Art Appreciation Ch 21 and 22
Manet, Monet, Renoir, Cassatt, Degas
Name 5 famous impressionism artists.
Matisse
Name one Fauvism artist.
Ingres
Name one Neoclassicism artist?
Delacroix
Name one Romanticism artist.
Pablo Picasso, color, form, multiple, geometric
Cubism ______ _________ (21.15) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon - 1907 8x8' (title given to artist by a friend- translate to "the young women of Avignon- refers to prostitutes of Avignon street) Figures and objects had now become abstract through shallow planes of ______ but mostly _____ - eventually all narrative elements erased and left were the 5 prostitutes alluding to those on Avignon Street in Barcelona (his hometown) demoiselles -is euphemism for prostitute - women based on greek, Egyptian and non-western sculpture, 2 on right are based on masks from Africa - on the squatter, he creates a multi-point of view of her body (not a single point) (front of her face, her back, and side of her leg) - left appears like Egyptian sculpture - staring eye - his ideas of displaying ________ points of view based on real life observation - when we look at things, we observe from all around or multiple angles Picasso flattened the figures and transformed the entire space into a turbulent series of blunt & jagged ______ forms -somewhat based on Cezanne's ideas of the relationship of Geometry and Nature (chopped them up into planes-flat, angular, segments, hint still at 3- dimensionality, but no conventional modeling, almost affront to traditional pictures of nude bathers, artist defines nudes in sharp geometric shapes) figures and ground lose importance as separate entities; the "background" is whatever is not the figures- treat the same was figures -picture appears flattened, no sense of looking through painting into world beyond (as with Delacroix and Manet) - even the fruit basket (typical female sexuality symbol) seems harsh and dangerous For Picasso, women too were this way To first time viewers: faces cause discomfort, three on left are reasonable, if abstract faces, figure at far left face profile, eyes straight (Egyptian), but two faces at right masks- images borrowed from "primitive" art, create disturbing effect
Romanticism
Focuses on emotions, intuition, individual experiences, and above all the imagination. Romantic artists also gloried in such subjects as mysterious landscapes.
unique
Impressionism emphasized what? show the impression of the picture in a _____ (special) way
France, America
In the "modern world" ___ and ____ are new and revitalized (exciting) countries.
Picasso, Braque, Leger
Name 3 Cubist artists.
Kandinsky, Klee, Munch
Name 3 Expressionist artists.
Louvre
The first national museum that opened in 1793 is the ______ in Paris
World War II
____ _____ ___ was the most deadly war in history. It changed art because Europe was destroyed and people were more aware of the world.
Cubism, abstraction, fragments, space
________ -joint invention of Picasso and Braque early 20th century movement, led by Picasso and Braque, which focused on the ______ of forms into _______ or cubes into several dimensions. - complete flattening of ______ and the use of independent facets or blocks of color - "led by Picasso and Braque, which focused on the abstraction of forms into fragments or cubes into several dimensions." - How to produce Form in Space
Realism, Gustave Courbet
________ artist ________ ______: exemplified ideals of Realism, a young painter - wealthy country gent but moved to Paris & developed new awareness of this style/art -grew up on Ornans, small town in eastern france, near Swiss border, -20 years old came to Paris, brought his town with him, people he knew there, lived they led, and landscape of its region were subject in his art -1849 one of his painting awarded a gold medal at the Salon- annual, state-sponsored exhibition of new art, he then decide it's time for something truly ambitious. He returned to his hometown and worked through the winter on his first monumental painting
Surrealism
Art movement grew out from DADA---> ________
New York School
_____ ____ _________ -painters with first major postwar art movement commonly referred to as NY School- not a school (institution or instruction), but convenient label under which lump together group of painters called: Abstract Expressionists
Neoclassical
(late 18th to early 19th century) __________-France: Jacques Louis David leading artist and supporter of Revolution, portrayed heros. Became official painter of Napoleon, after Napoleon fell, David went into exile, but Neoclassical carried forward into new style by his students, foremost Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, into romanticism
Avant-Garde, color, form
20th Century- The _____-_____: -When you hear people talk about latest, newest, most advanced art you might hear French word: avantgarde >was a military term, referring to detachment of soldiers that went first into battle -by 1880s younger artist refer to themselves as avant-garde: boldest artist, going first into uncharted territory, their "battle" was to advance the progress of art against resistance of conservative force -Newness and change became artistic ideals, 20th century began the idea of avant-garde was firmly in place, two of art's building blocks-_____ and _____-were focus of innovation.
color, form
Autumn Salon Founded in 1903 by Avant-garde, focused on newer ideas. They used ______ and ______ in new ways.
Impressionism
Introduced by Edouard Manet in the 19th century France. With the new availability of portable oil paints, artists devoted time capturing landscapes and outdoor scenes.
impressionism
Mary Cassatt- American born, traveled to Paris -artistic training in America had conservative and academic, her natural inclination drew towards scenes of daily life, especially intimate domestic scenes of mothers and children- men rarely depicted -Degas impressed by painting exhibited at a Salon in 1870 and invited her to show with the Impressionists instead. The boating Party (21.11)
Jackson Pollock, focal point, subject matter
Abstract Expressionism (22.1) Number 1, 1949 - Pollock said "on the floor I am more at ease...this way I can literally be in the painting...When I am in the painting I am not aware of what I am doing...There is pure harmony." - Drips loop over and under each from a chaotic choreographed performance of painting and unconscious movements - lacks ____ _____, perspective and even _____ ______-all aspects of traditional painting -late 1940s perfected his "drip technique"- create such works need to place unstretched canvas on floor and painting on it indirectly (casting paint from brush in control gestures and dripping paint from stir sticks, layer by layer and color by color- allover acres, drip lines, splatters, pools of color) - field of energy, critic coined term action painting to describe work
everyday
Realism emphasized what? showed ______ life, not heroic or exotic
New York
- after WW2 UN founded to promote peace, While Cold War -artist life resumed into international climate, became clear to many that most interesting art was no longer originating in Paris, rather _____ _____--- several developments paved way for advance art in America 1) Founding of Museum of Modern Art in NYC in 1929 (dedicated to modern art, assemble important collection, and mounted exhibitions of Cubism, non representational, Dada, Surrealism) 2) number of European artist spent war in NY, key members of Surrealism too, with them arrived an American collector and gallery owner named Peggy Guggenheim- opened gallery called Art of This Century (showed avant-garde Europeans artist and promising young American artist) 3) New York now had many features of earlier European art capital: direct contact with latest directional art, keen,and engaged art critics, forums for viewing, discussing new work, collectors, national press , good economy, political strength, and attracted talented and ambitious young artist -NW soon became important art center
dada, anti-art
-1916 a group of artist waiting out the war in Zurich, neutral Switzerland banded together as protest art movement called _________ -protest- ___-___, anti middle-class society, anti politicians, anti good manners anti business-as-usual, anti all that brought on wat. DADA was a big no and yes- to creativity, life, spontaneity -was provocative and absurdly, refused to make sense or be pinned down. More of an attitude than movement -embraced many kinds of art as there were artist Germany: developed a biting political edge in work of Hannah Hoch (9.11) France: its absurd and philosophical aspect came to fore.
Umberto Boccioni, dynamically, swells, motion
Futurism ______ ________- (21.19) Unique Forms of Continuity in Space - 1913 bronze - saw Braque and Picasso's cubist works from 1911 who broke forms to integrate their compositions --- But here Boccioni _________ STRETCHES & ______ THEM TO express the figure's power & speed (-striding human figure, Futurists imaged it to be light of contemporary science: a field of energy interacting with everything around it) - forward motion of figure- a powerful male rushing (clearly metaphor for the FUTURE) - flowing curved masses indicate the different positions of the figure through successive moments in time - filled with lines of force that express dynamic _____ - mass of figure as it runs or flows out into the space around it, and that space then penetrates the figure's masses Boccioni said "Sculpture must give life to objects by making their extension in space palpable (touch or feel), systematic, and plastic, since no one can any longer believe that an object ends where another begins and that our body is surrounded by anything...that does not cut through it and section it in an arabesque of directional curves."
color, geometric
What is Cubism? used less _____ and showed forms in ______ way
Protest
What is Dada? ______ movement .. protested everything- war, art, society, personal beliefs. It was provocative, absurd, and had no coherent base.
feelings, views
What is Expressionist art? Used art to express ______ and ____ of the world
color
What is Fauvism? "The Wild beast". Used ____ as an expressive element instead of to support the picture.
unrealistic
What is Impressionism? the first art movement to show images in an ______ way
Abstract Expressionism, scale, non-representational, action painting, Surrealism
__________ _________ - post WWII - artists emigrated to US brought artistic influence and new aura to NYC - Also US became world economic & political leader providing for a strong attitude and new ideas about art - ways & reasons to move away from past styles and find their own voice American art movement from mid-20th century characterized by large ______, __-___________ imagery indicative of spontaneous expression from the artist, also associated with _____ ________ (gestural abstraction- paint dribbled, splashed or smeared on canvas). Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning -most direct influence was ________, emphasis on creative power of unconscious and technique of automatism -paintings of NY School developed highly individual and recognizable styles, one element their paintings shared was common scale: Abstract Expressionist paintings generally large and this is important to their effect, viewer meant to be engulfed, swept into world of painting
Surrealism
____________ Meret Oppenheim (21.22) Object (Luncheon in Fur) 1936 -artist may have witness 2 ladies drinking tea in their fur coats and melted them together in dreamlike object -or imagined furry cup to our lips for lunch
Surrealism, movement, stillness
_____________ Joan Miro art: Carnival of the Harlequin (21.24) 1924-25 -Surrealist view of most famous spanish painting, Las Meninas by Velazquez -Miro fantasy world aswarm with odd creatures, and nameless abstract forms participating in artist's madcap party -artist imagery suggest cheerful sexuality as though whole space of the universe were occupied with lighthearted srotic play and reproduction Persistence of Memory- _________ Miro Carnival- all _______, few musical notes at top to accompany dance
Francis Picabia
dada ______ _______: french dad artist, delighted in similarities between humans and machines -the paintings looked like diagrams (21.20) L'Enfant Carburateur (The Child Carburetor) 1919 -offer a perfectly reasonable plan for constructing a child you have in mind is part of internal combustion engine -carburetor is designed to produce an explosive mixture of fuel and air, artist though that children weren't so different -labels point out key areas "Destroy the future" and "Sphere of the Migraine" -material: gold leaf gave work a strangely precious and sacred aura
Édouard Manet, foreground, depth, flatness, window
(21.4) Manet's Le Dejeuner sur l'herbe - 1863 - was part of this rejected group - participated in Salon des Refuses - salon of the rejected (means Luncheon on the Grass) - subject is shocking but so is the style, outdoors picnic - non-idealized bodies - story - portraits of contemporary & identifiable people, two men dressed in fashion of day, women is nude, another is wearing garments bathing in stream joined Courbet and other artist in painting modern life prove that modern life could produce eternal subject worthy of great masters of museums, his solution was to "update" two famous renaissance images, titian's Fete Champetre and Raphael's The judgment of Paris- public saw and didn't like it, taught artist was making fun of them. Instead of Titan's idealized and dignified nude, he painted a common girl of loose morals. The men were completely undistinguished- not noble poets as in Titian, ordinary students on holiday -one critic thought he was trying to get fame the easy way. Others found technique inept, if Manet learns perspective and drawing then his taste might improve. -painting is odd, still debating what it means Scenes and poses inspired by classical / historical works but reimagined with a contemporary flare (new context) - places almost everything in _________, closest to viewer's space = able to confront more - sues light to create ________ ( bather move forward compressing space between foreground and background- spatial tension plays out in landscape- left side: ground recedes convincingly into distance, right side: not rescission- flat bright green) - brushwork is mostly non-existent like Courbet emphasizes _______ - flat colors / planes of color (in figures focused on highest and lowest values, eliminating middle transitional tones, making forms flatten, illuminated by sudden flash of light) -perspective is incorrect (women bathing is teo big, artist focused to have her form apex his triangle of figures than place her in perspective) - parts appear artificial & out of this reality (world) - sitters posing in a studio w/ backdrop - Painting (w/ Manet) - had finally become aware of itself as a painting - no longer a ________ into a world, it would be increasingly conscious of itself as a painting. - it had become an object to be worked, not necessarily illusionistically (public, scandal, flatness, artificiality, the ambiguity, and self-conscious relation to art history- touchstone in modern art)
Claude Monet, impression, sensation
-______ ______- painter Impression: Sunrise caught attention of critic Castagnary, used the title to explain what the artist had in common -they didn't aim for perfection, but to capture ________ , they didn't want to portray a landscape, but _______ of a landscape, titled the review "The Impressionists", name stuck in public imagination, artist largely accepted it.
Romanticism
__________ emphasized what? Intense colors, complex composition, soft outlines, heroes, and exotic (sex) subjects
Realism
__________ is a reaction to Neoclassicism and Romanticism. Realist sought to depict the everyday and the ordinary rather than the historic, heroic, or exotic.
cubism
(21.15) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon- experimenting with several ideas that would later explore in his art for years 1) inclusion of nontraditional elements, Picasso had seen sculptures from ancient Iberia, African art, looked back at ancient Greece and Rome (got inspiration) 2) there is merging of figures and ground, reflecting the assumption that all portions of work participate in its expression 3) there is fragmenting of figures and other elements into flat planes (like in breast in upper right masks just below) proved especially significant for artistic journey on which soon to embark- ________
Classical mythology, biblical scenes
According to the Neo-classicist artist, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, the greatest subject matter was history including _____ and ________
New York
After World War II, the center of the Art World moved from Paris to ___.
Pablo Picasso
Cubism ______ _________ - in 1906 Picasso began to study Iberian (from Spain & Portugal) sculpture from 6-5th c. BCE - also influenced by Gauguin's primitive peoples in his painting from Tahiti and South Pacific From his Iberian ancestors and roots learned new ways to portray figures and objects -1907, 26 years old, painted widely regarded as a pivotal work in development of 20th century
Duchamp, Picabia
Name 2 Dada artists.
Dali, Miro
Name 2 futurism/surrealism artists.
Pollock, Rauschenberg, de Kooning, Rothko
Name 4 Abstract Expressionists.
Cezanne, van Gogh, Seurat, Gauguin
Name 4 famous Post-Impressionism artists.
Courbet
Name one Realism artist.
ideas, individual
Post-impressionism emphasized what? used _____ of impressionism and expanded new ideas in an ________ way
Industrial Revolution (when many factories and machines were made and lots of industrial jobs popped up)
The ____ _____ created a middle class that could enjoy and afford to buy art.
artists
What was the New York School? The first major art movement after WWII. It was not really a "school" but a group of ______.
Romanticism, exotic, Eugene Delacroix
______________ art Closets "____" culture to Europe were Islamic lands of North Africa. To European thinking, there were part of "the Orient"- realm imagined as sensuous and seductive, full of barbaric splendor, and cruelty ________ _________ - lead painter in Romantic movement in France -spent several months in North Africa in 1832 -fascinated by all thehe saw, filled sketchbooks with drawings, watercolors, and observations -later drew upon material to create paintings (21.2) The Women of Algier 1834 -portrayed three women and their servant in a harem, women's apartment in Islamic palace -artist was allowed to visit harem (which is rare privilege for a man, not to mention European) -compared with cool perfection of Ingres' careful drawing and glazed color, Delacroix technique is freer and more painterly -form are built up with fully loaded brush strokes, contours are blurred, colors are broken.
impressionism
arose in opposition to academic art pf day, subject matter followed Realism in portraying daily life (leisure activities of middle class), landscape. Practice of painting outdoors. In technique Impressionists painters favored alls prima, which put into service of recording fleeting effects of nature and rapidly changing urban scenes. -absence of form
Mary Cassatt, Japanese,
impression _____ _______ (21.11) The Boating Party - 1893-94 shows joyous result of her artistic liberation - shows influence of Japanese prints (asymmetrical balance, flattened colors) - female in public, enjoying leisurely activity with child -well-to-do women hires boatman to take her and child out on a outing, child sprawled contentedly across mother's lap, lookes at noatmen in curiosity, mother looks at child pleasantly -bold, simplified forms, broad areas of color reflect _______ prints (subject of major exhibition in Paris 3 years earlier) -straightforward color harmony of blue, yellow, red is set singing by boatman's deep blue clothes and boat's white gunnel.
Georges Braque
cubism _________ __________ -older than Picasso in years, but a younger artist, one of most naturally gifted artist in history, could produce any style - unlike Matisse who saw Demoiselles as a joke of modern art, Braque liked it and understood -was less precocious, became more disciplined and determined, developed intense personal identification with Cezanne, who progressed from awkward beginning to mastery - saw Cezanne exhibit in 1906 and was inspired by his "altered forms & compressed space" By 1909 and 10 Picasso and Braque had painted interchangeable objects - hard to tell artist -eventually both stopped in order to find originality- examples of Braque demonstration how Cezanne's method led to something new
Claude Monet, black
impression by ________ _______ (21.5) Autumn Effect at Argenteuil- oil on canvas 1837 -painted from a small boat, he row out into Seine River -little dabs and flicks of paint indicate dazzle of fall foliage (leaves), white small slabs and dashes of blue and white suggest play of light on moving water surface. --solid white forms of village on horizon , cream-puff clouds overhead, _______ banished from palette, shadows indicated with blues and greens -shows alongside impression: Sunrise in 1874 exhibition, painting's brilliant colors must have electric effect on public accustomed to fat more subdued hamouie.
plein air, visible, directly, forms
-Monet's Poplars = suggests movement and transitory nature of time - called _______ _______(open air) painters Celebrated the _____, tangible brushstroke to give texture - often painted _______ on canvas & skipped the study or sketch à resulting in the impression of spontaneity - eventually brushstrokes became more prominent (important), creating a dissolution of ______, even a blurriness, & making the paint itself a subject of the work
Jackson Pollock, action painting, non-representational
Abstract Expressionism Most popular and Leader of generically titled group was _______ _______ (1912-56) Most well known for his "_____ _____ " - coined by a critic who wrote "the canvas began to appear to one American painter after another as an arena on which to act -rather than a space in which to reproduce, redesign, analyze, or "express" an object, actual or imagined. What was to go on the canvas was not a picture but an event."- because paintings are images describe his work and others not image sin traditional sense, by the cases of act -Pollock said "method allowed him to be "in" the painting" Known as action painting or gesturalism - by mid-1940s began drip paintings - put canvas on floor by 1946 began using enamel house paint/ -late 1940s perfected his "drip technique" His work is not abstract it's __-___________ (during his time critics used "abstract"and "nonrepresentational" interchangeably")
modernity, industrialization middle-class
Modern World 1800-1945 19th century artist and writers saw city streets as equivalent to today's channel surfacing -one sensation following another , fleeting glimpses of thousands of lives, they found it overwhelming- thrilling, times disturbing- recognized it was new and they called it "modern" ________- reflected emergence of new kind of society in wake of three revolutions: French, american, and industrial. -driven by technological progress and characterized by rapid changes, 19th century gave way to ______________ ______-______ culture of mass production, mass advertising, mass consumption, (including consumption of leisure activities like shopping, entertainments, and art museums)
Order, clarity, restraint
Neoclassicism emphasized what? ________, _______, and ___________
Salvador Dali, unrealistic, paranoiac
Surrealism ________ _________- Spanish printmaker and painter Moved to Paris in 1928 (took a taxi from Madrid to see Versailles and Picasso) - began working with the Surrealists (21.23) The Persistence of Memory - 1931 small painting, called "the melted watches"- shows bleak, arid, decayed landscape populated by odd, fetal-type creature, several limp watches (time stopped and melted away), perhaps artist fantasy of his dream - super-realistic style of painting extremely __________ objects artist offers paradox: rendering of form is precise and meticulous- might say super-realistic- yet form is not possible be real - subject matter based on childhood memory of doctor asking him to see his tongue - words and meanings become blended in ________-critical method of surrealism - so French word for tongue - langue and to show is montrer - which together become montre - watch and langueur or languid - fetal object in middle is artist who had an oedipal love for his mother -so shows himself as a fetus who wants to return to his womb, Ants are expressions of anxiety - spec,. the fear of his father - still climbing over watches - stopped time
Surrealism
Surrealist objects juxtapose incongruous elements to provoke strangeness or disorientation. A distinctive contribution was the poetic object, not a sculpture but a thing.
Salon
______ an annual exhibition of works of art by living artists,originally held at the Salon d'Apollon: it became, during the 19th century, the focal point of artistic controversy and was identified with academicism and official hostility to progress in art. a national exhibition of works of art by living artists
Fauvism
_______ early 20th century movement in France named after "wild beasts" that emphasized bold, arbitrary, expressive color. Fauvism part of a larger trend in Europe called Expressionism
Neoclassicism
name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome-often political subject matter
America
Bridging the Atlantic: America in the 19th century -Europe was America artist's touchstone in 19th century, America viewed itself as a continuation of European culture. -american artist went to Europe to train, study, and see museum. Europe could absorb history of their art more easy (at first hand), America couldn't. America had no substitution, some American artist stayed in Europe and spent their careers there. Likewise come Europeans emigrated to America, because of greater opportunity. -Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, and Impressionism were broad trends in America and Europe, not as intense as it was in Paris. -Romanticism was many-sided movement and in ________ it expressed itself most clearly through attitude towards-landscape (almost mystical reverence of natural beauty of unspoiled land).
Vasili Kandinsky, mystical, nonrepresentation
Der Blaue Reiter (The blue Rider)- expressionist group organized in 1911 by Russian painter _______ _________ -taught law in Moscow when exhibit for Impressionist paintings moved him, abandoned his career and moved to Germany to study art -early paintings intensely colored, Fauve-like works in Russian _______ themes -never abandoned his idea that spirituality and art are linked, became increasingly convinced that art's spiritual and communicative power lay in its own language of line, form, color, and he took decisive step of eliminating representation all together in... Black Lines (21.14) 1913 -_____________, artist discovered power of non-representational art when he was struck by the beauty of the a painting (it was actually one of his paintings set the wrong way) -realized subject matter only incidental to art's impact -color "influenced the soul, is the keyboard, music, etc"
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Die Brucke (The bridge)- important group of Expressionists -founded in Dresden 1905 -The bridge artist had in mind was one they could build through their art to better, more enlightened future. One founder: _______ ______ ________ (21.13) Street, Dresden 1908 -intense, arbitrary colors show Expressionism link to Fauvism, wavering contour lines (influence of Munch) -to right, crowd moves towards us, everyone have a purpose- shopping, working,etc -To left: crowd walks in other direction -Center is small figure of child, she stands isolated from crowd, feet planted apart, resisting the flow, perhaps stand-in for the artist
Paul Cézanne, structured, space
Post Impressionism ______ ________ perhaps most __________ of all post impressionists - mostly lived in hometown of Aix en Provence but showed in Paris - influenced by Impressionists with light color and subject matter then went his own way of seeing the world in terms of ___________ Admired Impressionists' practice of working directly from nature, approved of their bright color palettes, and individual strokes of color, dissatisfied with causal composition and emphasis on what is transitory (like dappled sunlight on Renoir's spinning dancer). He felt paintings great in the past was structure and order, admired Poussin's structure of nature like in The Ashe of Phokion. Wanted to use optical sensation, used to build something solid and durable- artist paint directly from nature and find it in order and clarity
Georges Seurat, Pointillism
Post Impressionism _______ _______ -wanted impressionism intuitive recording of optical sensation on more scientific footing -read on color theories led him to develop technique of ________ , which discrete dots and dashes of pure color were supposed to blend in viewer's eye -his idea is most faithful idea to modern life (4.31) Evening, Honfleur 1886
everyday objects
What is Futurism and/or Surrealism? artists took _____ ________ and presented them in fantasy, dreamlike, or futuristic way. Caused people to think about everyday life
Greek, Roman
What is Neoclassicism? Art inspired by ______ and ________ cultures.
Post Impressionism, clear, structured
_____-_____________- late 19th century 1885 to 1905 - style belonging to group of artists in France in late 19th century who rejected the formlessness of the Impressionists, notably Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Cezanne. - can be distinguished from Impressionists by their _____ edges and forms do not dissolve - appear somewhat more ________ - However, did enjoy similar subjects of modern life, every day scenes, and portraits - but also a taste for Exotic - with Gauguin admired aspects of Impressionism, brightened palette and direct painting technique -dissatisfaction with the relative formlessness of Impressionist paintings - its blurring of forms which were the result of fragmented brushstrokes (which had replaced the traditional use of a drawn line). for some Post-impressionists, industrialized modern world was not something to be confronted but something needed to be escaped
Realism
_______ found in Thoman Eakins, The Biglin Brothers Racing (4.6) 1873-74 -Eakin studied in paris, toured museums of Europe, then returned to Philadelphia to paint American lives. Eakin also a teacher: student Henry Ossawa Tanner painted Banjo Lesson (5.14) 1893 -1 of the first important African-American artist, Tanner moved to Paris in 1894, he there turned to religious subjects and exhibited in Salon
Dada
_______ was a reaction to World War I that protested aesthetic experiences. Was anti art, anti middle-class society, anti good manners, and anti all that brought about the war.
Marcel Duchamp
Dadaist with the most impact on America art in 20th century: _______ _______: "ready-mades" probed board between art and life in way later generations have returned. READY-MADE-ARTISTS: work of art that artist had not made, but designed (21.21) Fountain 1917/64 ceramic compound -ready-made (this is a replica) -ordinary porcelain urinal set on its back -artist entered it into NY art exhibition uncer pseudonym R. Mutt, which he slopped on in black paint as signature -his project: to find an object- he insisted it be no aesthetic interest whatsoever- and exhibit it was art -after exhibition object was to returned to life -was pure provocation, the exhibition organizers stated all entries were acceptable, artist want to see they really meant it -raised an interesting philosophical question: Does art have to be made by artist? Is art a form of attention?Etc. -artist thought art and life regularly trade places, suggest helpfully that one could use Rembrandt as an ironing board
Surrealism, Sigmund Freud, personal, surreality
_________ -a movement from the 20th century that emphasized imagery from dreams and fantasies. -was formulated in Paris in 1920s, not a style, but a way of life. Fascinated by theories of _______ _____, who setting out his revolutionary idea in Vienna, Surrealist appreciate logic of dreams, mystery of unconscious, and lure of bizarre, irrational, incongruous, and marvelous -Freud's theories claimed a large role for conscious sexual desire and Surrealist works often have erotic overtones - 1920s led by poet Andre Breton - he wrote Surrealist Manifesto in 1924 - contended that true reality lies in the subconscious - greatly influenced by Freud's theory of dreams (avenue to explore the subconscious) - wanted to artists to free the individual to express ______ desires - wanted to help people discover the larger reality - or __________ - that lay beyond the narrow rational notions of what is real Artists - wanted to paint the images of the unconscious mind & therefore they depicted the often irrational combinations of things that seem very real at the time we are dreaming --distinctive contribution of Surrealism to art was poetic object- a thing -surrealist objects- juxtapose incongruous elements to provoke a shiver of strangeness or disorientation
first
What is Realism? the _____ major art movement in the 1800s
Neoclassicism
What is Romanticism? Art in opposition to ____________.
Abstract Expressionism
What is ________ __________? Produced "art for art's sake" and didn't care about what they drew about. "Making art" is the goal.
Impressionism, reality, world, everyday, outdoors, middle class
_______ - Developed in Paris in 1860s = lasting through 1920s in some places -social themes of interest, but more concerned with _____ of vision & in how we see the ______ around us -paintings outdoors, no longer in studio product because the cumbersome materials involved, now there was portable oil colors in tubes Characterized by ________ subjects, often painted _______, and the recording fleeting effects of nature with sketch-like quality - focused on light & color, explored the nature of shadows & reflections - depicted the effects of light, dark, & color on moving & still surfaces -impressionists took canvases, brushes, paints outside to be part of the shifts light they want to depict -leisure of ______ ______ were favorite subject of Impressionist, they picture 19th century France as a land where there is always time to take a stroll in country, waltz is always playing under the trees.
Futurism, Modern, machines
________ - art movement from Italy in early 20th (1909) century that concentrated on the dynamic quality of modern technological life, emphasizing speed and movement. A belief to reflect the dynamism of _______ Life - in 1909 a poet, Marinetti, published the "Foundation and Manifesto of Futurism" in a Paris newspaper - its original intention was to free Italy from its past but also promote a new taste for heightened experience - it was an outspoken attack on everything old, dull, feminine, or safe - promoted "masculine" experiences of warfare and reckless speed Wrote "roaring automobile, which appears to run like a machine gun, is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace." -motion of new ________: view from an airplane, feeling of racing through countryside in an automobile Artists - set out to depict the movement of forms in space & the integration of all material bodies in space as revealed by modern science.
Romanticism, Neo-classical, attitude, emotion, individual, imagination
________ -late 18th century to early/mid 19th century (1800 to 1850) -movement in Europe, opposition to ___-_________- intense color, emotions, complex composition, heroic or exotic subject matter. -second dominated trend of time, Romanticism had roots in the preceding century -not so much of a style, more of a set _______ and characteristic subjects. -in 18th century, known as Age of Reason, leading thinkers placed their faith in rationality, skeptical questioning, scientific inquiry. Romanticism rebelled those ideas (of Age of Reasoning), urged claims of ________, intuition, ________ experience, and _________, Romantic artist gloried in such subjects as mysterious or awe-inspiring landscapes (4.48), picturesque (beautiful) ruins, extreme or tumultuous human events (4.8), struggle for liberty (3.7 and 5.16), and scenes of exotic culture. -romanticism valued imagination and emotion over rationality -individualism, subjectivism, irrationalism, imagination, emotions and nature, it valued emotion over reason and senses over intellect.
Realism, natural world, Gustave Courbet, everyday, modern, photography
_________ - developed in France in 1840s (mid 19th century) -first art movement to be born in 19th century sought to portray ______ ______ in faithful manner, typically associated with ________ ________ who emphasized _______ people and events as appropriate subjects for high art - reaction against, rejected the ideals, styles of Neoclassicism & Romanticism b/c they neglected the social & economic reality of ________ life (not historic, heroic, or exotic) - like leading novelists - Dickens - artists wanted to represent the broad idea of society & life of average citizen - Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx - 1848 - documentary on the inequality of industrial Revolution - _________ documenting real life - also inspired new attitude to represent the real world
Realism, Gustave Courbet, sacredness, crude, shallow
__________ art by ________ _______ (21.3) Burial at Ornans - 1849/50 10 x 21 ft -subject is burial- don't know who, used event as a pretext for group portrait of ornans society - most likely one of his relatives from Ornan - adopted monumental size of painting (typically reserved for history ptg) & showed commoners - complete lack of ____________/sentimentality to scene (raised crucifix stands out in dull sky and distant chalk cliffs) - ______ portrayal of figures - all similar, some color in priests (red-robed) & beadles (local administrators)- mayor, judge, male mourners, gravedigger all gather around open pit, female mourners cluster on right -portraits of mayor, judge, beadles, and priest. Artist's friends and family present and most of the figures have been identified - small background (_______) - all attention grouped in foreground - cannot see main subject - the deceased
Expressionism, distort, emotional,
____________ - leads artists into 20th century - a vague sometimes general term but also specific movements associated with artists whose feelings overrides fidelity (loyalty) to the actual appearance of things -art movement prevalent in especially in Germany, claimed the right to ______ visual appearance to express psychological or emotional states, especially artist's own personal feeling,uses distortion and exaggeration for _________ effect. -artist came to believe that fundamental purpose of art was to express their intense feeling toward the world -broadly speaking expressionism described any style where artist's subjective feeling take precedence over objective observation -spelled with capital "e" refers to art movement that developed in Germany in early 20th century, where expressive ideal had great influence -artist looked to Gauguin and Van Gogh as predecessors, admired strak words of Norwegian artist Edvard Munch (4.35) lived in Berlin
Romanticism, Eugène Delacroix, contemporary
____________ art (3.7)_______ _______ - Liberty Leading the People - 1830 French Revolution of 1830 (artist now citizen along citizen) - __________ subject - energetic brushstroke, vivid color - dynamic image showing power, force, movement (shows support for revolution), glorifies violence in the service of democracy - rejected the emphasis on precise drawing that characterised the academic art of his time, and instead gave a new prominence to freely brushed colour. -created the same year as popular uprising in Paris toppled one government and installed another, painting retains the passion of his idealized view of insurrection and hopes he had for the future it would bring -liberty at century, personified as a Greek statue come to life -displayed to public in 1831, but was sent back, not till 1863 did it become permanent public display
Gustave Courbet, beautify, monumental
(21.3) Burial at Ornans by ________ _______ Shown in Salon in 1850, critics later said is was as though a tornado blown through the room, admires held Realism had produced first masterpiece, detractors thought artist pushed "the cult of ugly" as far as it could go. Accepted into the Louvre Museum a few years later. -painting offered two counts- 1) its resolute refusal to _______ or sentimentalize the scene 2) painting's scale: __________ format were traditionally reserved for history painting full of important personages. Painting was full of nobodies, taken seriously as people. -Courbet "we the people" artistic agenda linked to radical political ideas -1871 participated in bloody Paris uprising earned him prison sentence for 2 years, 2 years later still in trouble fled to Switzerland, did there in 1877
Romanticism
(3.22) Thomas Cole's The Oxbow 1836 oil on canvas -broad vista and threatening storm display aspects of American _________ -artist born in England, emigrated to AMerica when 17. Started artistic training in US, then spent 2 years in Europe.
arabesque
(ISLAMIC ART) Elaborative application of repeating geometric forms that often echo the forms of plants and animals. Arabesques are an element of Islamic art usually found decorating the walls of mosques. The choice of which geometric forms are to be used and how they are to be formatted is based upon the Islamic view of the world.
Giorgio de Chirico
-innovators believed art would move forward, explore new subjects Most original and influential of these artist was Italian painter _________ __ _______ "we should rid art of all that contained of recognizable material to date, familiar subject matter, traditional ideas, popular symbols" -"art must escape all human limits, logic, common sense will only interfere, once it's broken it enters region of childhood vision and dreams" (21.18) The Disquieting Muses 1916 (surrealism) -motionless dreamworld in mind, hot afternoon sun cast long shadow across plaza, no trees, people, or nature -background banner snaps in wind over early Renaissance fortress -next to that is factory -in shade a statue in classical garments stand (faceless) staring at 2 presences in foreground, disquieting muses themselves: pockmarked classical column, a sculpture with hatmaker's dummy for head, tailor's dummy seated. -painting composed of fragments of Italy's past and present- Rome, Renaissance, IR
Henri Matisse, arabesque
1st example - Fauves and Henri Matisse - rather than create a record of something they had seen, the artists used bold primary colors to communicate emotions and sensations as well as deeper meanings Group of artists held an exhibit in 1905 - described by a critic as "wild beasts" or fauves (21.12) The Joy of Life 1905-06 5'8" x 7'9" -Fauvism -major work he exhibited when Fauves showed in 1906 -pink sky, yellow earth, orange foliage, blue/green tree trunks- artists vision, color is freed from supporting role in describing objects to fully independant expressive element -broad areas of pure color float free, color is paradise When Matisse was young and sick his mother gave him some paints and it calmed him, - said he felt transported to a paradise, as he painted he felt free, quiet, and alone - suggests that his depictions of paradise or acadia are not only escapist places but that painting itself was an ideal realm for the Artist - Here, naked revelers dance, make love, commune with nature and stretch in the idyllic landscape of the Mediterranean - they occupy a radiant landscape juxtaposing oranges, pinks, purples, yellows & greens - collectively they convey the luxuriant warmth "the joy of life"- harmony and well-being - dynamic energy in his curvy forms - called _________ - after Islamic patterns, he associated arabesques with dance and music - appear quite a bit in his art - color was now an independent device that could assume any unrealistic identity in ART
travel, see, everyone, Salons, Middle, Photography
ALSO time of technological & philosophical innovations - industrialization of production - agriculture/manufacturing and factories - train travel by mid 1830s opened new lands for people to ______ and _______ - gas lights in cities by 1820s brought more citizens outside in evening - improved city streets and sidewalks - encouraged shopping - city parks developed in 1820s - earliest shopping malls - covered passages/arcades by 1820s - Art became available to _______. _______ First public museums - Louvre - opened during Revolution and added to by Napoleon - New _______ class developed - Marx & capitalism and more revolutions __________ revolutionized making of images- from Chauvet Cave paintings of 30,000 BCE to daguerreotype in 1837 made by hand, now there's another way and posed profound questions about the nature and purpose of art as it opened new possibilities.
Vincent Van Gogh, colorful
Post Impressionism ________ ___ ____ - studied to be a minister but moved to Brussels instead for art school and in 1886 moved to Paris from Antwerp- stayed two years - influenced by impressionists and others but mostly Gauguin whom he planned to start an art commune with in southern France in 1888. -moved to Arles in 1888 - art becomes more _______ - interest in complementary colors (Arles, small, rural town in south France, painted landscape, people, things closest to him) -high-key colors, agitated brickwork, emotional intensity such as (1.10) and (2.1) Wheat Fields, Cypress Trees- have enormous influence on the next generations of artists
color, form
Fauvism and Expressionism Similarities: german expressionist and Fauvists used vigours color palettes, aesthetic characteristics: flattened perspective plane (from Cezanne), energetic handling of paint and interest in historical tradition Different: German expressionists not academically trained (no lingering influence of academy), both respond to contemporary situations, but differently (Fauves not engage in social issues, expressionists do), expressionists responding to thinkers like Nietzsche, Fauves (Matisse) paint from imagination Artist in Europe in expressionism explored possibility of color, two artist in Paris reduced role of ______ to min to concentrate on problem of representing ____ in space, Cubism
fauves, Henri Matisse, color
Freeing color: -no longer wielded power, Salon of Paris was still a conservation force in artistic life, movement regularly arose against it. 1903 group of young artist founded the Salon d'Automne (autumn salon). From the exhibits they organized it clear who their heroes were -1904 artist of Salon organized exhibition of Cezanne -1906 they mounted a major retrospective of Gauguin -1905 organized for themselves, it was then that a critic dubbed them "_______"- wild beasts. artist who emerged as the leader of "wild" new trend is painting was _______ _______. -1908 Fauvism didn't last long, painters separated, yet brief the movement was crucial for development to replicating the real _____ of natural world- never again
post-impressionism
George Caleb Bingham- self-taught, first major painted to live and work in Mississippi -American born (21.10) Fur Traders Descending the Missouri 1845 (Luminism- ___-_________) -portrayed French trapper and his son in a canoe in Missouri River -air heavy with golden light of dawn, son leans on their cargo handling a rifle, duck he shot les in front of him, father and son look our way -son's gaze open, father's is guarded, bear cub chained to prow of canoe, doubled bears reflection in river, giving it an eerie presence to remind us of the mysterious and unknown nature is.
Vincent Van Gogh, impasto
Post Impressionism ________ ___ ____ (1.10) The Starry Night - 1889 28 x 36" - painted from his window in his cell at the mental hospital - evening scene of town and mountains with starry sky - largest is Venus - seem to swirl and dance with brightness - may allude to contemporary theory that after death the body/soul travels to a star for afterlife - symbolism in Cypress tree in foreground - traditional symbol of death & eternal life - here it rises to meet with the stars - heavy _______ brushstrokes, forms created by edges and dark outlines - much different than impressionists
Salon, Édouard Manet
Manet and Impressionism -19th century France mark of artist's success was acceptance at annual _______, Artist submit their work for consideration by official jury. In 1863 Salon jury rejected 3 thousand of submitted works, causing an uproar among artist and their supporters that a second official exhibit was mounted "Salon des Refuses" (those who been refused). Among works in the refused show would soon be most notorious among them... (- at Salon , new academy members began a new stricter policy - rejected 4000 painting in 1863) _______ _______- champion of "painter of modern life" - continued notion of Realism - but his technique helped to change the style slightly
Romanticism, Thèodore Géricault, Renaissance, emotions, tension
____________ art (4.8) ________ _________ - Raft of the Medusa - 1818 Revived Baroque elements as well as ________ classical characteristics of the body - like the Michelangelesque torsos Story - 1816 - ship traveling to Senegal, 144 people on life raft, left to sea for 13 days 15 people remained alive - tried to provoke and evoke _______ through subject matter & appearance - romantic themes - psychological _______ between life and death/ hope and despair
Paris, Napoleon, museums, everyone, middle
Our purposes, mainly focus on France, ______ was center of art world until mid 20th century (post WWII or during - when Europeans fled to NYC) - Revolution ended and more wars ensued between France & Europe but young officer, named _______, gained power & by 1804 crowned himself Emperor - ousted in 1814 & 1815 Art ________ developed in 19th century, made art available to public -first national museum is the Louvre in Paris. Opened in 1793 during fervor of French Revolution, placed art of king of France on public view. Art no longer for aristocrats, its for _______. What kind of art? not dominated by Church or noblilty, but _______ class and leaders of finance and industry? -Debates about art and modernity began in 19th century and continued to 20th century, made increasing numbers of "ism" (-Realism, impressionism, pointillism, fauvism, cubism, futurism, surrealism)
Paul Gauguin, form, spiritual, space
Post Impressionism ____ ________ -worked in an impressionist style early in his career, but soon became dissatisfied, needed more substance, more solidity of ______ than could be found in optical perceptions of light -interest in expressing a _______ meaning in his art, which he sought the islands of South Pacific, where he journeyed to escape the "the disease of civilization" -bright high-keyed colors, lightened palette add his own innovated, flattened forms and broad color areas, strong outlines, tertiary color harmonies, taste for exotic, aura of mystery and quest for primitive
Paul Gauguin
Post Impressionism _____ ________ (21.8) Te Aa No Areois (the seed of Areoi) 1892 -painted a year into his long stay in Tahiti -Monet's painting woven together out of distinct brush strokes like fabric, Gauguin pieced like a puzzle or a quilt -we imagine assembling it by cutting shapes from sheets of color paper -white motifs on blue cloth dance free on ground, so does yellow palm trees in background -whirling brilliance, golden brown women sits quiet, dignity, holding seed of in palm of her hand -her pose- legs profile, shoulders depicted frontally (derived from Egyptian art) -Gauguin believed European art had been thrall for too long to Greek and Rome, he looked at Egypt, Islam, and Asia to renew it -women's gesture is mysterious, we sense a profound meaning to it, she is offering flower to us (Gauguin disappointed in Tahiti, felt European missionaries/ colonists ruined it)
Paul Cézanne, order, clarity, solid, shape, Geometric
Post Impressionism _____ ________ (21.9)Mont Sainte -Victoire - 1902 - 04 (Philly Museum) -traveled for exotic subject, was within walking distance from his home- a mountain near his home Did many versions (about 75 ptgs and drawings) of Mountain in southern France Wanted to create a painting with _____, ______, and ______- similar to Poussin instead of a Monet landscape - earliest versions began realistic but as time moved on his forms became more like planes of color (flattened surfaces) meant to model a shape or define difference in ______ through color but also through the plane broad outlines of composition are simple and noble, rectangular band of landscape surmounted by irregular pyramids of mountains. Underlying geometric emerge clearly in small vivid patches of color - patches of color take on cubist-like structures- each one composed of terse (short), precise, parallel strokes he used to register the "little sensations before nature"- the impression that color shimmering in hot southern sun made on his eyes ________ shapes are echoed throughout the composition - the terracotta roofs are triangles that echo the mountain shape and trees (Near foreground red tile roof of farmhouse are like ready-made patches, roof of isolated house near center reproduces exactly the silhouette of mountain.) On left, upward diagonals of ochar area around group of 3 farmhouses exactly parallel to upward slope of mountain -These echo artist way of think: major structural lines are echoed everywhere, line of horizon is broken into segments, none quiet of horizon, segments almost horizontal lines appear through painting (even the sky- painted in patches of color) Later the Cubists would pick up where Cezanne left off on this exploration of shapes and a 4th dimension - whereby the patches of color divide the painting or its surface into sections and begin to move away from the actual object that is represented ....moving into abstraction Paintings such as this, Cezanne's treatment of nature grew increasingly abstract, repetition and echos key contour lines help unify composition, they began to take own independent logic apart from subject. Similarly the short strokes and color patches help unify painting's surface, tend to fracture image into facets (one side of something many-sided).
impressionism modern
_____________ art During the years after Manet, young French artist looked at Manet as their philosophical leader. Sought alternatives to Salon -thought of themselves as Realists, like manet and Courbet believed ______ life itself is most suitable for modern art 1874 they organized their first exhibition as the Anonymous Society of Artist, Painters, Sculptors, Printmakers, etc
sub-category
What is Color Field painting? A ___-________ of Abstract Expressionism
level
What is Post-Impressionism? Took impressionism to a new _____
Romanticism, contemporary, here and now, unknowingly
_____________ art Early part of 19th century, new ideas in Germany (philosophy & literature) focused on the individual, feelings, emotions, nature, & emphasis on the _______ and ________ - _________ life instead of looking back to Classical world or religious sources, & taste for the exotic France - embraced new Romantic ideas but somewhat ___________ (5.16) Goya, Execution of the Third of May
Romanticism, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, classical mythology, biblical
_______________ art ______-__________-________ __________ -today his' portraits and nudes are considered. -he staked his reputation on paintings such as one below -he inherited the views that great art can be made only from great subject matter, greatest subject matter of all was history- category included ________ ________ and ________ scenes (this viewpoint became enshrined as academic art, art was encouraged by official art schools, and institutions of 19th century.) (21.1) Jupiter and Thetis 1811 Oil on canvas -subject drawn from Homer's Iliad, Greek epic of Trojan War. Nymph Thetis shown pleading with Jupiter to intervene in the war on behalf of her son, Warrior Achilles -to left, hidden in clouds is Jupiter's jealous wife Juno, she spies on them -clear contour lines, clean color, precise draftsmanship the painting
Georges Braque, parallel, geometric
cubism _________ __________ (21.16) The Castle at La Roche-Guyon - 1909 -depicts a hillside town of houses surmounted by a castle -following Cezanne's advice, artist reduced architecture to simplest form- geometric and learned from him is way principle linear motifs of composition echo outward to influence -everything around them: here earth around castle and surrounding gree of nature all partake of angles and facets of houses ( any of the faces of a column cut in a polygonal form.)(surface, side, plane, face) -see Cezanne's _______ brush strokes and color patches, seems to break surface into facets, -brightness of Cezanne's palette to restricted range of gray, ocher, and green- allowed forms to interpenetrate more easily, some forms seem sould, others shade off into transparency. - reduced Nature's colors to simple browns and greens - providing the forms to take center stage instead of the color (as in the Impressionists or P-I) - as well as architecture itself - the buildings along the hillside become simple _______ forms: cubes, cylinder, and cone - forms (buildings in background) pushed closer to foreground instead of correct perspective which makes the image appear like we are looking up, instead of across to a horizon
Georges Braque, color, form, space
cubism _________ __________ (21.17) Le Portugais (The emigrant) 1911-12 -fully cubism work, these discoveries taken to their logical conclusion -figure seated man (with guitar) broken into facets based in simple geometric shapes- triangles, circles, lines, etc -form is basic, easy echo's throughout, unifying composition -____ reduced to gray warming with ocher, allow shards of foreground and background to interpenetrate at will -principal lines of composition suggest a classical Renaissance pyramid such as Leonardo used for Mona Lisa (2.4) -visual cue helps viewers orient themselves: to the open hole and strings of butar, player's mustache, rope to the right sets scene on dock, addition of stencil letters intrusion from "real world" was Braque innovation As cubism progressed 2 artist experimented with incorporating other elements such as newspaper, wallpaper, fabric. Psychological tension of merging the "real and not rea;" (illusory world of paint on canvas) have important application for later 20th century. Both artist realized geometric rhythms of objects could assemble from multiple views. With Cubism the sum of viewpoints could be painted, thus following up on another discovery implicit in much of Cezanne's work, eye is always moving and motion is how we assimilate (take in, understand) the world -Cubism offered original and powerful system for rethinking representation of _______ and ______ --poured energy into formal concerns, subjects
Jean Auguste Renoir, light, color, light
impression ________ ______ _______- (21.6) Le Moulin de la Galette - 1876 4 x 5' - café, dance hall outside of Paris - subject is modern leisure life -light enchanting in painting is ______ not seen before in paintings, dappled, shifting light that filters through leaves by breeze. -traditional chiaroscuro requires steady and even source of light for modeling form, light in nature isn't like that, it moves, shifts, danced - light and reflection and color are most important aspects of painting - models forms through combo of ________ and _______ - light filters through leaves creating spots on objects - suggests fleeting time & movement Hovering perspective, tilted foreground toward background -Renoir later modified his style to embrace more rigorously planned composition and fully modeled forms forms, here though his full Impressionist glory, captured moment's pleasure with flickering strokes, recorded sensation of light, color, and movement -painting established in outskirts of Paris where people gather to relax and enjoy, artist painted group of his friends. artist captured optical sensation through fluid brushwork, lightened palette, and colored shadows
Berthe Morisot
impression _________ ________ -born into a well-to-do family, received private art lessons intended to prepare her for life as accomplished amateur painter, wife to husband whose career take precedence -but her great talent and passionate interest took her far beyond what her parents organy had in mine -in her early 20's practiced "open air" painting and exhibiting successfully in Salon -1874 contribute 9 paintings to first Impression exhibit, remained a dedicated member of group for rest of her life (21.7) Summer's Days- 1879 -two fashionably dressed women- probably models- having a outing on a lake in Parisian Park -one gazes at us, other turns to look at ducks -hired boatmen responsible for rowing isn't seen -palette is light, brushwork is varied and free
