APUSH Vol. 1 to 1877 Ch. 15 The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790-1860

lyceum

(From the Greek name for the ancient Athenian school where Aristotle taught.) Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-nineteenth century.

William H. McGuffey (1800-1873)

A teacher-preacher of rare power. His grade-school readers, first published in the 1830s, sold 122 million copies in the following decades. McGuffey's Readers hammered home lasting lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)

Abolitionist and woman suffragist, Stanton organized the first Woman's Rights Convention near her home in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. After the Civil War, Stanton urged Congress to include women in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, despite urgings from Frederick Douglass to let freedmen have their hour. In 1869, she, along with Susan B. Anthony, founded the National Woman Suffrage Association to lobby for a constitutional amendment granting women the vote.

Lucy Stone (1818-1893)

Abolitionist and women's rights activist who kept her maiden name after marriage and inspired other women—"Lucy Stoners"—to follow her example. Though she campaigned to include women in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, she did not join Stanton and Anthony in denouncing the amendments when it became clear the changes would not be made. In 1869 she founded the American Woman Suffrage Association, which lobbied for suffrage primarily at the state level.

Hudson River school

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)

American novelist and a member of New York's Knickerbocker Group, Cooper wrote adventure tales, including The Last of the Mohicans, which won acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic.

Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)

American poet and author of Gothic horror short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher," which reflected a distinctly morbid sensibility for Jacksonian America.

Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)

American transcendentalist and author of Walden: Or Life in the Woods. A committed idealist and abolitionist, he advocated civil disobedience, spending a night in jail for refusing to pay a poll tax to a government that supported slavery.

Which two emergent sects gained the most converts during the religious revival of this era? Baptists and Methodists Episcopalians and Presbyterians Mormons and Universalists

Baptists and Methodists

Unitarians

Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Unitarianism, inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century.

Walt Whitman (1819-1892)

Brooklyn-born poet and author of Leaves of Grass, a collection of poems, written largely in free verse, that exuberantly celebrated America's democratic spirit.

Shakers

Called "Shakers" for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, the Shakers counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out.

New Harmony

Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years.

While the religious revival strengthened Americans' faith in God and church, it also did which of these? Further enhance the male position by designating to them the responsibility for social conscience. Divided long-established faiths and created splinter groups and sects. Narrowed the gap between classes and regions.

Divided long-established faiths and created splinter groups and sects.

Francis Parkman (1823-1893)

Early American historian who wrote a series of volumes on the imperial struggle between Britain and France in North America.

Federal Style

Early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Famous builders associated with this style included Charles Bulfinch and Benjamin Latrobe.

romanticism

Early-nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that, in reaction to the hyper-rational Enlightenment, emphasized imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and the self over society.

Deism

Eighteenth-century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most Deists rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe.

First female graduate of medical college.

Elizabeth Blackwell

Founder of Troy Female Seminary in New York.

Emma Willard

American Temperance Society

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

Joseph Smith (1805-1844)

Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons), the young Smith gained a following after an angel directed him to a set of golden plates that, when deciphered, became the Book of Mormon. Smith's communal, authoritarian church and his advocacy of plural marriage antagonized his neighbors in Ohio, Missouri, and finally Illinois, where he was murdered by a mob in 1844.

John J. Audubon (1785-1851)

French-born naturalist and author of the beautifully illustrated Birds of America.

Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal."

Painter whose portrait of George Washington appears on the dollar bill.

Gilbert Stuart

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)

Harvard professor of modern languages and popular mid-nineteenth-century poet, who won broad acclaim in Europe for his poetry.

Greek Revival

Inspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular.

transcendentalism

Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner-light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.

Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)

Massachusetts-born poet who, despite spending her life as a recluse, created a vivid inner world through her poetry, exploring themes of nature, love, death, and immortality. Refusing to publish during her lifetime, she left behind nearly two thousand poems, which were published after her death.

Peter Cartwright (1785-1872)

Methodist revivalist who traversed the frontier from Tennessee to Illinois in the first decades of the nineteenth century, preaching against slavery and alcohol and calling on sinners to repent.

Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888)

New England-born author of popular novels for adolescents, most notably Little Women.

Herman Melville (1819-1891)

New York author who spent his youth as a whaler on the high seas, an experience that no doubt inspired his epic novel, Moby Dick.

Neal S. Dow (1804-1897)

Nineteenth-century temperance activist, dubbed the "Father of Prohibition" for his sponsorship of the Maine Law of 1851 that prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state.

Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)

Novelist and author of The Scarlet Letter, a tale exploring the psychological effects of sin in seventeenth-century Puritan Boston.

Charles Grandison Finney (1792-1875)

One of the leading revival preachers during the Second Great Awakening, Finney presided over mass camp meetings throughout New York State, championing temperance and abolition and urging women to play a greater role in religious life.

Oneida Community

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.

Stephen C. Foster (1826-1864)

Popular American folk composer, Foster, a Pennsylvania-born white, popularized minstrel songs, which fused African rhythms with nostalgic melodies.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

Lucretia Mott (1793-1880)

Prominent Quaker and abolitionist, Mott became a champion for women's rights after she and her fellow female delegates were not seated at the World Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840 in London. Along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she organized the first Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls in 1848.

The American Scholar

Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions.

Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)

Reformer and woman suffragist, Anthony, with long-time friend Elizabeth Cady Stanton, advocated for temperance and women's rights in New York State, established the abolitionist Women's Loyal League during the Civil War, and founded the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869 to lobby for a constitutional amendment giving women the vote.

Amelia Bloomer (1818-1894)

Reformer and women's rights activist, who championed dress reform for women, wearing short skirts with Turkish trousers, or "bloomers," as a healthier and more comfortable alternative to the tight corsets and voluminous skirts popular with women of her day.

Mormons

Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members.

Robert Owen (1801-1877)

Scottish-born textile manufacturer and founder of New Harmony, a short-lived communal society of about a thousand people in Indiana.

Brigham Young (1801-1877)

Second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Young led his Mormon followers to Salt Lake City, Utah, after Joseph Smith's death. Under Young's discipline and guidance, the Utah settlement prospered, and the church expanded to include over 100,000 members by Young's death in 1877.

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education and a champion of public education who advocated more and better schoolhouses, longer terms, better pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum.

John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886)

The founder of the Oneida Community, repudiated the old Puritan doctrines that God was vengeful and that sinful mankind was doomed to dwell in a vale of tears. Noyes believed in a benign deity, in the sweetness of human nature, and in the possibility of a perfect Christian community on earth. "The more we get acquainted with God," he declared, "the more we shall find it our special duty to be happy."

What aspect of Mormon practice appears to have drawn the most ire from outsiders? Their individualistic focus on free enterprise. Their divided voting habits. Their cooperative culture.

Their cooperative culture.

For what are the Grimke sisters, Angelina and Sarah, remembered? Their contributions to women's fashion. Their contributions to American children's literature. Their devotion to eradicating slavery.

Their devotion to eradicating slavery.

How did the Mormons survive in their arid new climate? They learned to cultivate cricket-resistant crops. They created ingenious and cooperative methods of irrigation. They developed a constant supply train that worked in tandem with the flow of migrating disciples.

They created ingenious and cooperative methods of irrigation.

The Age of Reason (1794)

Thomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind."

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846.

Just as it relied on European scientific achievements, so too did America look to the Old World for architectural inspiration. True False

True

minstrel shows

Variety shows performed by white actors in black-face. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century.

Influential educator whose grade school readers were used by millions.

William McGuffey

Noah Webster (1758-1843)

Yale-educated Connecticut Yankee who was known as the "Schoolmaster of the Republic." His "reading lessons," used by millions of children in the nineteenth century, were partly designed to promote patriotism. Webster devoted twenty years to his famous dictionary, published in 1828, which helped to standardize the American language.

Which of the following literary figures was a lifelong recluse in Amherst, Massachusetts, whose poetry was only recognized after their death? a. Emily Dickinson b. Louisa May Alcott c. Nathaniel Hawthorne d. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow e. John Greenleaf Whittier

a. Emily Dickinson

The best American painting before the Civil War increasingly turned to a. machine-inspired abstraction. b. natural landscapes. c. impressionism. d. portraits. e. realistic social depiction.

b. natural landscapes.

Tax-supported public education between 1825 and 1850 a. began in the South as early as 1800. b. was deemed essential for social stability and democracy. c. eliminated private and parochial education in the United States. d. existed mainly for the very wealthy and excluded the poor and middle class. e. provided little opportunity for the poor as it took hold in regions throughout America.

b. was deemed essential for social stability and democracy.

The Transcendentalist movement especially stressed a. the need to engage in social and political action. b. the importance of liberation from sexual and economic oppression. c. each individual's need to pursue his own truth based on an inner light that transcends the senses. d. the insight that came from regular church attendance. e. the need for the good society to transcend the wishes of particular individuals.

c. each individual's need to pursue his own truth based on an inner light that transcends the senses.

When it came to scientific achievement, America in the 1800s was a. most noted for its successes in medicine. b. a world leader in scientific discoveries surpassing Europe. c. more interested in practical gadgets than in scientific research. d. focused primarily on biology and chemistry. e. a nation from which other countries borrowed.

c. more interested in practical gadgets than in scientific research.

American painting, theater, and music a. benefited from a large wealthy class who sat for portraits—and then paid for them. b. were greatly stimulated by the traditional high regard of the Puritan tradition for the arts. c. suffered from the dollar-grabbing of a raw civilization. d. consisted of exported art and imported artists. e. outshone the tradition-bound arts of the Old World.

c. suffered from the dollar-grabbing of a raw civilization.

America's first internationally recognized writers, Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, were greatly stimulated in their work by a. the spirit of social reform, especially the antislavery movement. b. the religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening. c. the upsurge of American nationalism following the War of 1812. d. the excitement of big-city living. e. their criticism of what they saw as Americans' naïve innocence and idealism.

c. the upsurge of American nationalism following the War of 1812.

The first American college to admit both women and blacks was a. Mount Holyoke College. b. Yale. c. Harvard. d. Oberlin College. e. the University of North Carolina.

d. Oberlin College.

The idea of free public education as an essential component of American democracy grew in the early nineteenth century with the influence of a. Daniel Webster and Abraham Lincoln. b. Charles Finney and Henry Ward Beecher. c. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. d. Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne. e. Thomas Jefferson and Horace Mann.

e. Thomas Jefferson and Horace Mann.