APUSH: Period 3
XYZ Affair (1797)
Incident that precipitated an undeclared war with France when three French officials demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Quasi-War with France; convinced John Adams to strengthen the U.S. navy.
Declaration of Independence
Inspired by Common Sense and Enlightenment ideals; inspired France and countries in Latin America to experience revolutions
"'I ordered my company to fire,' [George] Washington reported. . . . This incident . . . led to massive French retaliation and the outbreak of what was soon a world war. It raged in North America for six years, 1754-60, in Central and South America, in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, in India and the East, and not least in Europe, where it was known as the Seven Years War (1756-63). . . . Horace Walpole [stated]: 'The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire.'" Paul Johnson, historian, A History of the American People, 1997 Which of the following contributed to the outbreak of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) in North America?
Intensified competition between France and Britain over colonies
Which of the following contributed to the outbreak of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) in North America?
Intensified competition between France and Britain over colonies
What did the Northwest Ordinance accomplish?
It established procedures by which territories could become states.
Jay's Treaty (1794)
It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals.
Briefly describe ONE specific historical difference between the role of religion in Spanish colonization and in the colonization of New England.
New England colonists were typically Protestant while Spanish colonists were Catholic.
What states established after the Northwest ordinance?
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin
Anti-Federalists
Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights. (173)
What was the message of T-Paine's Common Sense?
Published in 1776, Common Sense challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. The plain language that Paine used spoke to the common people of America and was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain.
The primary purpose of the Stamp Act was to...
Raise revenues to support British troops stationed in America.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.
Common Sense
Written by T-Paine, and Enlightenment thinker. Urged that it was "Common Sense" that colonies should break away from Great Britain
Were the foreign policies under Washington and Adams motivated primarily by avoiding war?
Yes, the proclamation of neutrality, the alien, and sedition acts were an effort to avoid political conflicts with European nations.
What is the 1st bill of rights?
You have the freedom of speech, religion, press, and assembly.
The Great Compromise of 1787 resulted in...
a system of political representation for the states in the federal government
In which of the following British north American colonies was slavery legally established by the early 1700's...
all of them
As originally ratified, the United States Constitution provided for...
an electoral college
The primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763 was to...
avoid conflict with the trans-Appalachian Indians
The Declaration of Independence did all of the following EXCEPT
call for the abolition of the slave trade
The Declaration of Independence did all of the following EXCEPT...
call for the abolition of the slave trade
The Federalist papers were written in order to...
convince readers that the Constitution should be ratified
Shays' Rebellion frightened many Americans when ______________.
debt-ridden farmers attacked courts in western Massachusetts
One purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to... A) warn other nations to stay out of the Revolution. B) ask for an end to slavery. C) appeal for fairer treatment by Parliament. D) explain to the rest of the world why the colonies had revolted. E) condemn Parliament for its actions.
D) explain to the rest of the world why the colonies had revolted
The Americans who continued to support the crown after independence had been declared were more likely to be all of the following except... A) well educated. B) from among the older generation. C) affiliated with the Anglican church. D) from New England. E) wealthy.
D) from New England.
Describe the following compromises that are found in the Constitution. -Great Compromise -3/5 Compromise -Slave Trade Compromise
*Great Compromise:* -Combination of ideas from VA and NJ plans -Created bicameral legislature -House=based on rep., Senate=equal rep. *Great Compromise:* -60% of slaves would count towards representation in congress *Slave Trade Compromise:* Slave importation ends in 1808
Declaration of Independence
(July 4, 1776) Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. The declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide. (137)
Reasons for the Growth of the First Party System.
*1780's Version* -Favored the ratification of the constitution and a stronger central government. -Key federalists -John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison (The Federalist Papers) *1790s Version* -Political party led by Hamilton *Democratic-Republicans Democrats, Republicans, Jeffersonians -Thomas Jefferson and James Madison *What helped Parties...* The founding fathers did not foresee political parties -Not mentioned in the constitution Hamilton received mush opposition to his financial plan (especially the BUS) -Opposition was lead by Jefferson -Eventually, two parties emerged, led by Hamilton and Jefferson
Summarize the difference between the Federalists and Anti- Federalists.
*Federalists*- wanted strong central government and weak state government, in favor of the constitution. *Anti-Federalists*- wanted strong state government and weak central government, in favor of the articles of confederation.
Proclamation of Neutrality
A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France that had begun with the French Revolution. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to warring countries.
With the Peace of Paris (1763): A) Spain lost Texas. B) Russia started to settle California. C) France lost its North American empire. D) The fighting only stopped in North America but continued in Europe.
C) France lost its North American empire.
Why was the Proclamation of 1763 difficult to enforce? A) The French refused to leave forts in the Ohio Valley. B) The colonial assemblies wanted to avoid wars with Native Americans. C) It involved a large geographical area. D) Most Native American tribes did not agree with the policy.
C) It involved a large geographical area.
Who was the target of the Sedition Act?
Critics of the Adams administration, especially newspaper editors.
In what way did Thomas Paine's Common Sense influence Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence? a) Both Jefferson and Paine discussed how the United States could create a navy. b) Paine criticized using slaves from Africa, and that same criticism appeared in the Declaration of Independence. C) Both documents contradicted the ideas of John Locke. D) Both showed how a king can be a tyrant.
D) Both showed how a king can be a tyrant (cruel, oppressive ruler)
The Revolutionary War began with fighting in __________; then in 1777-1778, fighting was concentrated in __________; and the fighting concluded in __________. A) the South, the middle colonies, New England B) the middle colonies, New England, the South C) New England, the South, the middle colonies D) New England, the middle colonies, the South E) the middle colonies, the South, New England
D) New England, the middle colonies, the South
What was an important origin of the American Revolution? A) The Sugar Act financially hurt New England merchants. B) The Stamp Act was a tax that most colonists had to pay. C) The colonists did not want the writs of assistance to be used. D) The colonists criticized the lack of representation in Parliament.
D) The colonists criticized the lack of representation in Parliament.
During the French and Indian War, how did the Quakers uphold their principles? A) They asked for a holiday to honor William Penn. B) They asked for war against the French due to the aggressive French colonial incursion into western Pennsylvania. C) They praised the middle ground because it brought wealth to Pennsylvanians. D) They refused to endorse the war and resigned their colonial assembly seats.
D) They refused to endorse the war and resigned their colonial assembly seats.
Loyalists
American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "Tories." (139)
French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)
(1754-1763) Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe. (104)
Pontiac's Rebellion
(1763) Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as means to put down the rebellion. (109)
Committees of Correspondence
(1772 and after) Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets. (120)
Intolerable Acts
(1774) Series of punitive measurements passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods. (122)
Articles of Confederation
(1781) First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789. (163)
Shay's Rebellion
(1786) Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries. (167)
French Revolution
(1789-1799) A period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.
Bill of Rights
(1791) Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. (182)
Farewell Address (George Washington)
(1796) George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge allegiances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances. (193)
Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) fighting at Lexington and Concord, (B) convening of the Second Continental Congress, (C) publication of Common Sense, (D) adoption of the Declaration of Independence. (A) B, C, A, D (B) A, B, C, D (C) A, C, D, B (D) C, D, A, B (E) A, B, D, C
(B) A, B, C, D 1.Fighting at Lexington 2.Conveing of Second Continental Congress 3.Publication of Common Sense 4.Adoption of the Declaration of Independence
Democratic-Republicans (Jeffersonians)
-*Supported by:* Commoners, middle class -*Interpretation of Constitution:* Strict interpretation- only could do what Constitution states -*Foreign Policy:* Pro-French: Ally during the Revolution, distrusted British -*Economy Should be based on:* Agriculture: Farming should be the backbone of the economy -*View of BUS:* disliked it, favored the rich
Federalists (Hamiltonians)
-*Supported by:* wealthy, aristocrats -*Interpretation of Constitution:* Loose interpretation-what Constitution does not forbid, one can do -*Foreign Policy:* Pro-British: trade, powerful country -*Economy should be based on:* merchants and trade -*View of BUS:*Liked it: helped simulate the economy, build credit
Analyzing the 7 Years' War as a turning point.
-*When was it?* -war between Britain and colonists and the French and many Native tribes. -*When was it?* -1754-1763 -*Who won the war?* -The British, France was removed from North America -*Victory from colonists? -THAT WAS THE TURNING POINT!!! -*British colonists sought to expand into the Ohio River Valley.* -George Washington -*Albany Plan of Union:* -Benjamin Franklin's plan to unite the colonies -Rejected by colonial legislatures -*Salutary Neglect!* -Britain's lax policy towards the colonies -Britain the colonies alone as long as they were profitable -When it comes to 1763, think PEEP! -* Pontiac's Rebellion:* -Native American rebellion in Ohio and Michigan areas against British colonial expansion -*End of the 7 years War:* -British defeats the French, gain land to the Mississippi River -*End of Salutary Neglect:* -Britain is in MASSIVE war DEBT, takes a more hands-on approach with the colonies -*Proclamation Line of 1763:* -Forbid colonies expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains -Infuriated colonists -*The relationship between Britain and the colonies drastically changed.* -Britain is in DEBT! Ends Salutary neglect, colonists resist the new Britain Acts -Proclamation Line --> Some colonists ignored -Stamp Act --> Stamp Act Congress (boycott, tar, and feathering) -Tea Act --> Boston Tea Party - Intolerable Acts --> First Continental Congress *Until 1776, most colonists did not want independence, rather, they longes for the days of salutary neglect.* -*Changes:* -End of Salutary Neglect! (This is everything) -Emergence of colonial unity AGAINST the British -Stamp Act Congress -Treatment of American soldiers- could only be promoted so far -*Continuities:* -Colonists viewed themselves as British -Most colonists did NOT want independence (until 1776) -*Possible Synthesis Point:* -Connecting the 7 Years' War to the American Revolution -Social, economic, and Political categories
French & Indian War (7 Years War) *1754-1763*
-caused by English encroachment onto French lands. -Most natives (except Iroquois- split) sided with the French. -Great Britain wins the war, France is *removed* from North America. -Conflicts emerge between American colonists and Natives as colonists seek to expand. (Pontiacs Rebellion)
Why are 1754 and 1786 turning points?
1754- French and Indian War which ended with British control over America. That then led to the start of the American Revolution. 1786- Shay's Rebellion where farmer's rocked the nation with a wake up call by standing up against the local and state law enforcement of tax collections.
Democratic-Republicans
1790s, this party follows a strict interpretation of the constitution and favors a small government. They want the US to be a nation of small, independent farmers. Madison and Jefferson are a part of this and it was not a party developed formally when Washington was in office.
Sedition Act
1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government PURPOSE: to stop criticizing... John adams
Federalism
A constitutional arrangement whereby power is divided between national and sub national governments, each of which enforces its own laws directly on its citizens and neither of which can alter the arrangement without the consent of the other.
separation of powers
A feature of the Constitution that requires each of the three branches of government executive, legislative, and judicial-to be relatively independent of the others so that one cannot control the others. From this premise, adison developed his system of checks & balances setting power against power.
The Federalist papers challenged the conventional political wisdom of the eighteenth century when they asserted that ________________.
A large republic offered the best protection of minority rights
Thomas Jefferson believed all of the following EXCEPT:
A strong national army is essential to keep order in the united states
Which of the followings members serve for two year terms? A) House of Representatives B) Congress (both houses) C) Senate D) State Legislatures E) Supreme Court Judges F) President/Executive Branch
A) House of Representatives
Britain responded to the Boston Tea Party with: A) The Intolerable Acts. B) A declaration of war. C) The Boston Massacre. D) The Suffolk Resolves
A) The Intolerable Acts.
In late 1776 and early 1777, George Washington helped restore confidence in America's military by... A) defeating the Hessians at Trenton and the British at Princeton. B) securing the support of France for the American war effort with a victory in New York City. C) gaining a pay raise for American troops. D) bringing in Alexander Hamilton as his aide. E) providing adequate food and clothing for the soldiers.
A) defeating the Hessians at Trenton and the British at Princeton.
As commander of America's Revolutionary army, George Washington exhibited all of the following except... A) military genius. B) courage. C) a sense of justice. D) moral force. E) patience.
A) military genius.
Perhaps the most important single action of the Second Continental Congress was to... A) select George Washington to head the army. B) draft new appeals to the king. C) adopt measures to raise money. D) postpone an immediate demand for independence. E) support independence.
A) select George Washington to head the army.
Describes ONE significant difference between Adams' understanding and Rush's understanding of the American Revolution.
Adams thought that the revolutionary spirit that led to fighting was the revolution; out of a growing resistance to British regulation, the emergence of an American identity completed the revolution. Rush argued that the revolution was changing political systems and seeing if this new form of government could work; the revolution came after fighting ended.
Bill of Rights
Added AFTER the Constitutional Convention; created to gain support of anti-Federalists; guaranteed rights of individuals
The Stamp Act crisis was important in the coming of the American Revolution for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
American patriots realized that British inflexibility made revolution virtually inevitable.
During the 1780s, what would an American say was the best option for Native Americans in the United States? A) Become farmers B) Leave the United States C) Fight D) Ask for help from the British
B) Leave the United States
Americans who opposed independence for the colonies were labeled __________ or _______________, and the independence-seeking Patriots were also known as _______________. A) Tories, Whigs, Loyalists B) Loyalists, Tories, Whigs C) Whigs, Tories, Loyalists D) Loyalists, Whigs, Tories E) Sons of Liberty, Tories, Whigs
B) Loyalists, Tories, Whigs
What was the primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763? A) To end the slave trade B) To bring stability to the colonial frontier C) To protect the Indians D) To open up more land for settlement
B) To bring stability to the colonial frontier
Like many revolutions, the American Revolution was... A) a majority movement. B) a minority movement. C) started by forces outside the country. D) one in which little attention was given to those civilians who remained neutral. E) one which produced a minimum of violence.
B) a minority movement.
George Washington's selection to lead the colonial army was... A) a poor choice. B) largely political. C) based solely on military experience. D) opposed by New Englanders. E) done with no misgivings
B) largely political.
All of the following fates befell colonial Loyalists except... A) tarring and feathering. B) subjection to a reign of terror. C) imprisonment. D) exile. E) riding astride fence rails.
B) subjection to a reign of terror.
What were 5 parts of Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan? *Bold* the part that was the most controversial.
Bank of the US, Excise Tax, funding national debt at par, enforce tariffs and raise revenue 1) Bank of the US - Private entity. Led to strict ( Jefferson) and loose (Hamilton) interpretation of the constitution. The people feared this bank because they were afraid it wouldn't work for the people due to the privacy 2) Excise Tax - put a tax on manufactured goods like whiskey. This targeted farmers so they rebelled, allowing the government to show their power 3) funding debt - controversial in the south bc the south had little to no debt, so they didn't want the government to pay for the north's debt 4)Take on state debts under national government: states incurred debt under Revo. War, favored by states with large debt (WA) 5) Tariff: Tax on foreign goods- designed to raise revenue for the government and protect American idustries.
Ailen and Sedition Acts
Banned any criticism of the Federalist government by making the publication of "any false, scandalous writing against the government of the US" a criminal offense
Briefly describe ONE specific historical similarity between the role of religion in Spanish colonization and in the colonization of New England.
Both groups of colonizers sought to proselytize Christianity (Catholicism and Puritanism) and convert Native Americans in the New World.
ONE point for describing ONE specific historical similarity in North America between the First Great Awakening and the Enlightenment
Both sets of ideas originated in Europe and moved to North America and became mass movements. · Both movements undermined allegiance or resulted in challenges to traditional authority, whether in the form of the established churches and minsters or centralized political authority (British Crown). · Both movements placed emphasis on the importance of the individual, personal experience as the source of knowledge or revelation/salvation. · Both movements promoted literacy, education, democracy.
ONE point for describing one specific historical difference in North America between the First Great Awakening and the Enlightenment
Both the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment took place in Europe, but they both supported different ideas. The Great Awakening promoted an intense emotional devotion to religion, while the Enlightenment encourage the pursuit of reason in all things.
The Sons of Liberty initiated the Boston Tea Party in direct response to...
British efforts to protect the East India Company from bankruptcy
Which of the followings members serve for six year terms? A) House of Representatives B) Congress (both houses) C) Senate D) President/Executive Branch E) State Legislatures
C
Besides putting more money and British armies into the war effort, what ultimately allowed the British to defeat the French in the French and Indian War? A) France received no help from Native Americans in the Ohio Valley. B) Spain sent even more soldiers to North America than the British. C) The British colonial population far outnumbered that of French settlements. D) George Washington was able to convince many Native Americans to switch their allegiance to the British.
C) The British colonial population far outnumbered that of French settlements.
In a republic, power... A) comes from the aristocrats. B) comes from a select few based on religion. C) comes from the people themselves. D) resides in property owners. E) belongs only to the educated.
C) comes from the people themselves.
The basic strategy of the British in 1777 was to try to... A) control the Delaware Valley. B) invade the southern colonies. C) isolate New England. D) hold the cities and let colonists control the countryside. E) isolate the South.
C) isolate New England.
King George III officially declared the colonies in rebellion just after... A) the armed clash at Lexington and Concord. B) the First Continental Congress convened. C) the Battle of Bunker Hill. D) Benedict Arnold's forces' captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point. E) hiring Hessian soldiers to fight in America.
C) the Battle of Bunker Hill.
The Declaration of Independence did all the following EXCEPT:
Call for the abolition of the slave trade.
Why was the Articles of Confederation purposely created to be weak?
Colonist feared centralizing power.
How were the colonists viewed under the authority of mercantilism?
Colonists are considered tenants on the king's land.
Reasons for Patriot Victory in the Revolutionary War
Colonists' familiarity with the land; political and military leadership (Washington); ideological commitment (Natural Rights); Support from European Allies (France after Saratoga)
What colonial communication group emerged in 1772 that would have profound effect upon the Revolutionary War?
Committee of Correspondence
The Great Compromise contained what agreement?
Congress would have two house sight the lower house basing representation on population.
Which of the following marked the official end of the American Revolution?
Congressional approval of the Treaty of Paris
What was the significance of the Northwest Land Ordinance?
Considered one of the most important legislative acts of the Confederation Congress, the Northwest Ordinance also protected civil liberties and outlawed slavery in the new territories.
What was the great compromise?
Created a bicameral legislature (combined VA and NJ plans to create Congress) one house based on representation, one house has equal representation
The Declaration of Independence did all of the following except... A) invoke the natural rights of humankind to justify revolt. B) catalog the tyrannical actions of King George III. C) argue that royal tyranny justified revolt. D) offered the British one last chance at reconciliation. E) accused the British of violating the natural rights of the Americans.
D) offered the British one last chance at reconciliation.
In 1775, once fighting between the colonies and Great Britain began... A) America immediately declared its independence. B) the tempo of warfare diminished. C) the colonists denounced the Parliament. D) the colonists affirmed their loyalty to the King. E) all of the above.
D) the colonists affirmed their loyalty to the King.
When the Second Continental Congress met in 1775... A) its members felt a strong desire for independence. B) it cut off communications with the British government. C) it continued to stall on the creation of an army and navy. D) there was no well-defined sentiment for independence. E) the conservative element was weakened.
D) there was no well-defined sentiment for independence.
How can Daniel Shays' be seen as a contributor to the Constitution?
Daniel Shay was angry that he didn't get paid after fighting in the Revolutionary War. He started Shays Rebellion which illustrated the weakness of the Articles of Confederation and a need for a stronger constitution.
Proclamation of 1763
Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies. (111)
During the period 1765-1770, the Patriots who opposed British policy...
Demanded that the colonists be granted actual representation in Parliament
The American Revolution's democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government...
Democrats and Republicans had many conflicts due to their different beliefs. They formed the articles of confederation first then once their independence was gained the political leaders created the constitution.
Hamilton's Financial Plan
Designed to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy, he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.'s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war.
The constitutional convention of 1787 did all of the following EXCEPT...
Determine the provisions to be included in the bill of rights
What was the 3/5 compromise?
Determined 3/5 slaves would count towards population for representation in Congress - favored the South.
Explains how ONE specific historical event or development from the period between 1760 and 1800 could be used to support Adams' interpretation.
Developments: Growing separateness from Britain ("American mind," end of "salutary neglect") Stamp Act, Stamp Act Congress, and public demonstrations, including Sons of Liberty Movement to boycott British goods. Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts. Common Sense by Thomas Paine. Declaration of Independence — list of grievances from 1760-1775
Explains how ONE specific historical event or development from the period between 1760 and 1800 could be used to support Rush's interpretation.
Developments: republican form of government, American identity, nationalism. Declaration of Independence — statement of "principles, morals" as basis of government. Articles of Confederation, Slavery as unresolved within the time period (Northwest Ordinance) Constitutional Convention and United States Constitution Bill of Rights Election of Washington's presidency, e.g., cabinet selection, Jay's Treaty. Election of 1800 and the development of the first party system
What did George Washington do in conjunction with refusing to side with either the French or the British in the Proclamation of Neutrality?
Directed all Americans to remain impartial toward the belligerents (hostile or aggressive).
By the 1750's, the British colonies on the North American mainland were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
Disdain for British constitutional monarchy.
Loyalists were least numerous in A) New York B) Pennsylvania. C) Virginia. D) the middle colonies. E) New England.
E) New England.
Which of the following fates befell Loyalists after the Revolutionary War? A) Some fled to England. B) Some re-established themselves in America. C) Some had their property confiscated. D) Some were exiled. E) all of the above.
E) all of the above.
To help the British, colonial Loyalists did all of the following except... A) fight for the British. B) serve as spies. C) pay extra taxes to fund the war. D) keep Patriot soldiers at home to protect their families. E) incite the Indians.
E) incite the Indians.
Many Americans remained loyalists during the Revolution for all of the following reasons except... A) fear of retribution. B) they believed a Patriot victory would lead to anarchy. C) some were promised freedom. D) they believed the British would preserve religious toleration. E) they believed in British military superiority.
E) they believed in British military superiority.
Thomas Paine's pamphlet, Common Sense was significant in that it...
Emotionally aroused thousands of colonists to the abuses of British rule, the oppressiveness of the monarchy, and the advantages of colonial independence
The most important consequence of the Boston Tea Party was the...
Enactment by Parliament of the Coercive Acts
What was the most important accomplishment of the Stamp Act Congress?
Establishment of the first inter colonial committees of correspondence as well as indirectly beginning the process of unifying the various colonial leaders.
Republican Motherhood
Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women
During the War for Independence, the principal reason the American government sought diplomatic recognition from foreign powers was to...
Facilitate the purchase of arms and borrowing of money from other nations.
Alexander Hamilton's domestic and foreign policies were directed primarily toward strengthening the federal government by...
Favoring the interests of the propertied and moneyed classes
What led to the development of the 1st party system?
Feds vs democratic-republicans once Washington's unifying presence was gone the nation quickly split into opposing sides along ideological lines. There were the Hamiltonians(republicans) and the Jeffersonians(democrats).
ONE point for describing one specific historical difference in North America between the First Great Awakening and the Enlightenment.
First Great Awakening (or Great Awakening) about religion, personal revelation and need for salvation, revivalism, pietism, emphasis on emotion, enthusiasm, and zealousness · Enlightenment about rationalism, science, philosophy, democratic ideas, deism, and the secularization of society · Great Awakening stressed emotion as way to understand the world and the individual's place in it, while the Enlightenment stressed use of reason
Articles of Confederation
First governing document of US - created a WEAK central government; issues with trade - different currencies in each state, tariffs on goods traded between states
Impact of the 7 Years' War
France was removed from North America; Great Britain was in massive debt, began to consolidate control over colonies - taxes; many colonists resisted
What four major events occurred in 1763? Think PEEP.
French & Indian War, End of Salutary Neglect, Pontiac's Rebellion, and Proclamation Line of 1763.
What objections did colonists have regarding the Quebec Act in 1774?
French Canadians were guaranteed a right to the catholic faith and their province extended down to the Ohio river.
For Britain, the major outcome of the Seven Years War was...
French expulsion from North America
Which of the following contributed most to the American Victory in the Revolution?
French military and financial assistance
Which of the following contributed most to the American victory in the Revolution?
French military and financial assistance.
French-American Alliance
Gave America source of desperately needed money, supplies & troops. Confronted Britain with an international war that challenged its domination of the Atlantic World. It was an unlikely alliance since France was a Catholic monarchy and America was Protestant federation of republicans. French foreign minister Conte Vergennes was determined to avenge loss of Canada to Britain. Was secretly loaning to the colonies and than established a formal alliance after the Battle of Saratoga. We used the French's rivalry with Britain to win them over. We agreed that neither side would sign a peace treaty without the "liberty, sovereignty & independence" of America
ONE point for explaining one specific historical effect in North America of either the Great Awakening or the Enlightenment
Great Awakening contributed to challenges to authority through emphasis on individual; many churches split into New Lights and Old Lights; new denominations formed · Enlightenment caused a questioning of authority and concepts of natural rights reinforced idea of human ability to govern themselves; contributed to intellectual origins of American Revolution, particularly evident in documents such as Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence; contributed to the rise of universities
What was the purpose of the crucial 9th amendment to the constitution?
Guaranteed that states rights not listed for the people would still be retained by them.
Natural rights philosophy (John Locke)
He argued that people have rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, that have a foundation independent of the laws of any particular society. Locke used the claim that men are naturally free and equal as part of the justification for understanding legitimate political government as the result of a social contract where people in the state of nature conditionally transfer some of their rights to the government in order to better ensure the stable, comfortable enjoyment of their lives, liberty, and property.
King George III declared the colonies in rebellion in August 1775 and then shocked the colonists by taking what action?
Hired German mercenaries to fight against the colonials in America.
What was a major consequence of the French and Indian war from 1754-1763?
Imposition of new taxes on the British North American colonies.
Comparing and Contrasting the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.
In both, the laws are made by the legislature, whereby the articles of confederation have only one house which is referred to as Congress, and the constitution has got two houses... The articles of confederation do not recognize any executive, but the constitution acknowledges the president as the executive.
What was the message of Washington's Farewell Address? Was his advice followed?
In his farewell Presidential address, George Washington advised American citizens to view themselves as a cohesive unit and avoid political parties and issued a special warning to be wary of attachments and entanglements with other nations.
All of the following contributed to discontent among soldiers in the Continental Army EXCEPT:
Most soldiers were draftees.
The argument between Great Britain and its American colonies during the 1760's and 1770's over "virtual representation" concerned...
Parliament's ability to reflect colonial interests.
The two party system had never been envisioned by the Founding Fathers. It's emergence is described by what statements?
Party positions tended to separate those who favored states' rights form those who favored strong central government, centered around opposition or support for Hamilton's financial policies, and partisanship in the newspapers of Hamilton/Jefferson's day was a major factor in the development of political parties.
Northwest Land Ordinance
Passed under Articles - banned slavery in NW territory (OH, MI, IN, etc.); created a process for admitting new states (60,000 inhabitants)
Sons of Liberty
Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements. (117)
Federalists
Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties. (173)
"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 Which of the following is the most likely reason why Adams dates the beginning of the American Revolution to the 1760s?
Renewed efforts by Great Britain to consolidate imperial control over the colonies
Constitution
Replaced the Articles - series of compromises (Great, 3/5, Slave Trade); provided limits on federal power (separation of powers); did not address problems of slavery
The role of women expressed in the cult of domesticity had its roots in...
Republican motherhood
After the French and Indian war, British Political leaders were determined to ____________.
Require the North American colonies to pay a greater share of the empires administrative expenses
Which of the following statements best summarizes British policy toward the trans-Appalachian West between 1763 and 1775?
Restrictions on colonial settlement during the 1760s followed by the incorporation of the west into the province of Quebec in 1774.
All of the following groups of non-English colonists migrated into the British North American colonies in large numbers throughout the eighteenth century EXCEPT
Russians
Which of the following moved in greatest numbers into Appalachia as the American Indians of the region were defeated?
Scotch-Irish, German, and English immigrants.
What was the primary position of the Albany plan?
Secure the loyalty of the Indian tribes.
The Proclamation of 1763 did which of the following?
Set a boundary along the crest of the Appalachians beyond which the English colonists were forbidden to settle.
Pickney's Treaty (1795)
Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida.
A Maryland master placed the following newspaper advertisement in 1772 after Harry, his slave, had run away: "He has been seen about the Negro Quarters in Patuxent, but is supposed to have removed among his Acquaintances on Potomack; he is also well acquainted with a Negro of Mr. Wall's named Rachael; a few miles from that Quarter is his Aunt, and he may possibly be harbored thereabouts." Which of the following statements about conditions under slavery is best supported by the passage above?
Slaves maintained social networks among kindred and friends despite forced separations.
A Maryland master placed the following newspaper advertisement in 1772 after Harry, his slave, had run away: "He has been seen about the Negro Quarters in Patuxent, but is supposed to have removed among his Acquaintances on Potomack; he is also well acquainted with a Negro of Mr. Wall's named Rachael; a few miles from that Quarter is his Aunt, and he may possibly be harboured thereabouts." Which of the following statements about conditions under slavery is best supported by the passage above?
Slaves maintained social networks among kindred and friends despite forced separations.
Which of the following statements about conditions under slavery is best supported by the passage above?
Slaves maintained social networks among kindred and friends despite forced separations.
Briefly explain ONE specific historical effect of religion on the development of society in either the Spanish colonies or the New England colonies.
Spanish: Encomienda system
The Great Awakening of the 1740's led to...
Splits among existing religious denominations and the rise of new churches
(b) Provide one example of an event that supports your explanation in (a).
Ten years after the signing the declaration of independence, shay's rebellion occurred. Farmer's were upset about being taxed unfairly by local and state enforcement of tax collections.
Which of the following happened as a result of Bacon's Rebellion in 1676?
Tensions between backcountry farmers and tidewater gentry were exposed
"rights of Englishmen"
Term prevalent in seventeenth-century England and America referring to certain historically established rights, beginning with the rights of the Magna Carta, that all English subjects were understood to have. These included the right not to be kept in prison without a trial, the right to trial by jury, security in one's home from unlawful entry, and no taxation without consent, among others
What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights? Why were they added to the Constitution?
The Bill of Rights is the name given to the first *10 amendments* to the US Constitution. The Bill of Rights consists of guarantees of civil liberties and checks on state power; it was added in order to convince states to ratify the Constitution.
(b)Identify a second distinct factor that increased tensions between Great Britain and It's North American colonies in the same period, and briefly explain how this factor helped lead to the American Revolution.
The Boston Tea Party also led to the American revolution. It may of looked like they were just angry about the taxed tea, but what really bothered them was the taxation without representation.
How did Republican Motherhood help define the role of women after the Revolutionary War?
Women's access to education was expanded so that they could better instruct their children. After the American Revolution, contributed to women's increased roles in education, abolitionism, and women's rights.
British attempts to assert tighter control over it's northern colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the revolutionary war...
The British were in great debt due to their involvement in the seven years war. They began to set many taxes on the colonies to regain their wealth. This lead to the colonists feeling angered by their natural rights being in danger so they revolted.
Which statement is true of the United States Constitution?
The Constitution's checks and balances helped establish a stable government.
How did the 7 Years' War impact the French?
The French returned to North America (1778) to support American colonists against Great Britain in the Revolutionary War. Military defeat and the financial burden of the 7 years war weakened the monarchy and contributed to French Revolution in 1789.
ONE point for describing ONE specific historical similarity in North America between the First Great Awakening and the Enlightenment...
The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment both took place in the 1700's and in Europe. Both reforms called for more freedom and changed the way that many people though about older ideas. Lastly, both rebelled against authority.
ONE point for explaining one specific historical effect in North America of either the Great Awakening or the Enlightenment...
The Great Awakening had many different effects in North America. It was the first major event that all the colonies shared, it also separated many American colonists. It created unity throughout the colonies because they were all going through the same thing.
How did the Pontiac's Rebellion support the British argument for the Proclamation of 1763?
The Proclamation occurred after the seven years war. The entire war was very costly for them so they told the colonists where they could and could not settle. Pontiac was mad about the colonists coming on his land. Instead of the British avoiding the costly effects of another war they became a part of a new one.
How did the Alien and Sedition Acts lead to debates over the power of the government?
The Republican minority in Congress complained that the Sedition Act violated the First Amendment to the Constitution, which protected freedom of speech and freedom of the press
At what gathering was George Washington chosen as commander of the continental army?
The Second Continental Congress.
2(a) Identify one factor that increased tensions between Great Britain and it's North American Colonies in the period 1763- 1776, and briefly explain how this factor helped lead to the American Revolution.
The Stamp Act angered many people because it affected every single colonist. Any piece of paper that existed had a tax on it. This helped lead to the revolution because colonists began to rebel against what they felt was unfair.
Which of the following was Great Britain's justification for its continued occupation of a number of posts on United States soil despite the terms of the 1783 Treaty of Paris?
The United States had violated the treaty clauses dealing with the restoration of Loyalist property.
France negotiated a treaty of alliance with the new American nation in 1778 following...
The defeat of the British General Burgoyne at Saratoga.
Which colonial characteristic was clearly demonstrated by the Seven Years War?
The disrupting influence of inter colonial disunity.
U.S. Constitution
The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.
The Regulator movement of the 1770s, Shays' Rebellion in 1786, and the Whiskey Rebellion of the early 1790s were all expressions of the hostility of frontier settlers towards what?
The dominance of eastern interests in government.
"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington." -John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815 Which of the following factors most directly contradicted Adams' theory about the Revolution?
The existence of considerable Loyalist opposition to the Patriot cause
(c) Identify a third distinct factor that increased tensions between Great Britain and its North American colonies in the same period, and briefly explain how this factor helped lead to the American Revolution.
The intolerable Acts were a response to the colonists for what occurred during the Boston Tea Party. It was set to punish the ones that were defiant. The colonists felt that this violated their natural rights. These feelings contributed to the start of the revolution.
Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense attacked which of the following?
The king of England and the principle of monarchy
"It was painful for me, on a subject of such national importance, to differ from the respectable members who signed the Constitution; but conceiving, as I did, that the liberties of America were not secured by the system, it was my duty to oppose it. "My principal objections to the plan are, that there is no adequate provision for a representation of the people; . . . that some of the powers of the legislature are ambiguous . . . ; that the executive is blended with, and will have an undue influence over, the legislature; that the judicial department will be oppressive; . . . and that the system is without the security of a bill of rights. These are objections which are not local, but apply equally to all the states. "As the Convention was called for the 'sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation . . . ,' I did not conceive that these powers extend to the formation of the plan proposed; but the Convention being of a different opinion, I acquiesced [agreed] in it, being fully convinced that, to preserve the Union, an efficient government was indispensably necessary, and that it would be difficult to make proper amendments to the Articles of Confederation. "The Constitution proposed has few, if any, federal features, but is rather a system of national government. Nevertheless, in many respects, I think it has great merit, and, by proper amendments, may be adapted. . . . "Others may suppose that the Constitution may be safely adopted, because therein provision is made to amend it. But cannot this object be better attained before a ratification than after it? And should a free people adopt a form of government under conviction that it wants [needs] amendment?" Elbridge Gerry, letter to the Massachusetts state legislature, 1787 Gerry made which of the following arguments in the excerpt about the Articles of Confederation?
The problems of the Articles could not be fixed by the state delegates.
Identify and define three examples of salutary neglect ending after the 7 Years War.
The stamp act was an act regulating stamp duty (a tax on the legal recognition of documents). The Townshend Act imposed duties on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea imported into the colonies. The Intolerable Acts were designed to punish the Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party.
What did the concept of the "republican mother" suggest after the revolution?
Women would be responsible for raising heir children especially their sons, to be virtuous citizens of the young republic.
(c) Provide specific historical evidence that explains one of the other options is less convincing as the possible beginning of the Critical Period in the United States.
The treaty of Paris may have ended the American Revolution, but the Declaration of Independence is able to prevent us from being taken advantage from for many years to come.
Compare the interests at play at the constitutional convention.
There was the Virginia Plan(big state) that wanted the states population to be in control of the number reps they got and the New Jersey plan(small state) which wanted every state to have an equal number of reps.
What were three reasons the Patriots were successful in the Revolutionary War?
They had more to fight for, they knew the land, they had help from the French.
What was the main purpose of the Declaration?
To declare the separation of the United States from Britain.
Why was the electoral college designed?
To insulate the presidency from the popular will.
The American colonists' slogan "No taxation without representation" was a rejection of...
Virtual representation
Washington's Farewell Address
Warned of entangling foreign alliances and political parties; helped inspire foreign policy until after WWII
Who are the Founding Fathers?
Washington, Adams, Hamilton, Jefferson, Franklin, Madison
The Constitutional Convention of 1787 did all of the following EXCEPT
determine provisions to be included in the Bill of Rights
The Constitutional Convention of 1787 did all of the following EXCEPT...
determine provisions to be included in the Bill of Rights
The First Continental Congress called for the Continental Association to...
enforce an economic boycott of British goods
Alien Act (1798)
gave the president the power to order out of the country any foreigners and made it more difficult for foreigners to become citizen
What is electoral college?
group of electors from every state who meet every four years to vote for the president and the vice president of the US.
what was the New Jersey plan?
had a 3 branch government but had a legislature with only one house with each state having only one rep no matter the pop of the state.
What was the Virginia Plan?
had a 3 branch government with a legislative branch with 2 houses with each state having reps based on population.
The concept of republican motherhood, which historians have used to describe the roles of women in the early nineteenth century, emphasized the...
idea that mothers were responsible for instilling good citizenship values in children
A major consequence of the French and Indian War of 1754-1763 was the...
imposition of new taxes on the British North American colonies
"'I ordered my company to fire,' [George] Washington reported. . . . This incident . . . led to massive French retaliation and the outbreak of what was soon a world war. It raged in North America for six years, 1754-60, in Central and South America, in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, in India and the East, and not least in Europe, where it was known as the Seven Years War (1756-63). . . . Horace Walpole [stated]: 'The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire.'" Paul Johnson, historian, A History of the American People, 1997 Britain attempted to pay for the debt resulting from the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) by
increasing taxes on goods bought and sold in the colonies
the constitutional convention designed the electoral college to
insulate the presidency from the popular will
1(a) Briefly explain why the Declaration of Independence best marks the beginning of Critical Period in the United States.
it justified our right to revolt against a government that denies us our natural rights.
What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 accomplish?
it set up a government for the Northwest territory, guarantying basic rights to settlers and outlawed slavery, and allowed the regions to separate territories in the future, and finally once a territory had a pop of 60,000 it could ask congress to be admitted as a state.
What was Shay's Rebellion?
it was a rebellion led by daniel shays and 2,000 farmers who thought they were being treated unfairly, they attacked courthouses and prevented the state from seizing farms.
Under the Articles of Confederation the United States central government had no power to...
levy taxes
The Proclamation Line of 1763 was designed to...
limit western expansion of colonial settlement
"From infancy I was taught to love humanity and liberty. Inquiry and experience have since confirmed my reverence for the lessons then given me, by convincing me more fully of their truth and excellence. Benevolence towards mankind excites wishes for their welfare, and such wishes endear the means of fulfilling them. Those can be found in liberty alone, and therefore her sacred cause ought to be espoused by every man, on every occasion, to the utmost of his power. . . . "These being my sentiments, I am encouraged to offer you, my countrymen, my thoughts on some late transactions, that in my opinion are of the utmost importance to you. . . . "If the BRITISH PARLIAMENT has a legal authority to order, that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here, and to compel obedience to that order; they have the same right to order us to supply those troops with arms, clothes, and . . . to compel obedience to that order also. . What is this but taxing us at a certain sum, and leaving to us only the manner of raising it? How is this mode more tolerable than the STAMP ACT?" John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, 1768 Which of the following would have been most likely to agree with the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?
merchants in New England
The government under the Articles of Confederation consisted of...
only a unicameral legislature
The government of the Articles of Confederation was successful in resolving the problem of how to...
overcome state-imposed tariff barriers to interstate commerce
What was the result of Shays rebellion?
people realized that they articles of confederation didn't work.
The Proclamation of 1763 sought to...
prevent conflicts with American Indians on the colonial frontier
What is "separation of powers?"
principle by which the powers of government are divided among separate branches so not one part of government gets to much power.
The government of the Articles of Confederation was successful in resolving the problem of how to...
provide for statehood for western territories
Parliament enacted the Stamp Act (1765) primarily to ____________.
raise revenue to pay for British troops in the colonies
The "Three-Fifths Compromise" originally contained in the Constitution referred to the...
rate at which one slave counted toward congressional representation
After the French and Indian War, British political leaders were determined to...
require the North American colonies to pay a greater share of the empire's administrative expenses
In 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which...
required colonists to buy stamps to put on legal documents.
A major consequence of the French and Indian War of 1754-1763 was the...
shrinking of Spanish territorial claims in North America
The Declaration of Independence is divided into a preamble and three main sections. The first main section...
states some general ideas about society and government.
What ideas were adopted by the framers of the constitution?
the English bill of rights, mayflower compact, magna carta, house of burgesses, charters, 2nd continental congress, articles of confederation, enlightenment period, spirit of laws.
What is federalism?
the division of power between the states and the national government.
By the time of the American Revolution, most patriots had come to believe that, in republican government, sovereignty was located in...
the people
What was the purpose of the land ordinance of 1785? How was it accomplished?
the purpose was to set up a system of surveying and settling the Northwest Territory. It was accomplished because they territory divided into townships each town ship had 36 sections, 1 section= 1 sq. mile, contained 640 acres
Quasi War (1798-1800)
undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the French Republic and the United States, caused by the signing of Jay's Treaty between the UK and the US. Undeclared war between the U.S. and France; caused by the French seizure of U.S. merchant ships; fought mostly in the West Indies; led to the loss of several hundred U.S. merchant ships
France decided to aid the North American colonies in their war for independence primarily because France...
wanted to weaken the British empire
After the Revolution, the concept of the "republican mother" suggested that...
women would be responsible for raising their children, especially their sons, to be virtuous citizens of the young republic
The North American colonies took advantage of Great Britain's policy of salutary neglect to ________.
work out trade arrangements to acquire needed products from other countries