ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN.7

Rough Opening (RO)

Take the finished opening of the door or window and add 2 inches

Pre-Design Phase

The process of discovering the owner/client's requirements and desires for a project and setting them down in written, numerical, and graphic form.

Pipe and Filter Pattern

The processing of the data is a system is organized so that each processing component (filter) is discrete and carries out one type of data transformation.

2. Common Coupling

Two modules have write access to the same global data.

Examples of Application Types - name 2

Two very widely used generic application architectures are transaction processing systems and language processing systems. Transaction processing systems E-commerce systems; Reservation systems. Language processing systems Compilers; Command interpreters

Brick Lug

a step or ledge in the foundation to accommodate the masonry. Purposes:1- Protects the framing of the house from water. 2- Keeps the masonry off the ground.

Caryatid

a stone carving of a draped female figure, used as a pillar to support the entablature of a Greek or Greek-style building

Patina

a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of stone; on copper, bronze and similar metals (tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes);

Catenary

a type of architectural pointed arch that follows an inverted curve. common in cathedrals and in Gothic arches used in Gothic architecture

design criteria

includes design principles necessary to create a functional and dynamic structures; standards, norms and conditions the proponent should meet in designing his/her project

architectural design process

is organized to ensure that objectives are reached in order of priority; Without this approach, the resulting building is just a random collection of unrelated decisions.

Problem/Situation Statement

make a clear and sharply-defined statement of actual problem. Records the clients major requirements and any special design requirements and problems

Doric Columns

most easily recognized of the three canonic orders characterized by the simple circular capitals at the top of columns.

Corinthian Columns

most ornate of the orders, characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls.

Ionic Columns

the thinnest and smallest columns out of the three canonic orders. characterized by the use of volutes. normally stand on a base which separates the shaft of the column from the platform

Minaret

the tower from which the faithful are called to prayer five times each day by a muezzin, or crier. Such a tower is always connected with a mosque

Pediment

the triangular upper part of the front of a building in classical style, typically surmounting a portico of columns

Lavatory

this refers to a sink located in a bathroom

Tire Bump

type of drop: Change in elevation. For example in the garage. Serves 2 purposes: 1- So water cannot come into the garage. 2-So that your car can't go through the walls

Wall Stud

vertical member in the light frame construction techniques.

Plumb cut

A cut in the rafter Cut where the rafter contacts the ridge board

Want

A desirable feature, but not absolutely required

Top Plate

A horizontal structural member located on top of the studs used to hold the wall together.

Sole Plate

A horizontal wood member that serves as the base for the studs in a stud pattern

Millwork

Any architectural woodwork that is not framing, lumber or structural wood on an architectural project. Examples: Wood door, wood windows, wood cabinets, window-door trim, wood stair rail or banister

Drop

Any change in elevation shown as a single line on floor plan, often shown with a drop symbol on Foundation Plan

Metope

a square space between triglyphs in a Doric frieze

open court

A court bounded on three sides

The Emergence of Modern Architecture

- In the 19th century, iron, steel, and concrete became less costly and more widely available - Buildings could be built taller and in different configurations - New types of building emerged, and new materials made buildings look radically different.

Basic load-bearing architecture

- Pyramid Shape - Capstone

Design Program

-a written document that spells out the characteristics that the new building must have in order to satisfy the identified needs. -a design brief for the building

Objectives

-concrete statements describing what the project is trying to achieve. -statements containing specific aims in how a project shall be designed or planned.

arcade

A covered sidewalk

Contract Documents

-working drawings and specifications are produced. -In order to describe the building thoroughly and precisely enough that it will be possible to construct it -will be used by potential constructors to prepare quotations - to tender competing bids - setting out the price they would charge to construct the building. -formulation of a Detailed Design

Range

A cooking stove with one or more ovens below the hotplates or burners located on the top, a single unit with oven and burners.

Describe the Architectural views!

A logical view, which shows the key abstractions in the system as objects or object classes. A process view, which shows how, at run-time, the system is composed of interacting processes. A development view, which shows how the software is decomposed for development. A physical view, which shows the system hardware and how software components are distributed across the processors in the system. Related using use cases or scenarios (+1)

Buttress

A projecting support built against the outside of a masonry wall to counter the wall's outward thrust.

open sidewalk

A sidewalk which can neither be roofed or be covered

Telamone

A support sculpted in the form of a man, which may take the place of a column, a pier or a pilaster; derived from the titan Atlas who was forced to hold up the sky.

Architectural Facts

Abstraction small - individual program big - complex enterprise system & communication Explicit architecture Architecture may be used as a focus of discussion by system stakeholders. Stakeholder communication System analysis Means that analysis of whether the system can meet its non- functional requirements is possible. Large-scale reuse The architecture may be reusable across a range of systems Product-line architectures may be developed Representation Simple, informal block diagrams showing entities and relationships are the most frequently used method for documenting software architectures. But these have been criticised because they lack semantics, do not show the types of relationships between entities nor the visible properties of entities in the architecture. Depends on the use of architectural models.The requirements for model semantics depends on how the models are used.

Languge Processing Systems

Accept a natural or artificial language as input and generate some other representation of that language. May include an interpreter to act on the instructions in the language that is being processed. Used in situations where the easiest way to solve a problem is to describe an algorithm or describe the system data Meta-case tools process tool descriptions, method rules, etc and generate tools.

4. Procedural Cohesion

Actions related by procedure on multiple data values.

5. Communicational Cohesion

Actions related by the procedure to be followed by product, but in addition all the actions operate on same data.

3. Temporal Cohesion

Actions related in time.

The Repository Pattern

All data in a system is managed in a central repository that is accessible to all system components.

3 tab Shingles

All shingles same shape and size Used to cover roof Light weight

Crickets

Also called a saddle Diverts water around side of chimney Often covered with metal flashing

Need

An absolute requirement and must be used in the design

What are Application architectures?

Application systems are designed to meet an organisational need. As businesses have much in common, their application systems also tend to have a common architecture that reflects the application requirements. A generic application architecture is an architecture for a type of software system that may be configured and adapted to create a system that meets specific requirements.

What is Architectural Design

Architectural design is concerned with understanding how a software system should be organized and designing the overall structure of that system. Architectural design is the critical link between design and requirements engineering, as it identifies the main structural components in a system and the relationships between them. The output of the architectural design process is an architectural model that describes how the system is organized as a set of communicating components.

Parthenon

Artist: - Iktinos and Kallikrates Location: - Acropolis, Athens, Greece Description: - Classical Greece - Temple for Athena - Doric order temple - Partly Gone Medium: - Entasis columns

Fascia

Band under roof edge Typically wood Acts as layer between roof

Rake board

Board placed on slope of roof Gives roof finished look Wood is commonly used

inner court

Bounded on all sides

Casement/Casework

Cabinetry in a house such as cabinets and or countertops. Any type of decorative woodwork that is non-structural.

Deck

Casing of roof structure Anchored on top of rafters and wooden trusses Strengthens the structure Creates surface roof goes on

Water proof roof openings

Chimneys Skylights Vents

Soffit

Connects roof overhang to building Protects rafters Helps airflow in home

Flashing

Covers or protects joists or angles Used to prevent leakage

Ridge Cap

Covers the ridge of the roof Seals joint of two sides of pitched roof

4. Stamp Coupling

Data structure is passes as parameter, but called module operates on only some of individual components.

Crown Molding

Decorative Piece of wood. Flares out to finish edge. Crowns a surface or structure.

Oculus

Definition: - A round opening at the center of a dome

Entasis

Definition: - the slight swelling at the midpoint of a column

Coupling

Degree of interaction BETWEEN two modules. Five levels: 5. Data (best) 4. Stamp 3. Control 2. Common 1. Content (worst)

Cohesion

Degree of interaction WITHIN module. Seven Levels: 7. Functional | Informational (best) 5. Communicational 4. Procedural 3. Temporal 2. Logical 1. Coincidental (worst)

Temple 1 in the Great Plaza

Description: - Mayan temple Location: - Tikal, Guatemala

Arch Construction

Description: - Weight is channeled to the posts, allowing for larger spans

Barrel Vault

Description: - an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. Often forming a tunnel.

Post-and-lintel construction

Description: -Pillars (called posts) with a beam resting on top (called a Lintel)

Roof Line

Design of roof Proportions for different parts of building The outline of a roof

27.40 m x 27.40 m

Dimensions of a baseball court/diamond

18.30 m x 18.30 m

Dimensions of a softball court/diamond

What's Client Server Architecture?

Distributed system model which shows how data and processing is distributed across a range of components. Can be implemented on a single computer. Set of stand-alone servers which provide specific services such as printing, data management, etc. Set of clients which call on these services. Network which allows clients to access servers.

What are the different Architectural views?

Each architectural model only shows one view or perspective of the system. It might show how a system is decomposed into modules, how the run-time processes interact or the different ways in which system components are distributed across a network. For both design and documentation, you usually need to present multiple views of the software architecture.

Gable

Encloses end of pitched roof Triangular Part of exterior

5. Data Coupling (best)

Every argument is either a simple argument or a data structure in which all elements are used by the called module.

Rake

Exterior trim Placed bellow shingles Prevents rain from running behind

Manmade features

Features located on the site such as buildings, walls, fences, patios, plazas, bus stop shelters should be noted. The site and location of such features should be directly measured (Site Analysis)

Truss

Framework consisting of rafters and truss' Various structural frames

Plumbing Wall

Framing or other construction large enough to accommodate pipes associated with plumbing. Usually 2 x 6 for residential.

The Layered Architecture Pattern

Organizes the system into layers with related functionality associated with each layer.

What's the Pipe and Filter Architecture?

Functional transformations process their inputs to produce outputs. May be referred to as a pipe and filter model (as in UNIX shell). Variants of this approach are very common. When transformations are sequential, this is a batch sequential model which is extensively used in data processing systems. Not really suitable for interactive systems.

Gift to Woden (Oden)

Gift to the greek god Oden Small evergreen put at highest point

Group J

Group Accesory

Group C

Group Education and Recreation

Group G

Group Storage & Hazardous

Group H, Division 2

Group and Division Assembly w/o stage & occupant load 300 or more

Group H, Division 1

Group and Division Assembly with stage and occupant load <1000

Group J, Division 2

Group and Division Fences over 1.80 m high, tanks, towers

Group J, Division 1

Group and Division Private garages, carport, sheds

2.40 m

Habitable rooms Natural Ventilation Minimum of ___________ at second floor

2.10 m

Habitable rooms Natural Ventilation Minimum of ___________ at third floor

1.55 m

Height of badminton net

1.09 m

Height of tennis court

Fire Blocks

Horizontal boards nailed in between the verticle studs to help prevent fire from moving up through the inside of a wall

incremental setbacks

Horizontal distance between outermost building line of a tower floor and that of a higher floor

setback

Horizontal distance measured 90 degrees from the outermost face of the property line

fairway

In golf, the area between teep-off and the green

earth

Infield court of either softball/baseball

Information Systems Architecture

Information systems have a generic architecture that can be organised as a layered architecture. These are transaction-based systems as interaction with these systems generally involves database transactions. Layers include: The user interface User communications Information retrieval System database

Natural physical features

Information will be derived from the topographic features on the site. (Site Analysis)

Woven Valleys

Interwoven shingles where roofs intersect Water cannot get under shingles

Client-Server Pattern

Is a client-server architecture, the functionality of the system is organized into services, with each service delivered from a separate server.

Temple of Athena Nike

Location: - Acropolis, Athens, Greece Artist: - Kallikrates

Erechtheion

Location: - Acropolis, Athens, Greece Description: - Carved sculptures in place of columns, supporting the weight of the structure

Reconstruction View of the Acropolis

Location: - Athens, Greece

Pont du Gard

Location: - Nimes, France Description: - Bridge, constructed using arches

Pantheon

Location: - Rome, Italy Description: - Full circle - All major gods have a place - offset weight - Contains an Oculus in the interior

Colosseum

Location: - Rome, Italy Uses: - Gladiator fights

Stonehenge

Location: - Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England Construction Type: - Post-and-Lintel Fun Facts: - Summer solstice sun rising over the Heelstone at Stonehenge

80%

Lot occupancy for inside lot

Framing a Roof

Measure and calculate the amount of gables Assemble rafters Make cap plates for each rafter Set and brace the rafters

820 mm x 1000 mm

Minimum clear opening of a window to be able to consider as a mean of egress

0.90 m x 1.30 m

Minimum dimension of toilet and bath

not < 10 changes of air per hour

Minimum requirements in air changes Bakeries, hotel restaurants, kitchen

not < 0.45 cu.m of air per minute, supplied each person

Minimum requirements in air changes Wards, dormitories, of institutional buildings

12.00 cu.m of air space per person

Minimum requirements in air changes Workshops, factories and offices

7. Functional Cohesion (best)

Module performs exactly one action.

1. Coincidental Cohesion (worst)

Module performs multiple, completely unrelated actions.

Square - A unit for estimating Roofing Material

Most common measurement used by roofers A 10x10' block Used because accurate measurement is not necessary Simplifies the roofing process

Rafter

Multiple structural beams Extend from eaves to peak of the roof Support for the roof

7.40 sqm

NBC Occupant Load Requirements Churches and Chapels

18.60 sqm

NBC Occupant Load Requirements Dormitories, Parking Garages

1.40 sqm

NBC Occupant Load Requirements Exhibit Rooms

4.60 sqm

NBC Occupant Load Requirements Laboratories, School Shops

0.65 sqm

NBC Occupant Load Requirements Theaters, Reviewing Stands

Ridge Board

Non-structural member Prop for rafters to lay against Only used on roofs with slopes from 3 in 12 to 12 in 12

7. Informational Cohesion

Number of actions, each with its own entry point, with independent code for each action, all preformed on the same data structure.

1. Content Coupling (worst)

One module directly references contents of the other.

3. Control Coupling

One module passes an element of control to the other.

N-S

Orientation If a palycourt is covered with roof, what is the orientation?

Maximum allowable construction area (MACA)

PSO + ISA

What are Architectural Patterns?

Patterns are a means of representing, sharing and reusing knowledge. An architectural pattern is a stylized description of good design practice, which has been tried and tested in different environments. Patterns should include information about when they are and when the are not useful. Patterns may be represented using tabular and graphical descriptions.

Maximum Allowable Impervious Surface Area (ISA)

Percentage of maximum allowable floor area of any paved surface at the ground level in relation to the Total Lot Area (TLA)

Maximum Allowable Paved Surface Area (PSO)

Percentage of the maximum allowable enclosed area of any building

Step Flashing

Prevents water leaks Individual pieces of sheet metal Used around chimneys and dormers Pieces of metal overlap

What are transaction Processing systems?

Process user requests for information from a database or requests to update the database. From a user perspective a transaction is: Any coherent sequence of operations that satisfies a goal; For example - find the times of flights from London to Paris. Users make asynchronous requests for services which are then processed by a transaction manager.

Great Pyramids at Giza

Pyramid names: - Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu Location: - Giza, Egypt

2. Logical Cohesion

Related actions, one of which is selected by calling module.

Ice Dam

Ridge of ice at end of roof Prevents snow/rain from draining

Composite Columns

Roman-designed column style that combines the Greek-designed Ionic and the Corinthian orders of architecture.

1.25 m

Safety zone (minimum distance from the perimeter of count making)

Soffit Vent

Screened vent Allows air to flow in house Helps keep attic cool

1.20 m min.

Section 804. Size and Dimensions of courts Inner Courts shall be connected to a street or yard, or by a passageway __________

arcade structure

Semi-enclosed buildings

Model-View-Controller Pattern (MVC)

Separates presentation and interaction from the system data. System is structured into three logical components that interact with each other.

Alternate roofing materials

Shake shingles- durable and efficient Clay tiles- common in Spanish style homes Rubber shingles- not very durable

What's Repository Architecture

Sub-systems must exchange data. This may be done in two ways: Shared data is held in a central database or repository and may be accessed by all sub-systems; Each sub-system maintains its own database and passes data explicitly to other sub-systems. When large amounts of data are to be shared, the repository model of sharing is most commonly used a this is an efficient data sharing mechanism.

50%

Sum of areas of openings must not exceed __________ of sum of areas of walls

Roofing Underlayment

Synthetic layer under shingles Water and ice barrier

What's architecture reuse?

Systems in the same domain often have similar architectures that reflect domain concepts. Application product lines are built around a core architecture with variants that satisfy particular customer requirements. The architecture of a system may be designed around one of more architectural patterns or 'styles'. These capture the essence of an architecture and can be instantiated in different ways.

Masonry

The art or work of constructing, as buildings, walls, etc., with regularly arranged stones.

Sill

The horizontal board below the opening of a window

Schematic Phase

The phase of design services in which the design professional consults with an owner to clarify the project requirements. The design professional prepares schematic design studies with drawings and other documents illustrating the scale and relationship of the project's components to the owner. A statement of estimated construction cost is often submitted at this phase..

Design Development Phase

The second phase of a designer's basic services, which includes developing structural, mechanical, and electrical drawings, specifying materials, and estimating the probable cost of construction

Circulation

The uses of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, and plazas are important in this inventory step. (Site Analysis)

Stud Wall

The vertical framing component of a structure that is usually built from 2" x 4" or 2" x 6" lumber

Design Requirements

These are detailed and specific properties that the building must have in order to be successful.

Pedestal Sink

This is a freestanding sink with a pedestal base

1.50 sqm

Total Open Space within Lot (TOSL) Very-well permitted Minimum opening along portion of firewall that shall not be more than 3.00 m wide and minimum __________ depth

visually unobstructed sight lines

Total Open Space within Lot (TOSL) View corridor

Gusset

Triangular bracket Used to Strengthen joists.

club

Used in hitting the ball in golf

Trimmer

Used to hold up a header, trimmers transfer the load of the header down to the sole plate.

What's Layer Architecture?

Used to model the interfacing of sub-systems. Organizes the system into a set of layers (or abstract machines) each of which provide a set of services. Supports the incremental development of sub-systems in different layers. When a layer interface changes, only the adjacent layer is affected. However, often artificial to structure systems in this way.

Architectural Shingles

Various sizes and shapes of shingles Thick shingles Good for use in extreme weather conditions

Ridge Vent

Vent installed at peak of sloped roof Allows air to escape Removes excess heat from attic

Gable Vent

Vent mounted on top of gable Allows exchange of air in the attic

0.30 sqm

Vent shafts Air Ducts ___________ with at least dimension of 300 mm

Volute

a spiral scroll characteristic of Ionic capitals and also used in Corinthian and composite capitals.

Box and Line Diagrams - what are they? How are they used?

Very abstract - they do not show the nature of component relationships nor the externally visible properties of the sub-systems. However, useful for communication with stakeholders and for project planning. As a way of facilitating discussion about the system design A high-level architectural view of a system is useful for communication with system stakeholders and project planning because it is not cluttered with detail. Stakeholders can relate to it and understand an abstract view of the system. They can then discuss the system as a whole without being confused by detail. As a way of documenting an architecture that has been designed The aim here is to produce a complete system model that shows the different components in a system, their interfaces and their connection

Ridge

Where roof lines meet Highest point of roof Horizontal line forms from intersection Ensures a watertight roof

Valleys

Where two roof slopes meet Vulnerable to leakage Types are open and closed valleys

Dormer

Windows Projects vertically from sloping roof. Creates more space

Door Trim

Wood that covers the gap between the framing of the house and the doors structural frame.

Bird's mouth

Woodworking joint Connects rafter to supporting wall

Frieze

a broad horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration, especially on a wall near the ceiling

Geodesic Dome

a dome constructed of short struts following lines and forming an open framework of triangles or polygons

Header

a doubled 2x6 or 2x8 that is held up by trimmer boards. The header is used to transfer the weight of the wall around an opening down to the sole plate.

Cantilever

a load-bearing beam that is only supported or braced at a single end. Frank Lloyd Wright used this structural element in the creation of Falling Water.

Parapet

a low protective wall along the edge of a roof, bridge, or balcony

Architrave

a main beam resting across the tops of columns, specifically the lower third entablature.

Insulation

a material that reduces or prevents the transmission of heat or sound or electricity

Reflected Ceiling Plan

a plan that reflects the ceiling organization - useful for controlling/planning lighting effects and decoration

Cripple Stud

a short piece of stud used to transfer a load from a top plate to a header, or from a sill to a sole plate

Tuscan Columns

a simplified Roman Doric order, with un-fluted columns and a simpler entablature with no triglyphs or guttae.

Cupola

a small dome, especially a small dome on a drum on top of a larger dome, adorning a roof or ceiling

Cornice

an ornamental molding around the wall of a room just below the ceiling

Water Closet

another term for toilet, can also be called a commode

Rotunda

any building with a circular ground plan, and sometimes covered by a dome

Goals

are high-level statements that provide the overall context for what the project is trying to accomplish.

Lintel

building system where strong horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical elements

Elevation

drawing of an exterior of a structure

Sheetrock

drywall, gypsum board, or plasterboard; most common wall and ceiling material

Bubble Diagrams

illustrating the approximate size and relative position of spaces, both the horizontally and vertically

Onion Dome

prominently Russian style of dome seen as St. Basil's Cathedral.

design consideration/s

refer to the factors that may influence the achievement of a design objective/s

Bimah

the altar part or sanctuary in ancient and Orthodox churches

Nave

the central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation. In traditional Western churches it is rectangular, separated from the chancel by a step or rail, and from adjacent aisles by pillars.

Rib

the intersection of two to three barrel vaults when they are edged in piped masonry often in decorative patterns

Gable

the part of a wall that encloses the end of a pitched roof