APWH Unit 6 Review
Nationalist Motives for Imperialism
-After losing its American colonies, Britain looked for new lands to open to settlement, expanding to places such as Australia, New Zealand, South Asia; France also expanded its overseas territories, occupying Algeria, New Caledonia, and other islands; Italy and Germany were unified states and wanted colonies for economic and strategic reasons as well as prestige. - The Power of Spain diminished -Japan asserted its nationalist pride through incursions into Korea, which caused the Sino-Japanese War that the Chinese lost.
Global Consequences
-As industrialized nations grew wealthier, the stock exchanged developed, allowing more people to invest their capital, and the need to protect global markets and investments grew rapidly. -Farmers were allowed to raise only cash crops, leading to monocultures, or a lack of agricultural diversity. Today, many former colonies have been unable to rediversify their land use because of damage to their croplands
White Australia
-Australia also set a limitation on Chinese immigrants who could come ashore by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1855 and also the Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act in November of 1861 and the Influx of Chinese Restriction Act of 1881 -Some miners even attacked areas where Chinese miners were quartered, killing several and wounding many others -While Chinatowns developed in cities across Australia, the Chinese made their biggest economic contributions in the Northern Territory and north Queensland regions. -They eventually worked to create and preserve a "White Australia"
Australia and New Zealand
-Australia became a penal colony, where the British sent criminals, but the discovery that Australia was well-suited to producing fine wool provided a new industry, and in the 1830s large numbers of free settlers began to arrive. -New Zealand was a settler colony that had a war with Britain because the European settlers encroached on Maori lands, breaking their treaty saying that the Maori would maintain their rights
Regulation in the United States
-Because there were so many Chinese workers in Cali, the California constitution of 1879 set some discriminatory prohibitions such as prohibition of Chinese workers on state, county, municipality, or public works; Preventing them from becoming citizens; Encouraging removal of Chinese residents from within their limits or segregation -The Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese immigration permanently in 1902 -Some immigrants began to move to Mexico since Porfirio Diaz promoted immigration as well as development
Imperialism in East Asia
-China experienced imperialism in a way different from South Asia or Africa since it maintained its own government throughout a period of European economic domination(spheres of influence) -Taiping Rebellion made it easier for foreign countries to dominate the economic affairs of China since starving peasants, workers, and miners attempted to overthrow the Qing Dynasty; They had a famine; the bubonic plague broke out -The Boxers were encouraged by Empress Cixi to exile and limit their foreign influences -Even though Japan originally wanted isolation, they modernized quickly to protect their culture, and eventually started looking for territorial gains in order to fuel its own growth -Colonization Society to establish colonies in mexico and Latin America
Economic Imperialism in Hawaii
-Contrarily to other countries, a group of American businesses and sugar-planters in Hawaii overthrew the constitutional monarchy in 1893 in order to be annexed by the US. - Industrial Revolution developed the demand for raw materials through innovations that set the stage for economic imperialism.
Migration in the Face of Challenges
-Diaspora is often applied to mass emigrations from a country or region that may take place over a period of many years *The African slave trade led to a diaspora* -In India, poverty was the principal reason that drove Indians to leave, but they also left by force since British started sending Indians to other places to work as indentured laborers and replace slaves on sugar plantations -The Chinese diaspora did not begin until the middle of the 19th century with the gold rushes in Cali. -The Chinese were instrumental in the development of the US Transcontinental Railroad, but they left mainly for reasons of poverty, famine, or pursuit of better opportunities. -People left Irela d for many reasons, especially political ones. Britain abolished the irish Parliament in 1801 when Ireland became part of the UK -Great Famine- destroyed the potato crop for four years and caused as many as 3 million people to leave Ireland -The first wave of Italian emigration began with the unification of Italy as farmers could not make a living in a society where land was subdivided over generations; Others left for reasons related to organized crime
The Rise of Economic Imperialism
-Economic imperialism- a situation in which foreign business interest have great economic power of influence, developed as businesses took advantage of natural resources beyond their borders -Cash Crops and mineral resources were produced on a large scale for this selfish reason.
Russian Expansion
-Empress Catherine II set out to expand the Russian Empire in all directions during her reign, annexing about half of Poland as well as territory won from the Ottoman Empire -An intense rivalry between the Russian and British empires rose as they competed unsuccessfully for dominance in Afghanistan-- a rivalry known to be the Great Game, but Russia did expand into a large portion of Manchuria
Chinese Enclaves
-Ethnic enclaves were clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country -The Chinese who migrated to SE Asia thrived under colonial rule, acquiring great wealth as moneylenders or through international trade. BY the 19th century, the Chinese controlled trade throughout SE Asia and were a significant presence -The Chinese immigrants came to the US during the California gold rush and started working on farms, in public projects, and leaving their cultural stamps through food and marriage.
Imperialism in Africa
-Europe had a long-standing relationship with Africa because of the slave trade and because of their new need for palm oil(kept machinery from becoming rusty), this presence and relationship could only grow as they became more powerful militarily. -Suez Canal was a 100-mile-long canal that could save a trip around the entire continent of Africa by means of corvee laborers, unpaid workers who were forced to work on the project as taxation -Great Britain established several colonies in West Africa by means of diplomacy and warfare in that order( European countries often invaded peacefully, establishing the king would not be taken from his throne, then taking the throne anyway)
Indian Enclaves
-Even though slavery was abolished, Britain replaced it with the system of indentured servitude, and the Indians were among the first indentured servants sent to work in British colonies -In Africa, many went to Mauritius and Natal as indentured servants and built railways, making them a large percentage of the population in these regions even today. They abandoned the caste system when they moved though. -Mohandas Gandhi was an activist whose work was founded on the fact that Indians were unjustly discriminated against. He founded the Natal Indian Congress and worked to expose the rampant discrimination against Indians in South Africa -Indians were a major source of labor in SE Asia, working as indentured laborers and eventually under the kangani system that recruited families to work on plantations *less restricted lives* -Indians blended ethnically with migrants from other parts of the world, creating a unique culture, affecting national cuisines, film, and music
Migration, Transportation, and Urbanization
-Improvements in technology also allowed some who migrated for work reasons to return home, either for a period of time or permanently. -Since most industry was located in urban areas, both internal and external migrants often settled in cities, which increased in size and influence around the globe.
Economic Imperialism in Latin America
-Latin America was subjected to imperialist aggression from both Europe and the US as the industrialized nations of Europe and the United States sought raw materials, low-wage labor, and new markets for their goods. -The Second Industrial Revolution brought newfound prosperity to the US as investments supported infrastructure and industry and it used the Monroe Doctrine to protect the Americas from European imperialism -Britain invested in Argentina to the point where it became one of the dozen richest in the world by the outbreak of WWI(allowed for large-scale farming and building projects) -Chile used to be independent on agriculture, but then copper came to dominate Chile's exports and the mining sector of Chile became one of the pillars of their economy -Competition against Brazil on the part of Malaysia led to a decline in Brazil's booming rubber industry. -The United Fruit Company, which traded in tropical fruit, allied itself with lagre landowners to pressure gov't to maintain conditions that would be favorable for the company -Banana Republic- small central American countries under the economic power of foreign-based corporations
Irish Enclaves in North America
-Many of the Irish men who came to the US helped construct the canal system and created decent lives for themselves -Half of the three million immigrant who left during the Great Famine came to North America, leading to a large wave of anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic sentiment -The Irish in the Us spread their culture(lively dance music and holiday traditions such as the celebration of St. Patrick's Day. They had a strong impact on the conditions of laborers through their efforts at promoting labor unions, and their great numbers ensured the spread of Catholicism in the US.
Changes in Home Society
-Migrant laborers were more often male than female, so in some places, their migration brought a shift in demographics and gender roles in the societies they left -In some places, males waited to emigrate until a male relative was available to live with and help support the women and children who did not emigrate with the males, while in others woman gained autonomy in the roles that they took on when their husband left
Migration to Settler Colonies
-Most British citizens that went to colonies like India, Malaya, or Kenya, did so with no intension of staying permanently. -British engineers were so numerous that they formed a type of diaspora and spread Western science and technology through the world. Also learned from the experience of engineers from the colonial lands *Sometimes collaborated* -British who settled in Argentina were not trying to escape poverty or persecution, they were prosperous people, who founded banks, developed the export trade in agricultural products, built railroads and other infrastructure, and imported luxuries that appealed to the middle-class. -Tensions and anti-immigrant sentiment toward Japanese people intensified as immigrants assimilated to life in America.
African Resistance
-Organized Africans resistance to imperialism developed later than India because the Europeans were in India for longer -The Sokoto Caliphate established the slave trade as a means of economic growth at a time when the British were trying to stop it. It was the largest African empire since the 16th century -The British also fought the native Xhosa people, who did something similar to the Native Americans in the US. The Xhosa tried killing their cattle and destroying their crops in their belief that those actions would cause spirits to remove the British settlers from their land -Samory Toure led a group of warriors to establish a kingdom in Guinea, but opposed French attempts to annex West Africa. France succeeded and offered Samory protection up until he expanded east, causing him to go to war with the French in 1891. *tried to establish another kingdom but was executed in the attempt...* -Sudanese resented European rules and Muhammad Ahmad formed an army to fight against Egypt. They overran the British-Egyptian forces in 1885, but after Ahmad died, the movement disintegrated and the British came back in 1898. -The British tried to subjugate the Asante Empire but were unsuccessful several times. Yaa Asantewaa was a mighty warrior queen who led a rebellion against the British and ended in a loss to the British.
The European Scramble for Africa
-Otto von Bismarck of germany wanted to keep the peace in Europe and hosted the Berlin conference between only European powers in order to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa, though no Africans were invited(obvious conflict as a result) -In the 19th century, the British and Afrikaners fought over land in the Cape Colony, known as the Boer Wars, which were bloody, brutal, and forced the Afrikaners from their lands and to concentration camps. *Allowed the British to absorb settler colonies into their empire* -King Leopold II invaded the Congo in order to get the gov't to support colonial expansion; used a system of economic exploitation to keep the profits made by the Congo Free State; Ruthless and terrorized others into submission by means of killing and beating people who did not meet his standards
Resistance and Rebellion in the Americas
-Proclamation of 1763 reserved all the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River for the Native Americans, which was the first time that a European gov't recognized the rights of indigenous people *Americans paid no attention to this* -After 1800, the Cherokees tried to assimilate by adopting colonial methods of farming, weaving, and building and even adopted a constitution based on the US Constitution, but things like the Indian Removal Act of 1830 still passed and removed the Cherokees from their land for the colonizer's own economic purposes -They even had to start coming up with conspiracies in order to give themselves hope. The Ghost Dance served to call the spirits and get them to drive off the whites. *Didn't work and ended in the Wounded Knee Massacre* -Tupac Amaru II arrested and executed a colonial administrator, charging him with cruelty, which led to the final Indian revolt against Spain. However; Amaru was taken along with his family and was tortured. -Literally the most pointless intervention of the french in which Mexicans conspired with Napoleon III to overthrow Benito Juarez, then made a European noble emperor, then again after three years they executed the European and Juarez came back to the presidency
Technological Developments
-Railroads helped open up colonial markets for manufactured goods, which worked as evidence of the Europeans that they were helping the peoples they colonized -In India, the British built a complex railway network that stretched from the interior to the coasts in order to ship raw materials. -Even though the project was never completed, Cecil Rhodes, founder of De Beers Diamonds, invested in a railroad project to connect the colonies of Britain, but Britain never gained control over all the land on which the railroad was to be built -Steamships were made and, as the countries became more industrialized, they became practical for long distances -Telegraph revolutionized communications, bringing communication to India, Britain, England, Australia, and Portugal and Brazil, while also following railroad lines
Economic Imperialism in Africa
-Reliance on a single cash crop, one grown to be sold, in a country or region left many Africans vulnerable during the periods of drought, economic decline, or falling world prices -Economic dependency on Colonial powers -By the end of 19th century, cotton accounted for 93% of Egypt's exports. Some cash crops even replaced enslaved people in places like Uganda -As the British commonly did, the colonial gov't in the fertile Rift Valley gave the land to white settlers, forcing Africans to relocate and forbidding them from exporting cash crops -Even though slavery was outlawed in British colonies in 1833, it persisted and it was not until 1912 that slave trading and raiding was suppressed in most of Africa
South Asian Movements
-Sepoys, Indian soldiers under British employ, made up the majority of colonial India -It was almost like Britain was trying to anger them by making rifle cartridges greased with a mixture of fat of cows and pigs even though the Indians sacred; The Indians were also convinced that the British were trying to convert them to Christianity. -Nationalism rose after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 before which Britain exiled the Mughal Empire and established the Raj, or British gov't
Italians in Argentina
-The 1853 Argentine Constitution not only encouraged European immigration, but it also guaranteed to foreigners the same civil rights enjoyed by Argentine citizens -Argentine Spanish has absorbed many Italian words, and Italian is still widely spoken in Buenos Aires -Wages in Argentina were much higher than in Italy, which aided in immigration
Resistance in Australia and New Zealand
-The British sent convicts and soldiers to establish colonies in New South Wales; however the government did not protect the inhabitants of Australia, so thousands were killed as they tried to attack the territory and resources of the Aboriginals -Britain had promised to protect the property rights of the Maori, but, within a short time, the Maori became alarmed and wars began that could only result in a victory for the British. The Maori constantly lost land until the 1900s
Imperialism in SE Asia
-The Dutch East India Company took over the Spice trade for the Portuguese, but they went corrupt and the gov't took control. -The mid-19th century gave way to the sole production of cash crops to support the Dutch economy at the cost of the natives' wellbeing. -China lost to France too, which gave them control over northern Vietnam. They grew to control Cambodia, Laos, and all of modern-day Vietnam. They only wanted cash crops -When the British were in SE Asia, they sought mineral wealth and also cash crops ofc. Because of their control, by the end of the 19th century, Malaya was the greatest producer of natural rubber. -Siam escaped the clutches of imperialism in the 19th century as it deftly handled relations with the British and French whose colonies bordered Siam. They also set up Western-style schools.
Economic Imperialism in Asia
-The East India Company began to engage in the lucrative spice trade, but it increasingly became about competition and the demand for finished Indian textiles decreased regardless of an attempt to please the British with their fabric patterns. -By the second half of the 18th century, the Dutch East India Company switched its focus from shipping to agricultural production -Culture System- forced farmers to choose between growing cash crops for export(one fifth of their fields) or performing corvee labor, compulsory unpaid work -Chinese were not interested in British goods, but the British started growing opium and sold it in China illegally. -Opium War led Britain to capture Nanking and revealed the fate of nonindustrialized nations -Treaty of Nanking forced China to open up four new ports, cede the island of Honk Kong, and pay damages, but this was not a satisfying agreement for either side since Britain still needed to be able to trade its opium(Second Opium War- Treat of Tientsin did^) -Check of power through Open Door policy that opened a system of trade to all countries equally.
Nationalist Movements in the Balkans
-The Ottomans lost hold on the remaining European territories in the Balkan Peninsula, and the people sought independence as a result(of this and also the French Revolution).
U.S Imperialism in Latin America and the Pacific
-The US were seemingly cruel as they forced the natives to relocate from their own territory into Oklahoma. Many Native Americans died from exposure, malnutrition, disease, and exhaustion that this became known as the Trail of Tears -Monroe Doctrine stated that European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in the Western Hemispheres, which would allow the US to expand into territories near them in the Americas -Manifest Destiny- a right that White Americans believed they had that said they had a natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean; It was the feelings of nationalism, cultural superiority, and economic considerations that drove American's desire for conquest -Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stated that if countries in Latin America demonstrated instability then the US would intervene
Cultural and Religious Motives for Imperialism
-The attitudes of whites towards others were a form of racism since the colonial power believed that they were superior to those they subjugated. They claimed and created the theory known as Social Darwinism, which suggested that the fittest survived and that the spread of their power prived biological superiority -As a result, they superimposed their culture and tried to unify the often diverse colonies -Missionaries were among the most tireless "civilizing" influences as they supported imperialism by persuading people to give up their traditional beliefs and adopt the faith of most Europeans
Raw Materials
-The demand for raw materials that could be processed into manufactured goods and shipped away turned colonies into export econmies -Britain banned Indian cotton textiles in 1721 because they competed with the native wool industry -Because the US provided Britain with 80% of its cotton production, the blockade during the American Civil War led Britain to increase cotton production in other colonies -Rubber was an industry that was important to the production of tires for bicycles(for leisure time), hoses, gaskets, waterproof clothing, and shoe soles, so rubber barons forced indigenous people into virtual slavery. -Palm oil provided machinery with lubrication, which created a demand for it. It was even used as a currency in many African cultures *Cash crop in West Africa* -In the mid-19th century, the scramble for ivory preceded the scramble for colonies -(-=produced) Mexico-silver, Chile, North Rhodesia, Belgian Congo-copper, Bolivia, Nigeria, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies- tin, Australia, South Africa- gold -Cecil Rhodes and her company accounted for 90% of the world's diamond production and also had a stake in the world's largest goldfields, which allowed him to become the most powerful man in Southern Africa by the age of 29.
Migration through Labor Systems
-The desire for low-wage laborers was linked to the exploitation of natural resources in the system of economic imperialism -In spite of prohibitions against slavery and the slave trade, Africans continued enslaving one another well into the 20th century -Many people became indentured as a way to pay for their transportation from a desperately poor community to one with more opportunities. Some, however, intended to work temporarily, earning money for their family before returning home again. -Many Chinese and Indian workers were an early substitute for the slave trade, being treated unjustly as well, but these practices were stopped in most places by 1877. -Great Britain established a penal colony in Australia after losing its original one in Georgia as a result of the American Revolution; however, the convicts were not actually imprisoned but, instead, just worked for free settlers, kept records, or worked on gov't projects -Britain soon realized that this was not much of a punishment -French penal colonies(like Devil's Island) were notorious for their harsh treatment of convicts(underfed and forced to do hard labor).
Economic Motives for Imperialism
-The desire for the sources of raw materials and markets for manufactured goods provided by colonies enticed imperial powers to increase their expansion. -For the British who had the British East India Company, their corporation had become the managing agency that would allow them to export products like opium to China. -The Dutch East India Company was a monopoly on trade between the Cape of Good Hope and the Straits of Magellan at the Southern tip of South America but concentrated on the islands around Java. *Gov't took control after corruption* -Britain was the leading economic power throughout the first half of the 19th century and had a sizable colonial empire, which provided them with a surplus of resources and raw materials. -The Second Industrial Revolution allowed other countries to challenge this lead.
Agricultural Products
-When Europeans arrived in Asia and Africa, they found mainly agricultural economies that used subsistence farming, but the colonial powers mostly forced them to abandon their ways and grow cash crops -Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay: beef export; Australia and New Zealand: lamb and mutton export since meat could be processed and canned in packing plants or frozen in refrigerated steamships to be shipped over long distances -Guano- bat and seabird excrement that was used for fertilizer
Southeast Asian Resistance
-When the French tried colonizing Vietnam, they raided the royal palace for the emperor, but they had it planned and resisted French colonial rule until they eventually started a movement in 1895 -As the Filipinos started studying in Europe, they became more capable of starting a movement against their Spanish colonizers. Jose Rizal started the Liga Filipina, which was originally loyal to the gov't, but ended up causing a rebellion called the Philippine Revolution in which the Americans ended up claiming power over the Philippines.