chapter 12 review

As part of his voyage on the Beagle, Darwin spent about a month off the coast of Ecuador making observations on the

Galapagos Islands

Darwin collected birds from the _______ islands and took them back to England to study, where John Gould identified them as 13 species of birds called _______

Galapagos; finches

Gregor Mendel's main contribution was to solve the puzzle of

How traits are inherited

if the frequency of a homozygous recessive genotype is known for a population, what can then be determined using the Hardy-Weinberg equation

allele frequency

the number of copies of an allele divided by the total number of alleles in a population is the

allele frequency

in the state of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequencies

are not changing

broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage come from the wild mustard plant that humans have influenced over hundreds of years. the process that resulted in these five species is

artificial selection

if humans are involved in perpetuating desired traits in organisms, the result is

artificial selection

selection of dairy cows that produce more milk for human consumption is an example of _______ selection, and selection of light-colored moths over dark-colored moths by a bird predator is an example of _______ selection

artificial; natural

when two phenotypic extremes of a trait are being selectively favored, then a natural population is undergoing ________ selection

disruptive

if a predator is more likely to prey upon fish that are brightest in color, then natural selection in this environment will favor

drabber fish

the entire collection of genes and their alleles in a population is called the gene

gene pool

in evolutionary terms, fitness of an organism is defined as an organism's

genetic contribution to the next generation

natural selection requires

genetic diversity

What evolutionary force has a greater effect on small populations

genetic drift

Lyell's idea about fossils and the age of the Earth led to the conclusion that

gradual changes occurred in some organisms and that these could be preserved in the fossil record

as proposed by James Hutton, the theory of uniformitarianism states that

gradual geological process such as erosion and sedimentation that act in modern times also occurred in the past

in areas of Africa where malaria is common, the prevalence of the sickle cell allele is higher due to

heterozygote advantage

what is a mechanism by which harmful alleles can be maintained in a population even though homozygous recessive individuals have greatly reduced fitness

heterozygote advantage

what did Darwin's ideas suggest about humans, which was hard for some people at the time of accept

humans are just another species subject to natural selection

your friend thinks that her dog can evolve into a new species because it is so different than any other dog she has ever seen. you know that this is not possible because

individual organisms cannot evlove

A(n) _______ does not evolve because alleles do not change; however, a(n) _______ can evolve because allele frequencies can change

individual; population

Sexual selection is a type of natural selection resulting from variations in the ability to

obtain mates

the shortened title of the book that Charles Darwin published in 1859 was

on the origin of species

what is a common misconception about natural selection

organisms evolve the traits they need and lose the traits they don't need

p^2 2pq q^2 p q

p^2= frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype 2pq= frequency of the heterozygous genotype q^2= frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype p= frequency of the dominant allele q= frequency of the recessive allele in the population

in some areas where cholera is common, why is the cystic fibrosis allele maintained in the population

people heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis allele have a fitness advantage

after reading Malthus's essay, Darwin realized that

poorly adapted individuals would not survive if resources were limited

interbreeding members of the same species compose a

population

select all the factors that limit the results of natural selection

- a population is limited by the alleles present in its gene pool - disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and volcanoes can indiscriminately eliminate allele combinations

As evolutionary theory was being developed prior to the mid- 1700s, what fossil evidence conflicted with the idea that the diversity of life was due to creation? select all that apply

- fossils showed that species were extinct - different layers of rock contained different groups of fossilized organisms - fossils depicted organisms never seen before

Select all the ideas that were considered fundamental principles for the explanation of the diversity of life before the late 1800s

- members of a particular species are identical in form and capacity - organisms arose by special creation and did not change

select all the statements that describe Lamarck's ideas about the origin of species

- organisms that use a body part repeatedly increase their abilities - any physical changes that happen to the parents during their lives can be passed on to the next generation

during his voyage on the Beagle, which of the following did Charles Darwin observe? select all that apply

- plants and animals on the Galapagos Islands - forest plant fossils mixed in with ocean sediments - land altered by forces, such as earthquakes and erosion

select the three different treatments on tanks each containing 1100 juvenile fish in a study of the effects of fish harvesting on fish size

- remove 90% of the fish with no size bias - remove the largest 90% of fish - remove the smallest 90% of fish

select all the reasonings of Charles Darwin that were influenced by Thomas Malthus's essay

- some individuals in a population are better able to obtain resources than others -more individuals are born into a population than the habitat can support - there is variation in a population

select all the key properties of evolutionary adaptations

- they can confer reproductive success - they are heritable

Select all the examples that reflect a fitness greater than zero

-a penguin that has one chick that survives to reproduce -a female salmon that lays over a million eggs, half of which hatch -a male spider that is eaten by the female during mating, but that fathers 20 offspring -a jellyfish with a thousand offspring, 50% of which reach adulthood

fitness depends on which of the following? select all that apply

-ability to survive long enough to successfully reproduce -number of successful reproductive efforts in lifetime -proportion of offspring that survive to reproduce

select all the ways that the Hardy-Weinberg equations can be used

-calculate allele frequencies if genotype frequencies are known -calculate genotype frequencies if allele frequencies are known -indicate if evolution is occurring

select all of the effects of gene flow

-decrease regional differences in genetic diversity -introduce new alleles into a population

select all of the following that are true about the heterozygous genotype in the situation of heterozygote advantage

-has greater fitness than homozygous genotype -can contain harmful alleles

select the five correct assumptions of the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium that must be met to keep allele frequencies from changing

-mating is random -no natural selection occurs -there is no migration into or out of the population -the population is large -no mutations occur

Select all of the following that are mechanisms of evolution and that can alter allele frequencies

-mutation -natural selection -gene flow

select all of the following that are examples of the bottleneck effect

-north american bison -greater prairie chickens

select all of the following that are true about natural selection

-occurs due to variation in environmental factors -results in differential reproductive success of individuals

which two of the following was Charles Darwin not able to explain or understand with respect to his ideas on natural selection as a force of evolution

-the source of variation within population -how heritable traits were passed from one generation to the next

select observations and inferences Charles Darwin made in support of natural selection

-there is competition among individuals for limited resources -natural selection can change the characteristics of a population over many generations -more individuals are born than can survive to reproduce -some individuals due to their inherited characteristics survive, making them more likely to reproduce -organisms are varied and some variations are inherited

what is the genotype frequency of CC if 320 individuals have the genotype CC in a population of 2,000 individuals

0.16

taking into account that natural selection resulted in the diversity of finches on the Galapagos Islands, rank the following in the order they occurred, beginning with the earliest event at the top

1- a few finches flew from the mainland to one island 2- most of the finches could only eat small seeds, but the island population outgrew the supply of small seeds 3- finches that could eat other foods survived and reproduced, while most of the birds that could only eat small seeds starved 4- the finches that could eat other foods gradually made up more of the population

the average rate of mutation is around one DNA sequence change per ________ base pairs.

10^9

independently of Charles Darwin, what other scientist proposed natural selection as a driving force for evolution

Alfred Wallace

who was one of the first scientists to suggest that species arose from ancestors and were changing

Buffon

who was the naturalist on the five-year voyage of the HMS Beagle

Charles Darwin

Whose essay, describing how factors limit human population size, influenced Charles Darwin's ideas about variation and survival among individuals in a population

Thomas Malthus

what describes the founder effect

a small group of individuals establishes a new colony

how might a change in the environment affect natural selection

a trait that was adaptive may become poorly adapted in the changed environment

what organisms has a zero fitness and does not contribute genes to the next generation

a wolf that breeds with several males but does not produce offspring

A(n) _______ is a feature that provides a selection advantage to an organism because it improves its ability to survive and reproduce

adaptation

Darwin noted that natural selection occurs because

adaptive traits that are heritable can pass to offspring and increase their survival and reproduction

because genes do not 'know' when to mutate, it follows that bacterial species with a resistance to an antibiotic must have had a mutation________ exposure to the antibiotic.

before

how did natural selection shape the evolution of finches on the galapagos islands

birds with different heritable differences were able to better survive and reproduce in different habitats

When a population's size drops rapidly over a short period, resulting in a loss of many alleles that were present in the larger ancestral population, this is referred to as the __________ effect.

bottleneck

Selection for one extreme phenotype in a population would be considered a type of natural selection called ________ selection

directional

The theory of __________, proposed by Georges Cuvier, proposed that _________ were responsible for most geological formations

catastrophism; brief, violent, global upheavals

immigration and emigration of members of a population

create gene flow within the population

selection for dark-winged moths in a population of moths with pigmentation that varies from light to dark is and example of ______ selection

directional

experiments conducted by Conover and Munch at Stony Brook University indicated that harvesting of large fish is actin gas a selective force to

decrease average fish size in the population

the graph shows that when large fish are harvested from experimental tanks, the average weight of individuals ________ over subsequent generations, and the growth rate of these fish is ______.

decreases; slower

the unity and diversity of life can be explained by

descent from a common ancestor

Darwin reasoned that the variety of finch species found on the Galapagos islands descended from a common ancestor. He used the phrase "__________ with _________" to describe gradual genetic changes from the ancestral type.

descent; modification

in sexual dimorphism, one sex is ______ than the other sex

different in appearance

descent with modification describes the process of

evolution

is defined as a change in allele frequencies in a population over time

evolution

true or false: Charles Darwin was the first to attempt to explain how diversity of life arose

false

true or false: the goal of natural selection is to produce perfect organisms

false

disruptive selection is a mechanism of natural selection that

favors two or more extreme phenotype in a population

balanced polymorphism means that multiple ______ of a gene persist in a population at more or less constant frequencies indefintely

forms

a genotype's _______ is the number of individuals with that genotype, divided by the total size of the population

frequencies

what describes how genetic drift occurs

gain or loss of alleles by chance

While serving as a naturalist abroad the HMS Beagle, Darwin

gathered many observations that would later help his theory of evolution

In _____ selection, the members of one sex compete among themselves for access to mates, whereas in _______ selection, members of one sex choose their mates among multiple members of the opposite sex

intrasexual; intersexual

select a reason why elaborate ornamentation may have evolved in the males of some species

large or brightly colored structures are costly to produce, indicating good health

mate choice, such as in sexual selection

leads to nonrandom mating

Fossils present in ______ layers of rock are older

lower

the principle of superpostion explains the idea that________ layers of rock, along with the fossils they contain, are older than the layers_______them.

lower; above

changes in allele frequencies in a population or species that occurs over a relatively short time rather than millions of years is an example of

microevolution

in the 1930s, scientists unified natural selection and genetics into the

modern evolutionary synthesis

New alleles that might allow a bacterium to become resistant to an antibiotic arise through

mutation

a ________ is a change in and organism's DNA sequence and is the raw material for evolution, because genes affect phenotypes and evolution acts on phenotypes

mutation

a(n) _______ is a change in a DNA sequence that occurs at random

mutation

According to On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin, what gives rise to new species

natural selection

Directional, disruptive, and stabilizing are all types of ______ , in which certain phenotypes are favored over others.

natural selection

select the correct statement about natural selection

natural selection does not have a goal of a perfect organism

Which of the following neither decreases nor increases reproductive success of an organism

neutral variation

after harvesting only large fish from experimental tanks, researchers then harvested fish at random for five generations and shows that

reduced size of fish in large-harvested populations could rebound

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is seldom seen in natural population because

selection takes place in natural systems

What increases genetic variability within a species through shuffling and reshuffling of parental alleles to produce genetically different offspring

sexual reproduction

species have undergone convergent evolution if they

shared characteristics and evolved in similar environments

an example of macroevolution would be the appearance of a new

species of finch

Human birth weight is an example of a type of natural selection called _______ selection

stabilizing

a mutation can affect evolution in a species only if

subsequent generations inherit it

suppose the migration of a subset of the human population to a new are leads to relatively low genetic diversity in the new population. This is an example of

the founder effect

Prior to newer geological ideas of the 1700s and later, many people believed that Earth was relatively ________ and that species were __________.

young; unchangeable