chapter 12 review
As part of his voyage on the Beagle, Darwin spent about a month off the coast of Ecuador making observations on the
Galapagos Islands
Darwin collected birds from the _______ islands and took them back to England to study, where John Gould identified them as 13 species of birds called _______
Galapagos; finches
Gregor Mendel's main contribution was to solve the puzzle of
How traits are inherited
if the frequency of a homozygous recessive genotype is known for a population, what can then be determined using the Hardy-Weinberg equation
allele frequency
the number of copies of an allele divided by the total number of alleles in a population is the
allele frequency
in the state of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequencies
are not changing
broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage come from the wild mustard plant that humans have influenced over hundreds of years. the process that resulted in these five species is
artificial selection
if humans are involved in perpetuating desired traits in organisms, the result is
artificial selection
selection of dairy cows that produce more milk for human consumption is an example of _______ selection, and selection of light-colored moths over dark-colored moths by a bird predator is an example of _______ selection
artificial; natural
when two phenotypic extremes of a trait are being selectively favored, then a natural population is undergoing ________ selection
disruptive
if a predator is more likely to prey upon fish that are brightest in color, then natural selection in this environment will favor
drabber fish
the entire collection of genes and their alleles in a population is called the gene
gene pool
in evolutionary terms, fitness of an organism is defined as an organism's
genetic contribution to the next generation
natural selection requires
genetic diversity
What evolutionary force has a greater effect on small populations
genetic drift
Lyell's idea about fossils and the age of the Earth led to the conclusion that
gradual changes occurred in some organisms and that these could be preserved in the fossil record
as proposed by James Hutton, the theory of uniformitarianism states that
gradual geological process such as erosion and sedimentation that act in modern times also occurred in the past
in areas of Africa where malaria is common, the prevalence of the sickle cell allele is higher due to
heterozygote advantage
what is a mechanism by which harmful alleles can be maintained in a population even though homozygous recessive individuals have greatly reduced fitness
heterozygote advantage
what did Darwin's ideas suggest about humans, which was hard for some people at the time of accept
humans are just another species subject to natural selection
your friend thinks that her dog can evolve into a new species because it is so different than any other dog she has ever seen. you know that this is not possible because
individual organisms cannot evlove
A(n) _______ does not evolve because alleles do not change; however, a(n) _______ can evolve because allele frequencies can change
individual; population
Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variations in the ability to
obtain mates
the shortened title of the book that Charles Darwin published in 1859 was
on the origin of species
what is a common misconception about natural selection
organisms evolve the traits they need and lose the traits they don't need
p^2 2pq q^2 p q
p^2= frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype 2pq= frequency of the heterozygous genotype q^2= frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype p= frequency of the dominant allele q= frequency of the recessive allele in the population
in some areas where cholera is common, why is the cystic fibrosis allele maintained in the population
people heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis allele have a fitness advantage
after reading Malthus's essay, Darwin realized that
poorly adapted individuals would not survive if resources were limited
interbreeding members of the same species compose a
population
select all the factors that limit the results of natural selection
- a population is limited by the alleles present in its gene pool - disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and volcanoes can indiscriminately eliminate allele combinations
As evolutionary theory was being developed prior to the mid- 1700s, what fossil evidence conflicted with the idea that the diversity of life was due to creation? select all that apply
- fossils showed that species were extinct - different layers of rock contained different groups of fossilized organisms - fossils depicted organisms never seen before
Select all the ideas that were considered fundamental principles for the explanation of the diversity of life before the late 1800s
- members of a particular species are identical in form and capacity - organisms arose by special creation and did not change
select all the statements that describe Lamarck's ideas about the origin of species
- organisms that use a body part repeatedly increase their abilities - any physical changes that happen to the parents during their lives can be passed on to the next generation
during his voyage on the Beagle, which of the following did Charles Darwin observe? select all that apply
- plants and animals on the Galapagos Islands - forest plant fossils mixed in with ocean sediments - land altered by forces, such as earthquakes and erosion
select the three different treatments on tanks each containing 1100 juvenile fish in a study of the effects of fish harvesting on fish size
- remove 90% of the fish with no size bias - remove the largest 90% of fish - remove the smallest 90% of fish
select all the reasonings of Charles Darwin that were influenced by Thomas Malthus's essay
- some individuals in a population are better able to obtain resources than others -more individuals are born into a population than the habitat can support - there is variation in a population
select all the key properties of evolutionary adaptations
- they can confer reproductive success - they are heritable
Select all the examples that reflect a fitness greater than zero
-a penguin that has one chick that survives to reproduce -a female salmon that lays over a million eggs, half of which hatch -a male spider that is eaten by the female during mating, but that fathers 20 offspring -a jellyfish with a thousand offspring, 50% of which reach adulthood
fitness depends on which of the following? select all that apply
-ability to survive long enough to successfully reproduce -number of successful reproductive efforts in lifetime -proportion of offspring that survive to reproduce
select all the ways that the Hardy-Weinberg equations can be used
-calculate allele frequencies if genotype frequencies are known -calculate genotype frequencies if allele frequencies are known -indicate if evolution is occurring
select all of the effects of gene flow
-decrease regional differences in genetic diversity -introduce new alleles into a population
select all of the following that are true about the heterozygous genotype in the situation of heterozygote advantage
-has greater fitness than homozygous genotype -can contain harmful alleles
select the five correct assumptions of the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium that must be met to keep allele frequencies from changing
-mating is random -no natural selection occurs -there is no migration into or out of the population -the population is large -no mutations occur
Select all of the following that are mechanisms of evolution and that can alter allele frequencies
-mutation -natural selection -gene flow
select all of the following that are examples of the bottleneck effect
-north american bison -greater prairie chickens
select all of the following that are true about natural selection
-occurs due to variation in environmental factors -results in differential reproductive success of individuals
which two of the following was Charles Darwin not able to explain or understand with respect to his ideas on natural selection as a force of evolution
-the source of variation within population -how heritable traits were passed from one generation to the next
select observations and inferences Charles Darwin made in support of natural selection
-there is competition among individuals for limited resources -natural selection can change the characteristics of a population over many generations -more individuals are born than can survive to reproduce -some individuals due to their inherited characteristics survive, making them more likely to reproduce -organisms are varied and some variations are inherited
what is the genotype frequency of CC if 320 individuals have the genotype CC in a population of 2,000 individuals
0.16
taking into account that natural selection resulted in the diversity of finches on the Galapagos Islands, rank the following in the order they occurred, beginning with the earliest event at the top
1- a few finches flew from the mainland to one island 2- most of the finches could only eat small seeds, but the island population outgrew the supply of small seeds 3- finches that could eat other foods survived and reproduced, while most of the birds that could only eat small seeds starved 4- the finches that could eat other foods gradually made up more of the population
the average rate of mutation is around one DNA sequence change per ________ base pairs.
10^9
independently of Charles Darwin, what other scientist proposed natural selection as a driving force for evolution
Alfred Wallace
who was one of the first scientists to suggest that species arose from ancestors and were changing
Buffon
who was the naturalist on the five-year voyage of the HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin
Whose essay, describing how factors limit human population size, influenced Charles Darwin's ideas about variation and survival among individuals in a population
Thomas Malthus
what describes the founder effect
a small group of individuals establishes a new colony
how might a change in the environment affect natural selection
a trait that was adaptive may become poorly adapted in the changed environment
what organisms has a zero fitness and does not contribute genes to the next generation
a wolf that breeds with several males but does not produce offspring
A(n) _______ is a feature that provides a selection advantage to an organism because it improves its ability to survive and reproduce
adaptation
Darwin noted that natural selection occurs because
adaptive traits that are heritable can pass to offspring and increase their survival and reproduction
because genes do not 'know' when to mutate, it follows that bacterial species with a resistance to an antibiotic must have had a mutation________ exposure to the antibiotic.
before
how did natural selection shape the evolution of finches on the galapagos islands
birds with different heritable differences were able to better survive and reproduce in different habitats
When a population's size drops rapidly over a short period, resulting in a loss of many alleles that were present in the larger ancestral population, this is referred to as the __________ effect.
bottleneck
Selection for one extreme phenotype in a population would be considered a type of natural selection called ________ selection
directional
The theory of __________, proposed by Georges Cuvier, proposed that _________ were responsible for most geological formations
catastrophism; brief, violent, global upheavals
immigration and emigration of members of a population
create gene flow within the population
selection for dark-winged moths in a population of moths with pigmentation that varies from light to dark is and example of ______ selection
directional
experiments conducted by Conover and Munch at Stony Brook University indicated that harvesting of large fish is actin gas a selective force to
decrease average fish size in the population
the graph shows that when large fish are harvested from experimental tanks, the average weight of individuals ________ over subsequent generations, and the growth rate of these fish is ______.
decreases; slower
the unity and diversity of life can be explained by
descent from a common ancestor
Darwin reasoned that the variety of finch species found on the Galapagos islands descended from a common ancestor. He used the phrase "__________ with _________" to describe gradual genetic changes from the ancestral type.
descent; modification
in sexual dimorphism, one sex is ______ than the other sex
different in appearance
descent with modification describes the process of
evolution
is defined as a change in allele frequencies in a population over time
evolution
true or false: Charles Darwin was the first to attempt to explain how diversity of life arose
false
true or false: the goal of natural selection is to produce perfect organisms
false
disruptive selection is a mechanism of natural selection that
favors two or more extreme phenotype in a population
balanced polymorphism means that multiple ______ of a gene persist in a population at more or less constant frequencies indefintely
forms
a genotype's _______ is the number of individuals with that genotype, divided by the total size of the population
frequencies
what describes how genetic drift occurs
gain or loss of alleles by chance
While serving as a naturalist abroad the HMS Beagle, Darwin
gathered many observations that would later help his theory of evolution
In _____ selection, the members of one sex compete among themselves for access to mates, whereas in _______ selection, members of one sex choose their mates among multiple members of the opposite sex
intrasexual; intersexual
select a reason why elaborate ornamentation may have evolved in the males of some species
large or brightly colored structures are costly to produce, indicating good health
mate choice, such as in sexual selection
leads to nonrandom mating
Fossils present in ______ layers of rock are older
lower
the principle of superpostion explains the idea that________ layers of rock, along with the fossils they contain, are older than the layers_______them.
lower; above
changes in allele frequencies in a population or species that occurs over a relatively short time rather than millions of years is an example of
microevolution
in the 1930s, scientists unified natural selection and genetics into the
modern evolutionary synthesis
New alleles that might allow a bacterium to become resistant to an antibiotic arise through
mutation
a ________ is a change in and organism's DNA sequence and is the raw material for evolution, because genes affect phenotypes and evolution acts on phenotypes
mutation
a(n) _______ is a change in a DNA sequence that occurs at random
mutation
According to On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin, what gives rise to new species
natural selection
Directional, disruptive, and stabilizing are all types of ______ , in which certain phenotypes are favored over others.
natural selection
select the correct statement about natural selection
natural selection does not have a goal of a perfect organism
Which of the following neither decreases nor increases reproductive success of an organism
neutral variation
after harvesting only large fish from experimental tanks, researchers then harvested fish at random for five generations and shows that
reduced size of fish in large-harvested populations could rebound
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is seldom seen in natural population because
selection takes place in natural systems
What increases genetic variability within a species through shuffling and reshuffling of parental alleles to produce genetically different offspring
sexual reproduction
species have undergone convergent evolution if they
shared characteristics and evolved in similar environments
an example of macroevolution would be the appearance of a new
species of finch
Human birth weight is an example of a type of natural selection called _______ selection
stabilizing
a mutation can affect evolution in a species only if
subsequent generations inherit it
suppose the migration of a subset of the human population to a new are leads to relatively low genetic diversity in the new population. This is an example of
the founder effect
Prior to newer geological ideas of the 1700s and later, many people believed that Earth was relatively ________ and that species were __________.
young; unchangeable