy to use and encouraged its use in Africa and in Great Britain. E) As religious teachers spread Islam through Africa, many people adopted words from the Quran into the local languages, creating a new lingua franca.

A

The higher gross domestic product per capita in some less developed countries such as Brazil, South Africa, and Malaysia is best explained by increases in the value of the country's A) manufacturing output and service industry employment B) textile and clothing manufacturing C) agricultural land development and the number of farmers D) foreign aid payments and food aid from other countries E) women-owned business and microloan programs

A

Tikka masala is an Indian-style food that has gained popularity in the United Kingdom, despite being less common in India. Which of the following processes led to the spread of this food? A) Relocation diffusion B) Contagious diffusion C) Hierarchical diffusion D) Reverse hierarchical diffusion E) Expansion diffusion

A

Which of the following is a central goal for planning concepts such as New Urbanism? A) Creation of walkable cities that are environmentally friendly and contain a diversity of business, entertainment, and residential areas with large areas of green space B) Creation of affordable housing such as clusters of high-rise apartment buildings to house low-income residents C) Redesign of neighborhoods to replace older historic structures with multistory office buildings and modern residences D) Creation of adequate streets, beltways, and parking spaces for automobiles and reduction in public transit options E) Repeal of zoning regulations that limit construction of new single-family housing developments

A

Which of the following is the most likely outcome of a citywide sustainable design initiative? A) An increase in mixed land-use development, which improves the walkability of neighborhoods B) A rapid period of gentrification resulting in more affordable housing options throughout the city C) The growth of edge cities, which stimulates regional economic development D) A sharp increase in the city's population as suburban residents are drawn back to the city center E) The decline of industry within the city as factories move to locations with lower labor costs

A

Compared to the patterns shown in urban models of the United States and Canada, the Latin American city model best explains which of the following patterns? A) Manufacturing districts are adjacent to the center of the city. B) Income levels and land values increase toward the center of the city and along the spine. C) Plazas are increasingly being built along peripheral areas. D) Squatter settlements are rapidly shrinking in the periphery and increasing in the central city. E) Gentrification has greatly improved housing along peripheral areas.

B

Comparing the patterns of commercial space and residential space, which of the following examples is the weakest fit for the Burgess concentric zone model? A) Urban areas such as London that developed before the Industrial Revolution, where a medieval city center is surrounded by increasingly expensive housing B) Urban areas such as the San Francisco Bay area, where there are multiple centers of employment and multiple areas of high-income residences C) Cities such as Philadelphia, where residents may be willing to commute long distances in order to live in lower-cost housing D) Twin cities such as Minneapolis-Saint Paul, where two Industrial-Era central business districts are surrounded by increasingly expensive housing E) Cities such as Toronto, where waves of historical migrations have prompted the expansion of high-income housing on the outer edges of the city

B

FALKLAND ISLANDS United Kingdom Name: Falkland Islands Distance to the United Kingdom: 6,250 nautical miles Dates of Control: 1765-1767, 1771-1774, 1833-1982, 1982 to present Argentina Name: Islas Malvinas Distance to Argentina: 182 nautical miles Dates of Control: 1770-1881 (as Spanish Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata), 1829-1831 (Argentina, onward), 1832-1833, three months in 1982 Source: Britannica.com The Falkland Islands War took place in 1982 between Argentina and Great Britain, when Argentina's military invaded the small British overseas territory in the South Atlantic Ocean. British forces reclaimed the islands after a short war. Using the information shown, which of the following geographic principles explains the conflict in the Falkland Islands? A) Irredentism and the desire to form a nation-state B) Overlapping claims of sovereignty C) A political independence movement against the ruling colonial power D) The establishment of territorial seas E) Ethnic and religious differences that led to the devolution of a state

B

For centuries, sugar crystals were made from the evaporated juice of sugarcane, a plant grown only in tropical and subtropical climates. In the 1800s, industrial methods were developed to manufacture crystalline sugar from sugar beets. This allowed for large amounts of sugar to be produced in colder, temperate climate zones. Which of the following geographic concepts best explains the ability of humans to use technology to overcome the limitations of climate and modify the landscape? A) Environmental determinism B) Possibilism C) Cultural relativism D) Contagious diffusion E) Political ecology

B

In 1854, London physician Dr. John Snow mapped the spatial relationship between deaths from the waterborne disease cholera and the locations of water pumps which brought in water directly from tunnels connected to the River Thames. From Snow's research it was determined that a public water pump had been contaminated by sewage. What geographic principle explains the significance of Snow's research? A) As cities remove natural resources from the landscape, those resources become insignificant. B) Even in areas of urban land use, there is a significant relationship between nature and society. C) Once water enters an area of urban land use, that water is no longer considered a natural resource. D) The prosperity of a society is determined by environmental factors, such as the availability of natural resources. E) Societies leave a cultural imprint on the land, such as the pattern of streets and water systems.

B

In locations such as the Caribbean Sea, international borders between island states are determined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. These maritime boundaries can best be described as A) relict borders B) superimposed borders C) subsequent borders D) antecedent borders E) consequent borders

B

Policies that increase the quantity of housing units next to downtown employment locations in cities such as Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, Canada are designed to reduce these cities' A) leapfrogging B) ecological footprints C) gentrification D) urban renewal E) greenbelt development

B

Rostow's stages of development can easily be applied to countries such as the United States and Japan, but not so easily to countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Bolivia, because the theory A) is predicated on less developed countries receiving financial assistance from more developed countries B) places emphasis on developed nations having less developed nations to exploit for resources C) ignores unevenness in development across the globe D) does not take into account the interdependence of places and regions E) highlights the semiperiphery as the most successful in development

B

The geopolitical setting of which of the following countries can be explained by its membership in the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War and its location along the European shatterbelt? A) France B) Bulgaria C) Italy D) Switzerland E) Belgium

B

The political boundaries of North Africa and the Middle East can best be described as the product of which of the following processes? A) Devolution B) Imperialism C) Self-determination D) Democratization E) Supranationalism

B

The urbanization and growth of the steel producing centers of the Ruhr Valley in Germany and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the United States can best be explained by the site characteristics of A) large, local supplies of iron ore and intersecting railroads B) large, local supplies of coal and intersecting rivers C) large, local supplies of food and intersecting highways D) large, local supplies of skilled labor and seaports E)large, local supplies of educated workers and university growth poles

B

Traffic congestion is a common feature of major Southeast Asian cities. Which of the following is a possible solution that a city or regional government could implement to alleviate traffic congestion and improve the city's urban sustainability? A) The government could enact laws that would prohibit the migration of people from nearby rural areas into the city. B) The government could significantly expand the availability and use of more environmentally friendly mass transit that utilizes renewable resources. C) The government could enact laws that would prohibit the development of features such as rooftop gardens and urban agriculture. D) The government could enact laws to limit growth within the city, including the construction of high-rise office buildings. E) The government could enact laws to limit external influence in the form of foreign-owned stores and businesses.

B

Which of the following best explains a political-economic weakness or limitation of Rostow's stages of economic growth? A) The model does not hold up to modern times because essentially all countries around the world have moved through Rostow's stages of economic growth as expected. B) Rostow made the inaccurate assumption that all countries want modernization as defined in the model and would pass through the outlined stages in order. C) According to Rostow, countries will become less dependent on the sales of their commodities as they advance. D) Some critics claim commodities were exchanged between core and periphery areas well before modern times. E) The stages as defined by Rostow are not useful because sustainability is not addressed.

B

Which of the following concepts best explains the driving forces of contemporary cultural diffusion? A) Cultural convergence B) Space-time compression C) Syncretism D) Cultural divergence E) Creolization

B

Which of the following describes a typical spatial relationship between federal and unitary states? A) Federal states tend to be smaller than unitary states. B) Unitary states tend to be smaller than federal states. C) Unitary states tend to be more densely populated than federal states. D) Federal states tend to have a more urban population than unitary states. E) Federal states are more likely to be landlocked than unitary states.

B

Which of the following describes a unitary state? A) An ethnically homogeneous state where all citizens identify as members of the same nation B) A state in which government decisions are made at the national level and applied uniformly across the state C) A state in which one leader and one party have complete political, economic, and social control D) A state in which subunits are granted independent constitutional authority E) A state that is geographically contiguous with no fragmented land areas separated from the rest of the state

B

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of world cities? A) They are capital cities in their respective countries and centers of political power. B) They are financially and politically connected to global markets and drive the process of globalization. C) They are located in the interiors of their respective countries and require sophisticated transportation networks. D) They have political dominance within their respective regions and are former centers of colonial power. E) They have historical significance on a global scale and are located within early cultural hearths.

B

Which of the following processes describes how missionary activities change the geographies of universalizing religions outside of their founding hearths? A) Assimilation B) Expansion diffusion C) Hierarchical diffusion D) Relocation diffusion E) Agglomeration

B

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by the concept of range in Christaller's central place theory? A) A major department store opens in a small town because the town does not have any major retailers competing for business. B) A consumer purchases gasoline at the nearest town but travels to the nearest city to purchase a new car. C) A high rate of rural-to-urban migration occurs in a developing country as people seek jobs in cities. D) A consumer purchases a home in the suburbs rather than in the nearest city because the cost of land is lower in the suburbs. E) A tech company is headquartered in a more developed country, but its customer service center is located in a less developed country.

B

Which of the following site factors is most significant in explaining the expansion of urban areas of Tokyo and Los Angeles following the Second World War? A) Deepwater, protected natural harbors B) Flat, open plains along mountainous coastlines C) Availability of forest resources D) Seismic hazards and plate tectonic boundaries E) Availability of freshwater resources

B

Which of the following statements best explains the growth pattern behind a majority of the world's megacities? A) North American and European cities continue to dominate global financial services and generate large volumes of media and entertainment. B) Indian and Chinese cities have experienced enormous urban growth in recent years as these countries continue to industrialize and develop service industries. C) Japan and Germany are the most highly urbanized developed countries in the world, with much of their economies focused on high technology and financial services. D) Brazilian and Mexican cities remain the largest metropolitan areas in the world because of continuous rural-to-urban migration. E) Africa and the Middle East have produced a large number of metropolitan areas where commercial development and real estate values have increased significantly.

B

Which of the following terms best describes the suburban area of Illinois where many residents commute to Chicago? A) Perceptual region B) Functional region C) Formal region D) Conformal region E) Equal area region

B

While New Urbanism is seen as a more sustainable pattern for urban growth, which of the following is a negative consequence of New Urbanism? A) The influx of lower-income residents may cause some businesses to leave as they seek higher profits in upper-income areas. B) The increase in mixed-use spaces may reduce the unique historic architecture of the area. C) The increased use of automobiles required to access goods and services will increase pollution. D) The expansion of built-up urban spaces will threaten wildlife and habitats. E) The uniformity of residential areas provides limited housing options for residents.

B

Based on a comparison of commercial space and residential housing, the Burgess concentric zone model shown best represents which of the following patterns? A) Urban land use in large Canadian cities with service and technology economies, where specialized suburban central business districts with higher land prices are found on the urban periphery B) Mixed-use urban development in East Coast cities such as New York City with service and technology economies, where residential gentrification occurs near the central business district in areas with lower land prices C) Urban growth in Midwestern cities such as Chicago during the Industrial Era, where suburban growth rings surrounded a single central business district with higher land prices D) High-income housing within West Coast cities during the late 1800s, because the model was based on ethnic neighborhoods in San Francisco that formed distinct sectors in areas with higher land prices E) Suburban growth in Southeastern cities in the late twentieth century, because the model was based on Atlanta where gated residential communities are found on the urban periphery in areas with lower land prices

C

Each year Paris, Milan, and New York City hold fashion weeks showcasing the latest in clothing design. These events provide major clothing designers with the opportunity to finance new brands and to collaborate. Fashion weeks receive a large amount of news coverage in online, print, and televised media, which influences consumers' preferences and purchasing decisions. Which of the following geographical processes best explains this impact on consumers? A) Central business districts are increasingly commercialized. B) Push and pull factors affect the flows of urban migrants. C) World cities have market effects on a globalized urban culture. D) Urban populations are correlated as described in the rank-size rule. E) Uneven development results from the dominance of primate cities.

C

In 2008, a debt crisis within the United States housing market triggered a global economic crisis. Which of the following best explains how this process occurred? A) Because the United States is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), all members of the WTO were equally affected by the crisis within the United States. B) Properties owned by American businesses and individuals experienced a sharp decrease in value throughout the world. C) Because the global financial system is interconnected, banks in other countries were negatively affected by the crisis in the United States. D) Following the debt crisis in the United States, other countries disengaged from supranational free trade agreements with the United States. E) The debt crisis prompted many Americans to move abroad, causing housing shortages in countries with a lower cost of living.

C

In his book My Tears Spoiled My Aim, John Shelton Reed explains the difficulty of defining the American South. "Where is the South? . . . The South is, to begin with, a concept—and a shared one. It's an idea that people can talk about, think about, use to orient themselves and each other. People know whether they're in it or not." Based on Reed's explanation, the South is best described as which kind of region? A) Functional B) Formal C) Vernacular D) Peripheral E) Linguistic

C

In less developed countries, ecotourism blends environmental sustainability with the travel and hospitality service industry. This combination attracts global tourists to locations such as Mount Kilimanjaro, the Serengeti Plain, and Victoria Falls in Africa. Which of the following best explains the relationship between global ecotourism and economic sustainability at the local scale? A) As ecotourism increases in popularity, it is predicted to become the only viable path to local economic sustainability in less developed countries. B) The largest ecotourism resorts lead to economic sustainability at the local scale, whereas smaller resorts have little effect on local economies. C) Global ecotourism does not necessarily lead to local economic sustainability, as workers might not be paid a living wage at ecotourism resorts. D) Global ecotourism always leads to economic sustainability at the local scale, but it also leads to cultural homogenization as local communities come into contact with tourists. E) Global ecotourism is a detriment to local economic sustainability, putting food supplies at risk as workers transfer from agricultural labor to jobs at resorts.

C

Local and regional autonomous governments and a separatist militia group have been established within the Basque region. How do these local and regional governments compare with the national governments of Spain and France? A) Local and regional governments establish the foundations for new federal states within each of the larger independent states. B) Local and regional governments stabilize local communities, aligning the communities with the objectives of the larger independent states. C) Local and regional governments create the potential for conflict and act as a centrifugal force within the larger independent states. D) Local and regional governments strengthen the unitary systems of government within the larger independent states. E) Local and regional governments create a stronger geopolitical region and act as a centripetal force within the larger independent states.

C

Most countries within western Europe and South America are highly urbanized. Which of the following statements best explains an important similarity or difference in the urbanization of these regions? A) Economic development occurred at the same rate in western Europe and South America, leading to similar levels of urbanization. B) Most countries in western Europe and South America are democracies, a form of government generally associated with urbanized societies. C) Western Europe urbanized before South America because industrialization occurred first in Europe. D) South America and western Europe share similar population growth rates, leading to comparable levels of urbanization. E) South America urbanized before western Europe because South America had large supplies of natural resources.

C

Which of the following best explains the primary function of international political boundaries? A) Boundaries define national identity and encourage a patriotism that make local cultures recognizable. B) Boundaries limit international trade and improve regional economies within the country. C) Boundaries limit sovereignty and determine the extent of a state's power within the global political system. D) Boundaries promote international relations between neighboring states and encourage peace. E) Boundaries resolve disputes over water resources and determine which countries have the right to extract water.

C

Which of the following best explains the rapid development of edge cities in the United States Southwest in comparison with other regions of the United States? A) Edge cities have not developed in the Midwest region of the United States because residents abandoned the suburbs and moved into the inner cities for less-expensive housing and for jobs that required less commuting. B) Edge cities have developed in the Southeast region of the United States, but growth is limited because the government has zoned out commercial buildings at the edge of suburban areas. C) Edge cities developed rapidly in the Southwest region of the United States because large numbers of people migrated from the Midwest for the warmer climate and for the jobs resulting when corporations relocated for financial incentives. D) Edge cities have not developed in the Mountain West region of the United States because the rugged terrain cannot accommodate large-scale building projects necessary for edge city development; residential development is limited to small villages and remote cabins. E) Edge cities have not developed in the New England region of the Unites States because the severe winter weather makes it too expensive to heat large commercial buildings.

C

Which of the following best explains why geographers would expect two large urban areas in close proximity to one another to have extensive interactions, such as frequent airline flights between the cities? A) Rank-size rule B) Primate city C) Gravity model D) Central place theory E) Threshold population

C

Which of the following can be used to explain why an immigrant community that attempts to assimilate into local society would engage in political protest against the government? A) Sponsored refugees brought to a city far from their point of entry B) New immigrants relying on friends and family for chain migration C) Ethnic groups living in segregated enclaves D) The division of land based on traditional land survey systems E) Historical preservation of religious structures

C

Which of the following is the most likely reason for cities to invest in remediation and redevelopment of brownfields? A) The redevelopment of brownfields in city centers complements the development of greenbelts surrounding urban areas. B) Contaminated brownfields on the outskirts of urban areas often restrict the economic development of edge cities. C) The redevelopment of brownfields enables the reuse of abandoned areas that are often located in urban centers and have existing infrastructure. D) Brownfield redevelopment reduces the city's ecological footprint and improves urban air quality. E) The remediation of brownfields results in open green spaces within cities, facilitating urban agriculture programs.

C

Which of the following statements accurately compares the processes of devolution and supranationalism that challenge the sovereignty of Canada? A) Centripetal forces are present in Quebec, whereas the free-trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico is a centrifugal force on a national level. B) Centripetal forces are present in Quebec, whereas the free-trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico challenges the Canadian government's independence on a national level. C) Centrifugal forces are present in Quebec, whereas the free-trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico challenges the Canadian government's independence on a national level. D) Centripetal forces are present in Quebec, whereas the free-trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico is a governance issue at the provincial scale. E) Centrifugal forces are present in Quebec, whereas the free-trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico is a governance issue at the provincial scale.

C

Which of the following statements best explains the concept of sustainability? A) Natural resources are the domain of humans because of the ability of humans to take appropriate action for their use without fear of resource depletion. B) Natural resources should be used until they become too scarce or too expensive because of the immediate need for human survival. C) Natural resource use should be balanced with the needs of the environment and future generations because many resources are nonrenewable. D) Natural resources will be replaced by technological goods because of concerns that all natural resources will become obsolete within the next generation. E) Natural resource use should generate economic profits because of the new technologies that make procuring the resources cost effective.

C

Which of the following types of political boundaries best describe the border between the United States and Canada? A) Relict B) Militarized C) Geometric D) Open E) Gerrymandered

C

Chile is able to grow and harvest grapes and strawberries in the months of October through April, while in the United States such fruit is harvested from April through October. The United States has a much larger manufacturing capacity and ships durable goods such as cars and trucks to Chile. These examples can best be explained by A) divergent patterns of spatial diffusion B) the economic concept of transferability C) the industrial processes of a commodity chain D) the economic principle of comparative advantage E) the uneven development resulting from colonialism

D

Many people living in west and central African countries such as Niger, Chad, and the Central African Republic speak French. Which of the following best explains this pattern? A) The French language originated in west-central Africa and diffused to Europe. B) Muslims brought the French language into Africa from France. C) Slaves freed from France in the late 1800s relocated to the region that is now Niger and the Central African Republic. D) France acquired several countries in Africa as a result of decisions made during the Berlin Conference of 1884. E) French diffused hierarchically into the largest cities of Africa after the Second World War.

D

Which of the following best explains the relationship of a country's economic sector employment to its development level? A) Semiperiphery countries and periphery countries have the highest percentage of workers in the tertiary sector because of the emphasis on technology development. B) Semiperiphery countries and core countries have the highest percentage of workers in the secondary sector because of the economic dominance of manufacturing. C) Periphery countries have the highest percentage of workers in the secondary sector because of the availability of natural resources. D) Core countries have the highest percentage of workers in the tertiary sector and the lowest percentage of workers in the primary sector because of the economic emphasis on services. E) Periphery countries have highest percentage of workers in the tertiary sector and the lowest percentage of workers in the primary sector because of their importance as financial centers.

D

Which of the following explains the development patterns for a country that has a large proportion of its economy engaged in the secondary economic sector? A) The country exhibits extremely high land values as vast acreage is needed for manufacturing plants and luxury housing developments for manufacturing executives. B) The country has an aging urban population and is importing day laborers from rural areas to keep up with the demands of production. C) The country has a large population of well-educated labor, but it is widely dispersed around the country, distant from manufacturing facilities and employment opportunities. D) The country has access to shipping lanes and inexpensive transport options that lead to establishment of factories close to raw materials or to markets, depending on the manufacturing process. E) The country has available resources important to manufacturing, such as water and fossil fuels, but access is limited in many areas.

D

Which of the following explains the most significant weakness of Wallerstein's world system theory? A) The levels of development described in world system theory have little in common with the levels described in Rostow's stages of growth. B) World system theory relies on a global system of trade, without which industrializing states like Brazil could not develop economically. C) World system theory does not explain that historical core countries, like China, could decline and be reclassified as semiperiphery. D) World system theory provides little explanation about how a country like South Korea could rise from a peripheral country to a core economy. E) World system theory does not factor labor as a resource that all countries are dependent on for economic development.

D

Which of the following geospatial technologies is typically used to analyze the data layers such as those shown in maps? A) Aerial photography interpretation B) Satellite navigation systems C) Remote sensing satellites D) Geographic information systems (GIS) E) Global positioning systems (GPS)

D

Which of the following technological examples is best used to compare the effects of local-scale and global-scale political challenges to state sovereignty? A) Laptop computers used by aid agencies in nation-building B) Social media Web sites supporting supranational organizations C) Internet filters restricting the spread of globalization D) Cell phone use weakening corrupt governments E) Satellite image analysis contributing to devolution

D

A fashion trend was started when an actor appeared on a television show wearing a shirt and tie of the same color. Within weeks, people began to follow this trend in both large cities and small towns across the United States. Which pair of diffusion types explains the spread of the fashion trend in this example? A) Relocation and stimulus B) Stimulus and hierarchical C) Hierarchical and relocation D) Contagious and relocation E) Hierarchical and contagious

E

A movement that began in Italy as a reaction to the impact of globalization on the quality of daily urban life promotes A) smart growth, which concentrates growth in compact urban centers to avoid sprawl B) Fordism, which promotes industrialization C) counterurbanization, which decreases the need for transportation infrastructure D) edge cities, which improve regional economies E) slow-growth cities, which emphasize long-standing cultural traditions

E

Christaller's central place theory argues that which of the following patterns will occur? A) The site of a city always influences the importance and power of a city. B) Land value decreases with increasing distance from the central business district. C) Large cities will outnumber smaller towns and cities. D) People are more likely to commute to a larger city to find a job. E) Cities and towns of similar size will be evenly spaced across a country or region.

E

Microfinance is a form of banking whereby financial institutions issue small loans to people with low incomes, generally in less developed countries. Which of the following best explains how microfinance loans are intended to contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals? A) Microfinance loans are used for environmental remediation, which contributes to the goal of reversing land degradation. B) Microfinance loans are available exclusively to women, which contributes to the goal of gender equality. C) Microfinance loans are used to pay for college tuition, which contributes to the goal of providing quality education. D) Microfinance loans fund research on renewable fuels, which contributes to the goal of providing clean and affordable energy. E) Microfinance loans enable people to start small businesses, which contributes to the goal of ending poverty.

E

Orthodox Christianity was established in Ethiopia during the fourth century after diffusing up the Nile River valley from the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. Islam expanded into North Africa and East Africa during the seventh century. Today Ethiopia's population is 43% Orthodox Christian and 33% Muslim. Which statement best explains the composition of religious groups of Ethiopia? A) Ethiopia is part of a regional Islamic majority. B) In the fourth century, kings of Ethiopia mandated that the Christian religion be followed. C) Protestant Christianity is the fastest-growing religion in Ethiopia. D) Ethiopia is too far from Rome for the Roman Catholic Church to be dominant. E) Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa.

E

Seoul is the largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 10 million. Busan is the second-largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 3.5 million. Which of the following best describes the impact of this population difference? A) Seoul exports more goods to Busan than to any other city. B) Seoul is centrally located within South Korea, making it easily accessible for all residents of South Korea. C) South Korea is experiencing rapid population growth because of a disproportionately high total fertility rate in the Seoul metropolitan area. D) Hierarchical diffusion causes cultural practices and innovations to spread from smaller cities such as Busan to Seoul. E) Seoul serves as the economic, political, and cultural center of South Korea.

E

Sikhism grew out of a blend of Hindu and Islamic religious principles, a process best explained by which term? A) Assimilation B) Convergence C) Appropriation D) Diffusion E) Syncretism

E

Some communities along the internal border between Flanders and Wallonia are required by Belgian federal law to have bilingual local governments, with road signs and government publications in Flemish and French. Some nearby communities refuse to permit a census of language users because they are concerned that the results will trigger federal requirements for a bilingual local government. Which of the following geographic concepts best explains the efforts to preserve a single official language in such communities? A) Choke points, because local communities are defining themselves as exclusively Flemish or French. B) Protectionism, because these communities exclude services and international trade conducted in different languages. C) Shatterbelts, because linguistic divisions are the result of different political-economic systems at the national and international scales. D) Relict boundaries, because cultural divisions have become irrelevant in these local communities. E) Territoriality, because communities are expressing power and political control over the landscape.

E

South Sudan, formerly part of Sudan, and the Islamic region of Darfur, which is seeking some level of political autonomy within Sudan. In comparison with the east-west divide between Darfur and the rest of Sudan, which of the following centrifugal forces led South Sudan to seek independence from Sudan? A) South Sudan wanted a larger share of productive oil resources located in Ethiopia and Eritrea. B) Sudan filed for bankruptcy in the International Court, whereas South Sudan grew wealthy from international trade. C) Sudan and South Sudan are home to one homogeneous nation in terms of religion and ethnicity. D) Sudan established a military presence in the region of South Sudan following a referendum vote, prompting a conflict. E) Sudan and South Sudan's border is a transition zone between Africa's Islamic northern region and the Christian and animist regions of sub-Saharan Africa.

E

When an immigrant group moves into a new location inhabited by a larger dominant culture with a different language, which of the following is the most likely outcome? A) The immigrant group will aggressively maintain their native language and prevent it from changing in order to preserve their culture. B) The immigrant group will quickly abandon their language and adopt the new language in order to achieve economic success. C) The two groups will immediately create a pidgin, or trade language, in order to communicate. D) The languages of the two groups will converge and blend into one new language. E) The immigrant group will learn and use the new language, and immigrant words will enter the language of the majority population.

E

Which of the following best explains why a universalizing religion would diffuse into a region? A) The region has a large population where many people identify as secular. B) The region has a small population where many people follow an ethnic religious tradition. C) The region's government is actively suppressing religious expression. D) The region's government has declared an official religion. E) The region has a large population where many people already follow another universalizing religion.

E

Which of the following explains how microlending policies can lead to interdependence in the world economy? A) Microlending policies increase debt in less developed countries because banks in more developed countries make the loans. B) Microlending policies result in decreased infrastructure expenditures in less developed countries because the loans are specifically for improvements in more developed countries. C) Increased restrictions for the lending of microloans by banks and international lending agencies make it difficult for less developed countries to succeed in their goals. D) Decreased funding opportunities for governments in less developed countries through microlending policies have led to isolationism and decreased trade. E) Increased funding opportunities for individuals in less developed countries have led to increased economic stability on a local level and trade opportunities with other countries.

E

Which of the following features is a common characteristic of unitary states? A) A primarily agricultural society B) Dispersed power centers C) Specific physical geographical features D) A weak hold on power over territory E) A strong central capital

E

Which of the following is the best example of centrifugal forces operating at the local scale as compared to the national or international scale? A) A failed state B) Increased cultural cohesion C) Increased social equity D) A stateless nation E) Uneven development

E

Which of the following questions must be answered in order to identify a functional region? A) What specific characteristic defines a region? B) What general characteristics define the area's identity? C) What do people call the region? D) What languages are spoken in the area? E) What area is influenced by a node?

E

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by the increasing global popularity of ecotourism? A) The expansion of luxury resorts owned by multinational hotel companies along Thai and Indonesian beaches that is based on tourists' attraction to tropical locations B) The high traffic and congestion at sites like Yellowstone National Park due to tourists' increased desire to experience the outdoors C) The expansion of cruise experiences that take passengers to multiple Caribbean and Central American countries because of tourists' desire to experience a variety of global cultures D) The increased use of snowmobiles, aircraft, and off-road vehicles by tour companies in Alaska as people seek to experience more remote locations to view wildlife E) The development of small, locally owned lodges near ecological preserves in the Brazilian Amazon due to tourists' desire to benefit the local economy and minimize their environmental impact

E

Which of the following would support an explanation of the availability of public services based upon a country's level of development? A) Cities with lower population density are less able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities with higher population density. B) Cities with higher population density are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities with lower population. C) A country's level of development provides little indication of a city's ability to overcome the challenges of providing public services. D) Cities located in periphery countries are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities in countries of the semiperiphery. E) Cities located in semiperiphery countries are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities in countries of the periphery.

E