APUSH Unit 8 ID Terms
CORE
-Congress on Racial Equality -a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement from its foundation in 1942 to the mid-1960s. Membership is stated to be open to anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world -freedom rides
***similarities/differences between the 1950's and 1920's
-both post-war periods 1920s -booming economy -post WWI 1950s -post WWII, but beginning of cold war -baby boom -rise of suburbia
what a suburb contains
-mass-produced, single family homes -country clubs -religion -shopping malls -frozen dinners -baby boom -television -more kids in schools
korean war
1950-1953 Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.
brown vs board of education
1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
greensboro sit-in
1960- Black students politely order food from restaurant, not served, sat in place for days, gathering supporters. successful.
gulf of tonkin resolution
1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam
voting rights act of 1965
1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap
election of 1968
1968; McCarthy challenged LBJ, who was politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; LBJ stepped down from the running, and Kennedy and McCarthy were left on the Democratic ballot; but Americans turned to Republican Nixon to restore social harmony and end the war
tet offensive
1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
thurgood marshall
1st black supreme court justice
Collective Security
A system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all
immigration act of 1965
Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere
growth of suburbs
After WWII, people began to move away from cities. Causes of migration included mass production of cars, the growth of the roads and better living conditions. Whites fled blacks moving to cities
MLK
An American activist and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He helped the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott as well as his March on Washington and his "I have a Dream" Speech. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968. He was significant b/c he was a major reason for such a push for civil rights.
gloria steinem
An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.
huey newton
An American political and urban activist who founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The Black Panther Party worked for the right of self-defense for African-Americans in the United States.
fair deal
An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.
John Foster Dulles
As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.
election of 1964
Barry Goldwater (R) vs. LBJ (D) Signaled important political changes. Last time democrats could win by proposing New Deal-ish programs that increased government power
election of 1960
Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.
rosenbergs
Couple executed for giving military secrets to the Soviets in the 1950's
Chiang Kai-shek
General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)
beat generation
Group highlighted by writers and artist who stressed spontaneity and spirituality instead of apathy and conformity.
James Meredith
He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.
cesar chavez
Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions
cuban missile crisis
(JFK) , , an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba
alliance for progress
(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military
SNCC
(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement
Eisenhower Doctrine
- US would interne in Middle East if any government threatened by a communist takeover asked for help
election of 1952
A race between Dwight D. Eisenhower for the republicans and Adlai Stevenson for the democrats. Eisenhower won in a landslide.
Potsdam Conference
(1945) a meeting of Allied leaders in the German city of Potsdam to address issues about the post-World War II Europe
Marshall plan
(1948) massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe; was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power; the plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947
Truman Doctrine
(HT) , 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey
Iron Curtain
(HT) , Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East-West divide in postwar Europe between communist and democratic nations
betty friedan
1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".
LBJ
36th President of the United States. Took position after JFK assassinated.
containment
A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances
Geneva Conference
A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.
Alger hiss
A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
Berlin Wall
A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.
vietcong
A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.
Mao-Zedong
COMMUNIST revolutionary who after World War II, unified China under Communist Rule
Earl Warren
Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.
phyllis schlafy
Conservative activist. Wanted to STOP equal rights amendment. Argued that ERA would reduce the legal rights of wives and mothers. Argued that women should focus on motherhood rather than career.
Ike's policy in the middle east
Eisenhower Doctrine
military industrial complex
Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.
modern republicanism
Eisenhower's government plan: "conservative when it comes to economics, more Liberal when it comes to social programs "
Indochina
France controlled _____________ since the 19th Century. Japan took control during WWII. US and France attempted recolonization in the post war period. The French lost control to Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh forces in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu. They persisted despite the death toll. President Eisenhower declined to intervene on behalf of the French. Dien Bien Phu is a valley in North Korea and the battle their begins a war of attrition. Afterwards, the north is communist and the south is controlled by a puppet (Diem) who is put in by Kennedy. Diem is a corrupt Catholic in a mostly Buddhist country.
mario savio
Free speech activist in Berkeley and other places during 1960's. Berkeley Free Speech Movement activist and raised awareness for free speech, the just simply the right to protest simply everything in society
McCarthyism
In 1950, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy began a sensational campaign against communists in government that led to more than four years of charges and countercharges, ending when the Senate censured him in 1954. McCarthyism became the contemporary name for the red scare of the 1950's.
little rock nine
In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.
new frontier
Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military
entertainment of the 1950s
Mass production of culture and entertainment as people couldn't get it from the rest of their lives. Rise of the penny press, dime novel, and sentimental romance. Magazine sales went way up, books were sold through dept. stores or by mail instead of book stores. Lots of radio and movies. Lots of baseball and boxing.
democratic national convention
Major demonstration vs. war. Chicago's Mayor Richard Daley sends undercover cops trying to escalate violence in order to justify crackdown. Turns into orgy of police violence caught on tape.
Sino-soviet treaty
Mao and Stalin signed treaty of mutual assistance; China placed under RUS influence
ike's response to the new deal
Modern Repbulicanism
rosa parks
NAACP member who initiated the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 when she was arrested for violating Jim Crow rules on a bus; her action and the long boycott that followed became an icon of the quest for civil rights and focused national attention on boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
gulf of tonkin affair
North Vietnamese attacked US destroyer Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin; sent in another destroyer C. Turner Joy. both opened fire on North Vietnamese gunboats; retaliatory air strikes on North Vietnamese naval bases
National Security Act
Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.
great society
President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
george wallace
Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot
SCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success
election of 1948
The U.S. presidential election of 1948 is considered by most historians as the greatest election upset in American history. Virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated that incumbent President Harry S. Truman would be defeated by Republican Thomas Dewey. Truman won, overcoming a three-way split in his own party. Truman's surprise victory was the fifth consecutive win for the Democratic Party in a presidential election. Truman's election confirmed the Democratic Party's status as the nation's majority party, a status they would retain until the 1980's.
Berlin Blockade
The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.
1964 civil rights act
This act prohibited Discrimination because of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin by employers or labor unions; The adoption by voting registrars of different standards for black and white applicants; and Racial or religious discrimination in public accommodations.
U-2 spy plane
U.S. spy plane shot down over the USSR which ended a move toward "rapprochement" at the end of the Eisenhower administration.
highway act of 1956
Was enacted on June 29, 1956, when a hospitalized Dwight D. Eisenhower signed this bill into law. Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of 40,000 miles (64,000 km) of interstate highways over a 10-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point.
counterculture
Young americans in 60s who rejected conventional customs & mainstream culture -peace sign
taft-hartly act
a bill that restricted the power of labor unions
stokely carmichael
a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."
students for a democratic society
a campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Hayden that became an iconic representation of the New Left. Originally geared toward the intellectual promise of "participatory democracy," SDS emerged at the forefront of the civil rights, antipoverty, and anitwar movements during the 1960s
stonewall riots
a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community[note 1] against a police raid
Berlin airlift
airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
George Kennan
an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.
house of un-american activities committee
committee that investigated communist influence inside the government
march on washington
held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally
desegregation of military
in 1948 President Truman ordered desegregation of the military, korean war
bay of pigs invasion
in 1961, an attempt by Cuban exiles in southern Cuba to overthrow the Cuban socialist government of Fidel Castro; the effort was funded by the U.S. and was famously disastrous (JFK)
nixon's campaign promises
peace with honor
Dixiecrats
southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.
malcom x
spread ideas of black nationalism. disagreed w/ both the tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement. minister of the nation of isam. rejected his original name because it was his family's slave name
