ARCH 350 Module 3

Chandigarh

-The capital of the northern Indian states of Punjab and Haryana -Designed by the Swiss-French modernist architect, Le Corbusier. -It consists of more than 50 rectangular sectors, which are separated from one another by broad streets carrying the city's fast-moving arterial traffic. -The main government buildings are in the northern part of the city. In the southeast are the industrial areas, separated from the residential sectors by a greenbelt planted with mango trees.

Indian Independence, 1947

-former colony of India partitioned into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan after independence from Gr Brit -massacre between Hindus and Muslims during the Great Migration - movement between India & Pakistan after partition -Dispute continues over Kashmir

Kulturforum (Culture Forum), Berlin

A collection of cultural buildings in Berlin, Germany. It was built up in the 1950s and 1960s at the eastern edge of West Berlin, after most of the once unified city's cultural assets had been lost behind the Berlin Wall.

Team Ten

A group of architects and other invited participants who assembled starting in July 1953 at the 9th Congress of the International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) Created a schism within CIAM by challenging its doctrinaire approach to urbanism.

International Style

A style of 20th-century architecture associated with Le Corbusier, whose elegance of design came to influence the look of modern office buildings and skyscrapers. post WWII

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII (1945) to promote international peace, international relations, and international cooperation. Headquarters in New York, NY.

New Brutalism

Architectural style that emerged in the late 1950s and 60s First used by Alison and Peter Smithson to describe plans for their unbuilt house in Soho, London Demanded a functional approach toward architectural design Functionalism not just as a visual conceit. Fun Characterized by simple, block-like structure that featured bare building materials (concrete, brick) Alison Smithson: "It is our intention in this building to have the structure exposed entirely, without interior finishes wherever practicable." Use of monumental sculptural shapes and of raw, unfinished molded concrete

Charles Jencks

Author of "The Architecture of Hope"

Cross Bronx Expressway

Built by Robert Moses, enormous project that took over 20 years to build; Moses made it so poor people could not travel to the beach (small bridges over highways so buses couldn't pass under).

Robert Venturi and Denise Scott-Brown, Learning from Las Vegas the Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form (1972)

Calling for architects to be more receptive to the tastes and values of "common" people and less immodest in their erections of "heroic," self-aggrandizing monuments.

Reyner Banham

English architectural critic and writer Best known for his theoretical writings including Theory and Design in the First Machine Age, 1960 The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic, 1966 Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies, 1971

Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966)

Expresses in the most compelling and original terms the postmodern rebellion against the purism of modernism. Three hundred and fifty architectural photographs serve as historical comparisons and illuminate the author's ideas on creating and experiencing architecture

East/West Berlin, 1957-1989

Following the division of city, urban development began to follow different paths in the western and eastern halves. East Berlin became the capital of the GDR West Berlin, which was isolated, developed into a "propaganda" demonstration project of the West. With the support of the Marshall Plan in the 1950s a change from repairing to reconstructing the city was introduced. Cold War politics played out in the East / West divide of the city

The Independent Group

Founded in the UK, in 1952 Consisted of painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who wanted to challenge prevailing modernist approaches to culture. They introduced mass culture into debates about high culture, re-evaluated modernism and created the "as found" or "found object" aesthetic. regarded as the precursor to the Pop Art movement in Britain Members included Richard Hamilton, Reyner Banham, Alison and Richard Smithson

Brasilia

Founded on April 21, 1960 Serves as the new national capital. estimated to be Brazil's 3rd most populous city -planned and developed by Lúcio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer and Joaquim Cardozo in 1956 to move the capital from Rio de Janeiro to a more central location. -The landscape architect was Roberto Burle Marx. -The city's design divides it into numbered blocks as well as sectors for specified activities, such as the Hotel Sector, the Banking Sector and the Embassy Sector.

Bréton brut

French term that translates in English to "raw concrete". The term is used to describe concrete that is left unfinished after being cast, displaying the patterns and seams imprinted on it by the formwork. is not a material itself, but rather an architectural expression of concrete.

brise soleil

French, "sun breaker"), is an architectural feature of a building that reduces heat gain within that building by deflecting sunlight. use of perforated screens

Pruitt-Igoe Housing Development, demolished 1972

Joint urban housing projects first occupied in 1954 in the US city of St. Louis, Missouri. Living conditions in Pruitt-Igoe began to decline soon after completion in 1956. By the late 1960s, the complex had become internationally infamous for its poverty, crime, and racial segregation. All 33 buildings were demolished with explosives in 1972 The project has become an icon of failure of urban renewal and of public-policy planning. Charles Jencks pointed to the dynamiting of Pruitt-Igoe as the death of Modernism, and the birth of Postmodernism

Robert Moses

Known as the "master builder" of New York Worked mainly in the New York metropolitan area, including New York City, Long Island, Rockland County, and Westchester County. One of the most polarizing figures in the history of urban development in the United States. His decisions favoring highways over public transit helped create the modern suburbs in the New York metropolitan area

Postmodernism as an aesthetic program vs. Postmodernism as a social-cultural shift

Modern as a style Modern as contemporary Modern in relation to modernity and modernization

Postmodernism

Movement that developed in the mid- to late 20th century post WWII In philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism Marked a break wit modernist aesthetics Citation of historical styles and forms A plurality of styles rather than a unity of style

Beaux-Arts

The academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, From the 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism, but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass. It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century. It also had a strong influence on architecture in the United States, because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the Beaux-Arts, like Louis Sullivan.

Jane Jacobs, The Life and Death of Great American Cities (1960)

The book is a critique of 1950s urban planning policy, which it holds responsible for the decline of many city neighborhoods in the United States. Jacobs was a critic of "rationalist" planners of the 1950s and 1960s, especially Robert Moses, as well as the earlier work of Le Corbusier. She argued that modernist urban planning overlooked and oversimplified the complexity of human lives in diverse communities. She opposed large-scale urban renewal programs that affected entire neighborhoods and built freeways through inner cities. She instead advocated for dense mixed use development and walkable streets, with the "eyes on the street" of passers-by helping to maintain public order.

AGBANY: Action Group for Better Architecture in New York

Was formed to advance the public purposes of architecture and planning. aims included preservation and advocacy. Its first and primary cause was the preservation of McKim, Mead & White's Pennsylvania Station

Lower Manhattan Expressway

Would connect the Manhattan and Williamsburg Bridges to the Holland Tunnel. It would have also cut through SoHo and Little Italy The plan was abandoned in 1962 due to widespread disapproval from the public.

New Urbanism

a planning and development approach based on the principles of how cities and towns had been built for the last several centuries: walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces. New Urbanism focuses on human-scaled urban design.

Pastiche

a work of visual art, literature, theatre, or music that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, pastiche celebrates, rather than mocks, the work it imitates.

Juscelino Kubitschek

governed Brazil from 1956-1961, created new capital city of Brasilia and launched modernization efforts

Acroterion

is an architectural ornament placed on a flat pedestal called the acroter or plinth, and mounted at the apex or corner of the pediment of a building in the classical style. An acroterion placed at the outer angles of the pediment is an acroterion angularium

Madison Square Gardens

opened as an arena for activities such as boxing matches and Barnum's circus acts. Madison Square Garden I also had a cycling track inside the venue becoming one of the few places in the United States that had that inside a venue.

Five Points in Architecture

pilotis roof garden ribbon windows, long strips of uninterrupted windows free façade open plan

Destruction of Pennsylvania Station

was a historic railroad station in New York City Passenger traffic began to decline after World War II, and in the 1950s, the Pennsylvania Railroad sold the air rights to the property and shrank the railroad station. Starting in 1963, the above-ground head house and train shed were demolished, a loss that galvanized the modern historic preservation movement.

Interbau (International Building Exhibition), West Berlin 1957

was a housing development constructed as part of the 1957 International Building Exhibition in the Hansaviertel area of West Berlin. The overall plan was managed by Otto Bartning, The urban design competition was won by Gerhard Jobst and Willy Kreuer, whose plans were later executed in a modified form Commissioned architects included Watler Gropius, Alvar Aalto, Oscar Niemeyer, and others

Housing Act, 1949 (US)

was a landmark, sweeping expansion of the federal role in mortgage insurance and issuance and the construction of public housing. Implemented under President Harry Truman's program of domestic legislation, the Fair Deal. It was to help urban governments in the regeneration of inner cities: They received monies to tear down blighted areas and erect new modernist housing blocks 🡪 slum clearance