APUSH Final Exam Semester 1 all Multiple Choice Document Based Questions

"The condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two races has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 Which of the following most directly undermines Calhoun's assertions?

A majority of White Southerners were not slaveholders.

"The condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two races has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 In the 1840's and 1850's, the views expressed by Calhoun most directly contributed to

Increased sectional divisions between the North and the South.

As political leader Henry Clay envisioned it in the 1820's, the American System constituted the...basis for social improvement...Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848 Which of the following most directly made possible the ideas described in the excerpt?

Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, and interchangeable parts.

The picture above shows Andrew Jackson depicted as a king trampling Internal Improvements for the U.S Bank, the judiciary of the United States, and the Constitution of the United States. The creator of the image would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

Jackson's politcal actions were unconstitutional.

Which Congregationalist minister's beliefs are exemplified through the following quote? "O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in! It is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath that you are held in the hand of that God whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you as against many of the damned in hell..."

Jonathan Edwards

"For I knew that they were a people who could be more easily freed and converted to our holy faith by love than by force, gave to some of them red caps, and glass beads to put round their necks, and many other things of little value, which gave them great pleasure, and made them so much our friends...It appeared to me to be a race of people very poor in everything...They have no iron, their darts being wands without iron, some of them having a fish's tooth at the end...They should be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made Christians as it appeared to me that they had no religion." Christopher Columbus upon reaching the West Indies, 1492 After Columbus's arrived in the West Indies, Spanish religion and Christian conversion were often used as a rationale to

Justify the subjugation of American Indies.

"...Whereas the enforcing of the conscience in matters of religion has frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequences in those commonwealths where it has been practiced, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this Province, and the better to preserve mutual love and amity among the inhabitants thereof. Be it therefore enacted that no person or persons whatever in the Province...professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within the Province...nor in any way compelled to the belief or exercise or any other religion against his or her consent, so [long] as they not be unfaithful to the Lord Proprietary, or molest or conspire against the civil government established in this Province under him..." Maryland Act Concerning Religion, 1644 The passage above was most likely written in response to

The ethnic and religious diversity of the middle colonies.

"On the subject of slavery...I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice...On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation...I am in earnest - I will not equivocate - I will not excuse - I will not retreat a single inch - AND I WILL BE HEARD." William Lloyd Garrison, the first issue of the abolitionist newspaper The type of views expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from which of the following trends?

The Second Great Awakening

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president to the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815. Which of the following examples best supports Adams' claim?

The Stamp Act because it helped unite the colonies.

"Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostasy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure." A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787. The views expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to

The addition of the Bill of Rights shortly after the Constitution was adopted.

"It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the said act as hereafter follows...That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade...That they raise and pay soldiers, and build forts for the defense of any of the Colonies, and equip vessels of force to guard the coasts and protect the trade on the oceans, lakes, or great rivers; but shall not impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the Legislature. That for these purposes they have power to make laws and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes as to them shall appear most equal and just...and such as may be collected with the least inconvenience to the people..." Albany Plan of Union, 1754 The excerpt above suggests which of the following?

The colonists having grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy.

"Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural...Those who benefited most from the market revolution-merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmers, along with their families-faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors." Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution Which of the following historical developments contributed most directly to the market revolution?

The emergence of new forms of transportation.

"Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural...Those who benefited most from the market revolution-merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmers, along with their families-faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors." Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution Which of the following cultural and social shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?

The emergence of new ideas about the proper roles of husbands and wives.

"The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right...Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy. Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention 1787 Hamilton's views expressed in the excerpt most directly supported which of the following?

The establishment of the Supreme Court

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs...have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere...assigned her. "Resolved, That is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention) 1848 Which other "righteous cause" would partcipants in the Seneca Falls Convention have been most likely to support?

Abolitionism

"Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostasy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure." A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787. Which of the following factors contributed most directly to the views expressed in the excerpt?

The fear of excessive centralized authority.

"The Anti-Federalists charged that the authors of the Constitution had failed to put up strong enough barriers to block this inevitably corrupting and tyrannical force. They painted a very black picture indeed of what the national representatives might and probably would do with the unchecked power conferred upon them under the provisions of the new Constitution...But [the Anti-Federalists] lacked both the faith and the vision to extend their principles nationwide." The Anti-Federalists' view of government power during the 1780s, as described in the excerpt, is best reflected by which of the following?

The existence of many state constitutions that limited executive authority.

"Free should the scholar be, free and brave...We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe...We will walk on our feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence...A nation of men will for the first time exist. Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcendentalist writer 1837 Which of the following development best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

The expansion of participatory democracy in the Progressive Era.

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs...have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere...assigned her. "Resolved, That is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention) 1848 In the decades following the Civil War, the women's rights movement that began at Seneca Falls focused its energies most strongly on

Achieving the right to vote

"The Anti-Federalists charged that the authors of the Constitution had failed to put up strong enough barriers to block this inevitably corrupting and tyrannical force. They painted a very black picture indeed of what the national representatives might and probably would do with the unchecked power conferred upon them under the provisions of the new Constitution...But [the Anti-Federalists] lacked both the faith and the vision to extend their principles nationwide." During the constitutional ratification process, Anti-Federalist concerns, as described in the excerpt, were most directly addressed by an agreement to

Adopt the Bill of Rights

"On the subject of slavery...I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice...On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation...I am in earnest - I will not equivocate - I will not excuse - I will not retreat a single inch - AND I WILL BE HEARD." William Lloyd Garrison, the first issue of the abolitionist newspaper The excerpt was likely to have found the most support among which of the following groups?

Advocates for women's rights.

"And is is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that...no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantation in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port, or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty...under the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture." The Navigation Act of 1660. After the Seven Years' War, Britain shifted its position on imperial regulations to

Alleviate its massive debt from the war.

The above map showed the United States claiming territory west of the Mississippi River as of 1849. The acquisition of territory in the southwestern region shown in the map intensified controversies in the United States about

Allowing slavery in the new territories.

The picture above shows Andrew Jackson depicted as a king trampling Internal Improvements for the U.S Bank, the judiciary of the United States, and the Constitution of the United States. Which of the following events could best be interpreted as reflecting the exercise of power depicted in the image?

American Indian removal despite the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia

"Thus, fellow citizens, have I pointed out what I thought necessary to be amended in our Federal Constitution. I beg you to call to mind our glorious Declaration of Independence, read it, and compare it with the Federal Constitution; what a degree of apostasy will you not then discover. Therefore, guard against all encroachments upon your liberties so dearly purchased with the costly expense of blood and treasure." A Georgian, Gazette of the State of Georgia, November 15, 1787. The opinion expressed in the excerpt would most likely have been held by

An Anti-Federalist

"For I knew that they were a people who could be more easily freed and converted to our holy faith by love than by force, gave to some of them red caps, and glass beads to put round their necks, and many other things of little value, which gave them great pleasure, and made them so much our friends...It appeared to me to be a race of people very poor in everything...They have no iron, their darts being wands without iron, some of them having a fish's tooth at the end...They should be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made Christians as it appeared to me that they had no religion." Christopher Columbus upon reaching the West Indies, 1492 The sentiments expressed by Columbus in the excerpt above best support which future Spanish goal?

Attempting to change American Indians' beliefs and worldviews.

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerable follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others...Here too is the design and end of government, Freedom and Security." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whatever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776. The excerpts were written in response to the

British government's attempt to assert greater control over the North American colonies.

"SECTION 1...If any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States..., or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding...office in or under the government of the United States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination..., he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years." "SECTION 2...If any person shall write, print, utter or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published..., ant false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government...or to bring them...into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them...the hatred of the good people of the United States..., or to aid, encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against the United States..., then such person, being thereof convicted...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousands dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years." Passage of the above legislation was most consistent with the sentiments of

British laws passed after the end of the Seven Years' War.

"History and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government...Excessive partially for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other...The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns." The concerns expressed by Washington were a responce to the

Controversy regarding support for the revolutionary government of France.

"George Washington's gratitude was genuine...but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role...Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historians has termed 'General Washington's Sewing Circle.' "Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women's efforts with wry condescension...The women, on the other hand, could reflect proudly that 'whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil." Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to support the argument in the excerpt?

Correspondence between husbands and wives involved in Revolutionary era.

"Few historians would dispute that the market revolution brought substantial material benefits to most northeasterners, urban and rural...Those who benefited most from the market revolution-merchants and manufacturers, lawyers and other professionals, and successful commercial farmers, along with their families-faced life situations very different from those known to earlier generations. The decline of the household as the locus of production led directly to a growing impersonality in the economic realm; household heads, instead of directing family enterprises or small shops, often had to find ways to recruit and discipline a wage-labor force; in all cases, they had to stay abreast of or even surpass their competitors." Society, Politics, and the Market Revolution Which of the following pieces of historical evidence from the United States census could best be used to support the argument in the excerpt?

Data showing changes in the number of textile mills.

"The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop...The Unity of Government which constitutes you one people...is a main Pillar in the Edifice of your real independence...your tranquility at home; your peace abroad...I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to founding them on geographical discrimination...The Spirit of Party...is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled or repressed; but in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate dominion of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge...is itself a frightful despotism; but this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism." George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 The speech above best reflects which of the following continuities in United States history?

Debates over the proper role of political parties.

"And is is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that...no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantation in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port, or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty...under the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture." The Navigation Act of 1660. What accounts most for the scant success of the above law in modifying English colonial behavior in North America?

Decades of the British government's relative indifference to colonial governance

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs...have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere...assigned her. "Resolved, That is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention) 1848 The languages and themes of the excerpt were most directly inspired by the

Declaration of Independence

The Image that cannot be displayed shows George Whitefield preaching to a group of people in the 18th-century colonies. Which colonial trend from the 17th and 18th centuries is best illustrated by the image above?

Protestant evangelism

"History and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government...Excessive partially for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other...The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns." Which of the following groups most strongly opposed Washington's point of view in the address?

Democratic-Republicans

"The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his fight; you are ten thousand times so abominable in his eyes as the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince; and yet 'tis nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment: 'tis to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed your eyes to sleep: and there is no other reason to be given why you have not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but that God's hand has held you up: there is no other reason to be given why you haven't gone to hell since you have sat here in the house of God, provoking his pure eyes by your sinful wicked manner of attending his solemn worship: yea, there is nothing else that is to be given as a reason why you don't this very moment drop down into hell." Jonathan Edwards, "Sinners in the Hand of and Angry God," 1741 An important point that Jonathan Edwards is making in the sermon, excerpted above is that

Despite the sinful nature of humanity, God has given individuals a chance to rectify their sins.

"The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop...The Unity of Government which constitutes you one people...is a main Pillar in the Edifice of your real independence...your tranquility at home; your peace abroad...I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to founding them on geographical discrimination...The Spirit of Party...is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled or repressed; but in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate dominion of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge...is itself a frightful despotism; but this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism." George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 Which of the following most directly prompted the arguments in the speech above?

Disagreements over the French Revolution and foreign policy.

"Kitche Manitou (The Great Spirit) behold a vision. In this dream he saw a vast sky filled with stars, sun, moon, and earth. He saw an earth made of mountains and valleys, islands and lakes, plains and forests. He saw trees and flowers, grasses and vegetables. He saw walking, flying, swimming, and crawling beings. He witnessed the birth and end of things. At the same time he saw other things live on...He touched rain and wind. He felt love and hate, fear and courage, joy and sadness. Kiche Manitou meditated to understand his vision. In his wisdom Kitche Manitou understood that his vision had to be fulfilled. Kitche Manitou was to bring into being and existence what he had seen, heard, and felt." Basil Johnson, Ojibway Heritage Which of the following resulted from the differing worldviews of American Indians and Europeans as illustrated in the excerpt above?

Environmental concerns due to the exploitation of natural resources.

"It is to be understood, that the people which now inhabit the regions to the coast of Guinea, and the middle parts of Africa, as Libya the inner, and Nubia, with diverse other great and large regions about the same, were in old time called Ethiopians and Nigritae, which we now call Moores, Moorens, or Nergros, a people of beastly living, without a god, law, religion, or common wealth, and so scorched and vexed with the heat of the sun, that in many places they curse it when it rises...There are also other people of Libya called Garamantes, whose women are common: for the contract on matrimony, neither have respect to chastity." John Lok, Second Voyage to Guinea, 1554 The passage above from a 16th-century British source best demonstrates

European belief in white superiority to justify subjugation of Africans.

Which of the following most directly resulted from the arrival of American crops in the Old World

European population growth

"We cannot in our hearts find one single spot of Rebellion of Treason or that we have in any manner aimed at subverting the settled Government. We appeal to the Country itself...of what nature their Oppression's have been...let us trace the men in Authority and Favor [here]...let us observe the sudden rise of their Estates composed with the Quality in which they first entered this country...let us [also] consider whether any Public work for our safety and defense or for the Advancement of and propagation of [our] trade..is here...in [any] way adequate to our vast charge...Another main article of our guilt is our open and manifest aversion of all...Indians, this we are informed is a Rebellion...we do declare and can prove that they have been for these Many years enemies to the King and Country...but yet have by persons in authority [here] been defended and protected even against His Majesties loyal Subjects...may all the world know that we do unanimously desire to represent our sad and heavy grievances to his most sacred...may all the world know that we do well know that our Causes will be impartially heard and Equal justice administered to all men." Nathaniel Bacon, Declaration. 1676 Which of the following was an important consequence of the historical process discussed in the excerpt?

Expanded use of enslaved labor in the plantation systems of the Chesapeake.

"The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his fight; you are ten thousand times so abominable in his eyes as the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince; and yet 'tis nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment: 'tis to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed your eyes to sleep: and there is no other reason to be given why you have not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but that God's hand has held you up: there is no other reason to be given why you haven't gone to hell since you have sat here in the house of God, provoking his pure eyes by your sinful wicked manner of attending his solemn worship: yea, there is nothing else that is to be given as a reason why you don't this very moment drop down into hell." Jonathan Edwards, "Sinners in the Hand of and Angry God," 1741 Jonathan Edwards was part of a broader religious movememnt that impacted colonial American society by

Fostering changes in colonists' understandings of God, themselves, and the world around them.

Women's status during the late 1700s changed as they

Gained new standing in American politcal culture

"...Whereas the enforcing of the conscience in matters of religion has frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequences in those commonwealths where it has been practiced, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this Province, and the better to preserve mutual love and amity among the inhabitants thereof. Be it therefore enacted that no person or persons whatever in the Province...professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within the Province...nor in any way compelled to the belief or exercise or any other religion against his or her consent, so [long] as they not be unfaithful to the Lord Proprietary, or molest or conspire against the civil government established in this Province under him..." Maryland Act Concerning Religion, 1644 The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly shows the influence of which of the following?

Greater religious independence in the colonies.

"On the subject of slavery...I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice...On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation...I am in earnest - I will not equivocate - I will not excuse - I will not retreat a single inch - AND I WILL BE HEARD." William Lloyd Garrison, the first issue of the abolitionist newspaper A person who agreed with Garrison's views expressed in the excerpt would most likely have advocated

Immediate emancipation of enslaved people.

"The Anti-Federalists charged that the authors of the Constitution had failed to put up strong enough barriers to block this inevitably corrupting and tyrannical force. They painted a very black picture indeed of what the national representatives might and probably would do with the unchecked power conferred upon them under the provisions of the new Constitution...But [the Anti-Federalists] lacked both the faith and the vision to extend their principles nationwide." By the 1790s the ideas of the Anti-Federalists contributed most directly to the

Imposition of a protective tariff.

What was the primary reason for the growth of the Columbian Exchange?

Improvements in technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade.

"We cannot in our hearts find one single spot of Rebellion of Treason or that we have in any manner aimed at subverting the settled Government. We appeal to the Country itself...of what nature their Oppression's have been...let us trace the men in Authority and Favor [here]...let us observe the sudden rise of their Estates composed with the Quality in which they first entered this country...let us [also] consider whether any Public work for our safety and defense or for the Advancement of and propagation of [our] trade..is here...in [any] way adequate to our vast charge...Another main article of our guilt is our open and manifest aversion of all...Indians, this we are informed is a Rebellion...we do declare and can prove that they have been for these Many years enemies to the King and Country...but yet have by persons in authority [here] been defended and protected even against His Majesties loyal Subjects...may all the world know that we do unanimously desire to represent our sad and heavy grievances to his most sacred...may all the world know that we do well know that our Causes will be impartially heard and Equal justice administered to all men." Nathaniel Bacon, Declaration. 1676 Which of the following was most likely to have supported the perspective expressed in Bacon's Declaration?

Male indentured servants

The above map showed the United States claiming territory west of the Mississippi River as of 1849. Which of the following ideas contributed most directly to the territorial changes shown in the map?

Manifest Destiny

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president to the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815. Which of the following statements best describes colonial attitudes during the Revolution?

Many colonists were patriots but there were also many loyalists and fence-sitters.

As political leader Henry Clay envisioned it in the 1820's, the American System constituted the...basis for social improvement...Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848 Based on the excerpt, which of the following groups would have been most likely to oppose Henry Clay's ideas?

Members of the Democratic Party

"And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that...no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantation in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port, or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty...under the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture." The Navigation Act of 1660. The policies stated in the above law can best be seen as an example of?

Mercantilism

As political leader Henry Clay envisioned it in the 1820's, the American System constituted the...basis for social improvement...Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848 The ideas described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

More Americans producing goods for national markets

As a consequence of the new European crops and livestock brought to America as part of the Colombian Exchange

Most native societies developed a mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy.

"The condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two races has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 The goals of the Mornoms, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups?

Puritans in New England.

"The condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two races has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 Based on the excerpt, the westward migration by the Mormons in the 1830's and 1840's were most likely motivated by the

Need to take refuge from persecution."The condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two races has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844

"And is is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that...no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantation in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port, or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty...under the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture." The Navigation Act of 1660. Which of the following had the most impact in shaping colonial resistance to the above law?

Political thought shaped by the Enlightenment

"George Washington's gratitude was genuine...but the fact remains that the members of the association, who had embarked on a very unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditional domestic role...Ironically and symbolically, the Philadelphia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide female organization, ended up as what one amused historians has termed 'General Washington's Sewing Circle.' "Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women's efforts with wry condescension...The women, on the other hand, could reflect proudly that 'whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for our protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil." The women described in the excerpt would have most typically engaged in which of the following activities during the Revolutionary era?

Producing goods for the Patriot cause.

"The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right...Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy. Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention 1787 Based on the excerpt, Hamilton would most likely support

Property qualifications for voting

"The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right...Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy. Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention 1787 In the decade following the ratification of the Constitution, divisions emerged between Hamilton's political party, the Federalists, and their rivals, the Democratic-Republicans over all of the following issues EXCEPT the

Relationship between religion and the federal government

As political leader Henry Clay envisioned it in the 1820's, the American System constituted the...basis for social improvement...Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products." Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848 One major change in the United States politics from the 1820's to the mid-1850's was the

Rise of the political parties defined largely by regional interests

"On the subject of slavery...I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice...On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation...I am in earnest - I will not equivocate - I will not excuse - I will not retreat a single inch - AND I WILL BE HEARD." William Lloyd Garrison, the first issue of the abolitionist newspaper Opponents of Garrison's ideas expressed in the excerpt would most likely have argued that

Slavery was a positive social institution and should not be changed.

"The condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two races has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Calhoun's views expressed in the excerpt?

Southern landowners

What was the most effective long-term response of African slaves to the treatment depicted in the image above.

Sustained revolts and violence against European culture and social structures.

"It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the said act as hereafter follows...That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade...That they raise and pay soldiers, and build forts for the defense of any of the Colonies, and equip vessels of force to guard the coasts and protect the trade on the oceans, lakes, or great rivers; but shall not impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the Legislature. That for these purposes they have power to make laws and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes as to them shall appear most equal and just...and such as may be collected with the least inconvenience to the people..." Albany Plan of Union, 1754 The authors of the excerpt above were most likely motivated by

The British government's relative indifference to colonial governance.

"The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his fight; you are ten thousand times so abominable in his eyes as the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince; and yet 'tis nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment: 'tis to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed your eyes to sleep: and there is no other reason to be given why you have not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but that God's hand has held you up: there is no other reason to be given why you haven't gone to hell since you have sat here in the house of God, provoking his pure eyes by your sinful wicked manner of attending his solemn worship: yea, there is nothing else that is to be given as a reason why you don't this very moment drop down into hell." Jonathan Edwards, "Sinners in the Hand of and Angry God," 1741 The sermon by Jonathan Edwards was a central text of

The Great Awakening

Which regions were American Indians the most mobile?

The Great Basin and Western Plains.

The above map showed the United States claiming territory west of the Mississippi River as of 1849. The territorial changes shown in the southwestern region of the map most directly resulted from

The Mexican-American War

"Free should the scholar be, free and brave...We have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europe...We will walk on our feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds. Then shall man be no longer a name for pity, for doubt, and for sensual indulgence...A nation of men will for the first time exist. Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcendentalist writer 1837 Emerson's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early 19th century?

The Second Great Awakening

"Joseph Smith...came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide...In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon...He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight." A Cultural Biography of Mormonism The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following?

The Second Great Awakening

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerable follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others...Here too is the design and end of government, Freedom and Security." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whatever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776. The principles expressed by Paine and Jefferson best account for which of the following features of the United States during and immediately after the American Revolution?

The growth of conflict between wealthy elites and poor farmers and laborers.

This illustration shows a women working hard on farms and in the household. The creator of the illustration above would most likely have supported which of the following?

The ideal of "republican motherhood"

"Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerable follows that whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others...Here too is the design and end of government, Freedom and Security." Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 "Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whatever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776. The ideas about government expressed by Paine and Jefferson are most consistent with which of the following?

The ideas of the Enlightenment

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president to the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815. Which of the following factors most directly contradicted Adams' theory about the Revolution?

The importance of colonial military victories in bringing about independence.

"...Whereas the enforcing of the conscience in matters of religion has frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequences in those commonwealths where it has been practiced, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this Province, and the better to preserve mutual love and amity among the inhabitants thereof. Be it therefore enacted that no person or persons whatever in the Province...professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within the Province...nor in any way compelled to the belief or exercise or any other religion against his or her consent, so [long] as they not be unfaithful to the Lord Proprietary, or molest or conspire against the civil government established in this Province under him..." Maryland Act Concerning Religion, 1644 The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly led to political controversies over

The spread of European Enlightenment ideas.

Southwest American Indian communities benefited most from

The spread of the maize culture.

"SECTION 1...If any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States..., or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding...office in or under the government of the United States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination..., he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years." "SECTION 2...If any person shall write, print, utter or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published..., ant false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government...or to bring them...into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them...the hatred of the good people of the United States..., or to aid, encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against the United States..., then such person, being thereof convicted...shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousands dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years." The legislation above was passed in response to which of the following challenges?

The threat posed by foreign alliances and entanglements.

"The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his fight; you are ten thousand times so abominable in his eyes as the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince; and yet 'tis nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment: 'tis to be ascribed to nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed your eyes to sleep: and there is no other reason to be given why you have not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but that God's hand has held you up: there is no other reason to be given why you haven't gone to hell since you have sat here in the house of God, provoking his pure eyes by your sinful wicked manner of attending his solemn worship: yea, there is nothing else that is to be given as a reason why you don't this very moment drop down into hell." Jonathan Edwards, "Sinners in the Hand of and Angry God," 1741 Which of the following describes that context that Jonathan Edwaeds was preaching in?

There had been a marked decline in piety in Puritan New England; Edwards hoped to rekindle the fires of New England church members.

The picture above shows Andrew Jackson depicted as a king trampling Internal Improvements for the U.S Bank, the judiciary of the United States, and the Constitution of the United States. All of the following groups would have been likely to agree with the image's depiction of Andrew Jackson EXCEPT:

Western farmers who opposed the national bank.

The Spanish and other Europeab powers frequently justified the approach on the basis of

White superiority

"For I knew that they were a people who could be more easily freed and converted to our holy faith by love than by force, gave to some of them red caps, and glass beads to put round their necks, and many other things of little value, which gave them great pleasure, and made them so much our friends...It appeared to me to be a race of people very poor in everything...They have no iron, their darts being wands without iron, some of them having a fish's tooth at the end...They should be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made Christians as it appeared to me that they had no religion." Christopher Columbus upon reaching the West Indies, 1492 In the passage above, Columbus likely mentioned the American Indians' interest in glass beads and weapons

because it exemplified the very different worldview of American Indians.

The Image that cannot be displayed shows George Whitefield preaching to a group of people in the 18th-century colonies. By the mid-18th century, the fervor illustrated in the image above

contributed to resistance toward imperial control