APUSH Exam 2 Study
Enslaved People of African Descent in Eastern North America The demographics of the lower South colonies in 1750 most directly contributed to which of the following conditions for enslaved people?
a. Relative autonomy to preserve and adapt African traditions
"In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders....In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province's 2,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards' fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors.... Some Pueblo leaders...urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans." David J. Weber, historian, The Spanish Frontier in North America, 1992 Which of the following lead to the events in the above excerpt?
a. The use of the encomienda system in the Spanish colonies
"Colonial America also had regional differences among culture or historical reason for establishment as a colony. The Southern colonies were established as economic ventures and were seeking natural resources to provide material wealth to the mother country and themselves. In contrast, the early New England colonists were primarily religious reformers and separatists. They were seeking a new way of life to glorify God and for the greater good of their spiritual life. The Middle colonies welcomed people from various and diverse lifestyles. The social-political structure included all three varieties: villages, cities, and small farms." History and News Media, 2013 The reason for founding the Southern colonies led to
a. an African majority of the population in some colonies due to increased slave use
We... landed at day-break, and... went through the woods to ... the place where I left our colony in the year 1586...as we entered up the sandy bank upon a tree, in the very brow thereof were curiously carved these... letters: C R O...At my departure from them in 1587, I willed them, that if they should happen to be distressed in any of those places, then they should carve over the letters or name a cross in this form, but we found no such sign of distress. We found the houses taken down, and the place very strongly enclosed with a high palisade of great trees... I greatly joyed that I had safely found a certain token of their safe being at Croatoan, which is the place where Manteo was borne, and the savages of the island our friends. John White, 1590 The settlement described in the excerpt above was significant because it was the first
a. attempt at an English colony in the New World.
Enslaved People of African Descent in Eastern North America 1700's The difference in slave populations depicted in the graphs most directly resulted from differences in
a. climate and geographic conditions for cash crop agriculture
"Colonial America also had regional differences among culture or historical reason for establishment as a colony. The Southern colonies were established as economic ventures and were seeking natural resources to provide material wealth to the mother country and themselves. In contrast, the early New England colonists were primarily religious reformers and separatists. They were seeking a new way of life to glorify God and for the greater good of their spiritual life. The Middle colonies welcomed people from various and diverse lifestyles. The social-political structure included all three varieties: villages, cities, and small farms." History and News Media, 2013 One of the results of the founding of New England was a
a. close-knit, homogeneous society
American Tobacco Imported by England, 1619-1762 Enslaved Persons Imported to Virgina, 16-19-1762 As the population of black slaves in Virginia increased, the number of indentured servants in Virginia
a. decreased.
The rights of Africans in the British Southern colonies were
b. Gradually restricted until slavery was both a permanent and hereditary condition.
"Next, I call the Spaniards who plunder that unhappy people torturers... For God's sake and man's faith in him, is this the way to impose the yoke of Christ on Christian men? Is this the way to remove wild barbarism from the minds of barbarians? Is it not, rather, to act like thieves, cut-throats, and cruel plunderers and to drive the gentlest of people headlong into despair? The Indian race is not that barbaric, nor are they dull witted or stupid, but they are easy to teach and very talented in learning all the liberal arts, and very ready to accept, honor, and observe the Christian religion and correct their sins (as experience has taught) once priests have introduced them to the sacred mysteries and taught them the word of God. They have been endowed with excellent conduct, and before the coming of the Spaniards, as we have said, they had political states that were well founded on beneficial laws." In Defense of the Indians, Bartolome' de las Casas' (1550) Which of the following justifications for Spanish dominance and conquest does de las Casas' challenge in the excerpt?
b. Native Americans are culturally inferior to Europeans and should be treated as slaves.
"For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God, and all professors for God's sake. We shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going." John Winthrop sermon, "A Model of Christian Charity," 1630 Winthrop's sermon was directed at what specific group of people?
b. Puritans who were migrating to North America
"...for having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against His Majesty's loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us." Nathaniel Bacon, describing the faults of Governor Berkeley, 1676 "I have lived thirty-four years amongst you [Virginians], as uncorrupt and diligent as ever [a] Governor was, [while] Bacon is a man of two years amongst you...I will take counsel of wiser men than myself, but Mr. Bacon has none about him but the lowest of the people." Governor William Berkeley, responding to "Bacon's Manifesto," 1676
b. Relations with American Indians and restrictions on the fur trade
"And do not believe that before the coming of the Christians they lived in that peaceful reign of Saturn that the poets describe; on the contrary, they waged continuous and ferocious war against each other, with such fury that they considered a victory hardly worthwhile if they did not glut their monstrous hunger with the flesh of their enemies." Juan de Sepulveda, The Nature of the Natives, 1550 "God made all the peoples of this area, many and varied as they are, as open and as innocent as can be imagined. The simplest people in the world - unassuming, long-suffering, unassertive, and submissive - they are without malice, and are utterly faithful and obedient both to their own native lords and to the Spaniards in whose service they now find themselves. Never quarrelsome or belligerent or boisterous, they harbour no grudges and do not seek to settle old scores; indeed, the notions of revenge and hatred are quite foreign to them." Bartolome de Las Casas, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542 The ideas about the natives expressed by de Las Casas are most consistent with which of the following? Selected:
b. The argument for paternalistic treatment of the natives
"And do not believe that before the coming of the Christians they lived in that peaceful reign of Saturn that the poets describe; on the contrary, they waged continuous and ferocious war against each other, with such fury that they considered a victory hardly worthwhile if they did not glut their monstrous hunger with the flesh of their enemies." Juan de Sepulveda, The Nature of the Natives, 1550 "God made all the peoples of this area, many and varied as they are, as open and as innocent as can be imagined. The simplest people in the world - unassuming, long-suffering, unassertive, and submissive - they are without malice, and are utterly faithful and obedient both to their own native lords and to the Spaniards in whose service they now find themselves. Never quarrelsome or belligerent or boisterous, they harbour no grudges and do not seek to settle old scores; indeed, the notions of revenge and hatred are quite foreign to them." Bartolome de Las Casas, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542 The ideas about the natives expressed by de Sepulveda are most consistent with which of the following?
b. The belief in white superiority
"I said everything to them I could to divert them from their idolatries, and draw them to a knowledge of God our Lord. Moctezuma replied, the others assenting to what he said, that they had already informed me they were not the aborigines of the country, but that their ancestors had emigrated to it many years ago; and they fully believed that after so long an absence from their native land, they might have fallen into some errors; that I having more recently arrived must know better than themselves what they ought to believe; and that if I would instruct them in these matters, and make them understand the true faith, they would follow my directions, as being for the best. Afterwards, Moctezuma and many of the principal citizens remained with me until I had removed the idols, purified the chapels, and placed the images in them, manifesting apparent pleasure." Letter from Hernán Cortés to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, on his interaction with the Mexica (Aztecs), 1520 Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies of the Western Hemisphere?
b. The emergence of racially mixed populations mingling European settlers, Native Americans, and Africans
"Brothers, We tell you that we seek not war, we ask nothing better than to be quiet, and it depends, Brothers, only on you English, to have peace with us. "We have not yet sold the lands we inhabit, [and] we wish to keep the possession of them. Our elders have been willing to tolerate you, brothers Englishmen, on the seaboard. . . . But we will not cede one single inch of the lands we inhabit beyond what has been decided formerly by our fathers. "[The governor of French Canada] who is here present has nothing to do with what we say to you; we speak to you of our own accord, and in the name of all our allies. . . . We are entirely free; we are allies of the King of France, from whom we have received the Faith and all sorts of assistance in our necessities; we love that Monarch, and we are strongly attached to his interests." Ateawanto, Abenaki Indian leader, speech delivered to a representative of the royal governor of Massachusetts at a treaty conference between the Abenaki of present-day Maine, the Iroquois Indians of present-day New York, the French, and the English, 1752 Which of the following was a main purpose of Ateawanto in his speech?
b. To protect his people's land from English colonizers
"[S]ince a report had been made to the king on the fertility of the soil by [Sieur de Monts] and by me on the feasibility of discovering the passage to China, . . . his Majesty directed Sieur de Monts to make a new outfit, and send men to continue what he had commenced. . . . He was also influenced by the hope of greater advantages in case of settling in the interior, where the people are civilized,... than along the sea-shore, where the [natives] generally dwell. From this course, he believed the king would derive an inestimable profit; for it is easy to suppose that Europeans will seek out this advantage rather than those of a jealous and intractable disposition to be found on the shores." The French most differed from the Spanish in relations with American Indians in that the French
b. developed stronger alliances with American Indians
Now all of us at James Town, beginning to feel that sharp prick of hunger, which no man [can] truly describe but he which hath tasted the bitterness thereof. A world of miseries ensued . . . [and] some, to satisfy their hunger, have robbed the store, for the which I caused them to be executed. Then having fed upon horses and other beasts as long as they lasted, we were glad to make shift with vermin, as dogs, cats, rats, and mice. All was fish that came to net to satisfy cruel hunger, as to eat boots, shoes, or any other leather some could come by. And those being spent and devoured, some were enforced to search the woods and to feed upon serpents and snakes and to dig the earth for wild and unknown roots, where many of our men were cut off and slain by the [Indians]. And now famine beginning to look ghastly and pale in every face that nothing was spared to maintain life and to do those things which seem incredible . . ." Captain John Smith's role at Jamestown can best be described as
b. saving the colony from collapse.
"For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God, and all professors for God's sake. We shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going." John Winthrop sermon, "A Model of Christian Charity," 1630 The idea presented in the passage is that those on the voyage were there to
b. spread Christianity to others by example.
Town Map, Colonial New England Of the following choices, which feature of the New England town map would be LEAST likely to be present in the Chesapeake colonies?
b. the clustering of homes centrally located around a town hall and school
The movement of slaves from Africa to the British colonies expanded in the mid-1600s due to
c. A reduction on the number of indentured servants.
"[God's] wrath towards you burns like fire; He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire . . . you are ten thousand times more abominable in His eyes, as the most hateful and venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended Him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince. And yet, it is nothing but His hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment." The quote above is an example of the rhetoric from the
c. Great Awakening of the 1730s
"Next, I call the Spaniards who plunder that unhappy people torturers... For God's sake and man's faith in him, is this the way to impose the yoke of Christ on Christian men? Is this the way to remove wild barbarism from the minds of barbarians? Is it not, rather, to act like thieves, cut-throats, and cruel plunderers and to drive the gentlest of people headlong into despair? The Indian race is not that barbaric, nor are they dull witted or stupid, but they are easy to teach and very talented in learning all the liberal arts, and very ready to accept, honor, and observe the Christian religion and correct their sins (as experience has taught) once priests have introduced them to the sacred mysteries and taught them the word of God. They have been endowed with excellent conduct, and before the coming of the Spaniards, as we have said, they had political states that were well founded on beneficial laws." In Defense of the Indians, Bartolome' de las Casas' (1550) Which would NOT accurately describe Native American societies upon European contact
c. Native societies were on the brink of collapse from tribal wars.
Use the image called The First Landing of Christopher Columbus (1862) by Dioscoro Puebla to answer the questions that follow: What does the artist convey as being the most important motivator for Columbus's explorations?
c. Spreading Christianity
"...for having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against His Majesty's loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us." Nathaniel Bacon, describing the faults of Governor Berkeley, 1676 "I have lived thirty-four years amongst you [Virginians], as uncorrupt and diligent as ever [a] Governor was, [while] Bacon is a man of two years amongst you...I will take counsel of wiser men than myself, but Mr. Bacon has none about him but the lowest of the people." Governor William Berkeley, responding to "Bacon's Manifesto," 1676
c. Tensions between backcountry farmers and the tidewater gentry were exposed.
"The tough sod discouraged farming, and the plains animals are too fleet of foot to provide a dependable supply of food for large numbers of pedestrians. Then the horse gave the Indians the speed and stamina needed to take advantage of the opportunity to harvest this immense quantity of food represented by the buffalo herds of North America and the herds of wild cattle that propagated so rapidly in the grasslands of both Americas. The Indians stopped farming; the work was hard, boring, and unrewarding compared to the nomadic life." Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, 1972. The evidence provided in the excerpt above most directly reflects which of the following changes to the lives of North American Indians?
c. The buffalo would become a vital resource for the American Indians in the plains.
"We found the region inhabited by a race of people who were entirely naked, both men and women ... They have no laws, and no religious belief, but live according to the dictates of nature alone. They know nothing of the immortality of the soul; they have no private property, but everything in common, they have no boundaries or province, they obey no king or lord, for it is wholly each one is his own master... They made wars against each other, although they had neither kings, nor kingdoms, nor property of any kind... When we asked them about this, they gave us no other reason that that they did so to avenge the murder of their ancestors." Amerigo Vespucci, Spanish Explorer, 1502 Which of the following was a primary feature of Spanish colonial relations in the Western Hemisphere
c. The subjugation and Christianization of Native populations.
We... landed at day-break, and... went through the woods to ... the place where I left our colony in the year 1586...as we entered up the sandy bank upon a tree, in the very brow thereof were curiously carved these... letters: C R O...At my departure from them in 1587, I willed them, that if they should happen to be distressed in any of those places, then they should carve over the letters or name a cross in this form, but we found no such sign of distress. We found the houses taken down, and the place very strongly enclosed with a high palisade of great trees... I greatly joyed that I had safely found a certain token of their safe being at Croatoan, which is the place where Manteo was borne, and the savages of the island our friends. John White, 1590 The author of the passage, John White, implied that
c. a nearby tribe of Native Americans had previously been friendly to the settlers.
"Colonial America also had regional differences among culture or historical reason for establishment as a colony. The Southern colonies were established as economic ventures and were seeking natural resources to provide material wealth to the mother country and themselves. In contrast, the early New England colonists were primarily religious reformers and separatists. They were seeking a new way of life to glorify God and for the greater good of their spiritual life. The Middle colonies welcomed people from various and diverse lifestyles. The social-political structure included all three varieties: villages, cities, and small farms." History and News Media, 2013 Support for the above statement on the Middle colonies can best be seen in the
c. lack of a state religion in Pennsylvania
Now all of us at James Town, beginning to feel that sharp prick of hunger, which no man [can] truly describe but he which hath tasted the bitterness thereof. A world of miseries ensued . . . [and] some, to satisfy their hunger, have robbed the store, for the which I caused them to be executed. Then having fed upon horses and other beasts as long as they lasted, we were glad to make shift with vermin, as dogs, cats, rats, and mice. All was fish that came to net to satisfy cruel hunger, as to eat boots, shoes, or any other leather some could come by. And those being spent and devoured, some were enforced to search the woods and to feed upon serpents and snakes and to dig the earth for wild and unknown roots, where many of our men were cut off and slain by the [Indians]. And now famine beginning to look ghastly and pale in every face that nothing was spared to maintain life and to do those things which seem incredible . . ." The early years at Jamestown were mainly characterized by
c. starvation, disease, and frequent Indian raids.
Now all of us at James Town, beginning to feel that sharp prick of hunger, which no man [can] truly describe but he which hath tasted the bitterness thereof. A world of miseries ensued . . . [and] some, to satisfy their hunger, have robbed the store, for the which I caused them to be executed. Then having fed upon horses and other beasts as long as they lasted, we were glad to make shift with vermin, as dogs, cats, rats, and mice. All was fish that came to net to satisfy cruel hunger, as to eat boots, shoes, or any other leather some could come by. And those being spent and devoured, some were enforced to search the woods and to feed upon serpents and snakes and to dig the earth for wild and unknown roots, where many of our men were cut off and slain by the [Indians]. And now famine beginning to look ghastly and pale in every face that nothing was spared to maintain life and to do those things which seem incredible . . ." Despite an abundance of fish and game, early Jamestown settlers continued to starve because
c. they were unaccustomed to fending for themselves and wasted time looking for gold.
"We found the region inhabited by a race of people who were entirely naked, both men and women ... They have no laws, and no religious belief, but live according to the dictates of nature alone. They know nothing of the immortality of the soul; they have no private property, but everything in common, they have no boundaries or province, they obey no king or lord, for it is wholly each one is his own master... They made wars against each other, although they had neither kings, nor kingdoms, nor property of any kind... When we asked them about this, they gave us no other reason that that they did so to avenge the murder of their ancestors." Amerigo Vespucci, Spanish Explorer, 1502 The views expressed by Vespucci in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following?
d. A belief among Spanish colonizers that they were more civilized.
The diversity of race (Native American, African, and European) in the British colonies led to
d. A strict racial hierarchy dominated by Europeans.
"Brothers, We tell you that we seek not war, we ask nothing better than to be quiet, and it depends, Brothers, only on you English, to have peace with us. "We have not yet sold the lands we inhabit, [and] we wish to keep the possession of them. Our elders have been willing to tolerate you, brothers Englishmen, on the seaboard. . . . But we will not cede one single inch of the lands we inhabit beyond what has been decided formerly by our fathers. "[The governor of French Canada] who is here present has nothing to do with what we say to you; we speak to you of our own accord, and in the name of all our allies. . . . We are entirely free; we are allies of the King of France, from whom we have received the Faith and all sorts of assistance in our necessities; we love that Monarch, and we are strongly attached to his interests." Ateawanto, Abenaki Indian leader, speech delivered to a representative of the royal governor of Massachusetts at a treaty conference between the Abenaki of present-day Maine, the Iroquois Indians of present-day New York, the French, and the English, 1752 Which of the following groups would have most opposed the goals of the speech?
d. British settlers
"And do not believe that before the coming of the Christians they lived in that peaceful reign of Saturn that the poets describe; on the contrary, they waged continuous and ferocious war against each other, with such fury that they considered a victory hardly worthwhile if they did not glut their monstrous hunger with the flesh of their enemies." Juan de Sepulveda, The Nature of the Natives, 1550 "God made all the peoples of this area, many and varied as they are, as open and as innocent as can be imagined. The simplest people in the world - unassuming, long-suffering, unassertive, and submissive - they are without malice, and are utterly faithful and obedient both to their own native lords and to the Spaniards in whose service they now find themselves. Never quarrelsome or belligerent or boisterous, they harbour no grudges and do not seek to settle old scores; indeed, the notions of revenge and hatred are quite foreign to them." Bartolome de Las Casas, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1542 These excerpts were written in response to the
d. Debate over how the Spanish should treat the Native Americans
American Tobacco Imported by England, 1619-1762 Enslaved Persons Imported to Virgina, 16-19-1762 Which Statement is True
d. The demand for tobacco in Europe created greater demand for labor in Virginia.
"What is the phenomenon of globalization...? Fundamentally, it is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world which has been brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation . . . and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and (to a lesser extent) people across borders." Which of the following earlier trends was most similar to the pattern described in the excerpt?
d. The development of Atlantic world commerce in the 1600s and early 1700s
"The tough sod discouraged farming, and the plains animals are too fleet of foot to provide a dependable supply of food for large numbers of pedestrians. Then the horse gave the Indians the speed and stamina needed to take advantage of the opportunity to harvest this immense quantity of food represented by the buffalo herds of North America and the herds of wild cattle that propagated so rapidly in the grasslands of both Americas. The Indians stopped farming; the work was hard, boring, and unrewarding compared to the nomadic life." Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, 1972. The above excerpt best supports which of the following arguments regarding the introduction of the horse to the American Indian?
d. The introduction of the horse was a turning point in economic and societal development in the plains of North America.
Town Map, Colonial New England Which of the following was NOT a cause to the development of the town structure seen above?
d. intense focus on cash crops
"What induced [American] Indians to go out of their way to trap beaver and trade the skins for glass beads, mirrors, copper kettles, and other goods?... Recent scholarship on [American] Indians' motives in this earliest stage of the trade indicates that they regarded such objects as the equivalents of the quartz, mica, shell, and other sacred substances that had formed the heart of long-distance exchange in North America for millennia.... While northeastern [American] Indians recognized Europeans as different from themselves, they interacted with them and their materials in ways that were consistent with their own customs and beliefs." Neal Salisbury, historian, "The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans," 1996 A direct result of European of North America during the 1500s and early 1600s was the
d. introduction of new animals and crops to North America
Town Map, Colonial New England All of the following 17th century events would have brought dissent and stress to this peaceful New England community EXCEPT:
d. salutary neglect