Art History: Ancient Greece - Chapter 5, Ap Art History MC # 5, AP Art History Chp. 5

Dying Warrior, from the west pediment; Dying warrior, from the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 480 BCE.

1. What two Greek styles are represented by these figures? West pediment - Archaic Period East pediment - Early Classical Period a. Describe the main artistic developments that the lower(East) work represent. ***More effect of gravity on his body, grimace on his face, twisted-less frontal

Black-figure ceramics would most likely be found in conjunction with the art of the

Archaic and Early Classical periods

apotropaic figure

Capable of warding off evil

Doric

One of the two systems (or orders) invented in ancient Greece for articulating the three units of the elevation of a classical building---the platform, the colonnade, and the superstructure (entablature). The Doric order is characterized by, among other features, capitals with funnel-shaped echinuses, columns without bases, and a frieze of triglyphs and meteps.

Severe Style

The Early Classical style of Greek sculpture.

The gigantomachy of the Altar of Zeus, Pergamon alludes to a victory of the Pergamenes over who in the third century BCE.

The Gauls

cornice

The projecting, crowing member of the entablature framing the pediment; also, any crowing projection.

____ is the historical event that ushered in the beginning of the Classical period.

defeat of the Persians

Originally titled the Canon, Polykleitos's "Doryphoros" reflects the artist's belief that a perfect statue _____.

was constructed according to a mathematical formula

Kroisos, from Anavysos, Greece, ca. 530 BCE.

2. Title: Kroisos a. What stylistic elements appear Archaic? **Egyptian stance, frontal pose, hands to the side, the smile b. What stylistic elements appear more naturalistic? **Rounded, muscles fully developed, less triangle, less flattened, less geometric

Approximately how long ago did democratic principles become established in Athens

2500 years ago

Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), Roman copy from the palaestra, Pompeii, Italy, of a bronze statue of ca. 450-440 BCE.

3. Artisit: Polykleitos a. Style/Period? **High Classical Period b. Why is this titled "Canon"? **Mathematics - harmony/proportion Establishes beauty and balance Balance arm with the leg and vice versa Rule of the ideal men/figure Idealized Rules of Proportion

Philoxenos of Eretria, Battle of Issues, ca. 310 BCE. Roman copy (Alexander Mosaic) from the House of the Faun, Pompeii, Italy, late second or early first century BCE.

4. Title: Battle of Issues a. Is this the original painting or a copy? **Copy b. What is the medium? **Terresa mosaic - little bits of square stone c. What armies are represented here? **Macedonian and Persian (Alexander the Great vs. Darius)

Lysippos, Weary Herakles (Farnese Hercules). Roman statue from the Baths of Caracalla, Rome, Italy, signed by Glykon of Athens, based on a bronze statue of ca. 320 BCE.

5. Title: Weary Herakles a. Artist: Lysippos b. Why is this work considered ironic? How does it represent its historical context? **Ironic because Herakles is the strongest man in the world and is represented here as exhausted. Represents a period where Gods/Demigods are humanized. Looking at a figure representing a Roman Empire exhausted from battle.

Sleeping satyr (Barberini Faun), from Rome, Italy, ca. 230-200 BCE.

6. What style is represented by Sleeping Satyr? How does it represent its cultural context? **Hellenistic Style - latest of Greek Style Express cultural context because there was a state of interest in the state of unconscious. Dream state, sexuality.

chiton

A Greek tunic, the essential (and often only) garment of both men and women, the other being the himation, or mantle.

bronze hollow cast/lost wax process

A bronze-casting method in which a figure is modeled in wax and covered with clay; the whole is fired, melting away the wax (French, cire perdue) and hardening the clay, which then becomes a mold for molten metal. Also called the cire perdue process.

caryatid

A female figure that functions as a supporting column.

Corinthian capitals

A more ornate form than Doric or Ionic; it consists of a double row of acanthus leaves from which tendrils and flowers grow, wrapped around a bell-shaped echinus. Although this capital is often cited as the distinguishing feature of the Corinthian order, in strict terms no such order exists. The Corinthian capital is a substitute for the standard capital used in the Ionic order.

pebble mosaic

A mosaic made of irregularly shaped stones of various colors.

encaustic

A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with melted wax and applied to the surface while the mixture is hot.

peplos

A simple, long, belted garment of wool worn by women in ancient Greece.

triglyph

A triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes.

columns

A vertical, weight-carrying architectural member, circular in cross-section and consisting of a base (sometimes omitted), a shaft, and a capital.

In the statue of Athena Parthenos, what did she hold that made an overt reference to the Athenian victory over the Persians in 479 BC.

A winged Nike figure

The origins of the Greeks or Hellenes, as they called themselves, appear to be the product of

Aegeans and Indo-Europeans

himation

An ancient Greek mantle worn by men and women over chiton and draped in various ways.

amphora

An ancient Greek two-handled jar used for general storage purposes, usually to hold wine or oil.

krater

An ancient Greek wide-mouthed bowl for mixing wine and water.

The ___ by Praxiteles was one of the first statues to represent a female nude.

Aphrodite of Knidos

During the Greek Orientalizing period, Greek vase decoration, which consisted of rows of composite creatures and exotic animals, was influenced by ____.

Egyptian and Mesopotamian art

The what? on the Athenian Acropolis has four sides of very different character with each side resting on different ground levels

Erectheion

bilingual vases (painting)

Experimental Greek vases produced for a short time in the late sixth century BCE; one side featured black-figure decoration, the other red-figure.

Later Greeks calculated their chronology from the, what? and despite rivalries and differences; from then on all Greeks regarded themselves as citizens of Hellas.

First Greek Olympiad

The gigantomachy of the Altar of Zeus, Pergamon alludes to a victory of the Pergamenes over the ____ in the third century BCE.

Gauls

tessera mosaic

Greek, "cube." A tiny stone or piece of glass cut to the desired shape and size for use in forming a mosaic.

kouros

Greek, "young man." An Archaic Greek statue of a young man.

kore

Greek, "young woman." An Archaic Greek statue of a young woman.

base

In ancient Greek architecture, the molded projecting lowest part of Ionic and Corinthian columns.

centauromachy

In ancient Greek mythology, a battle between the Greeks and centaurs.

gorgon

In ancient Greek mythology, a hideous female demon with snake hair. Medusa, the most famous gorgon, was capable of turning anyone who gazed at her into stone.

gigantomachy

In ancient Greek mythology, the battle between gods and giants.

pediment

In classical architecture, the triangular space (gable) at the end of a building formed by the ends of the sloping roof above the colonnade; also, an ornamental feature having this shape.

black-figure painting

In early Greek pottery, the silhouetting of dark figures against a light background of natural, reddish clay, with linear details incised through the silhouettes.

red-figure painting

In later Greek pottery, the silhouetting of red figures against a black background, with painted linear details; the reverse of black-figure painting.

A standing nude figure of a young man is known in Greek art as a

Kouros

The earliest known example of the use of contrapposto is the sculpture known as the

Kritios Boy

The earliest known example of the use of contrapposto is the sculpture known as the____.

Kritios Boy

What was a Greek colony in Egypt that brought the Greeks into direct contact with Egyptian monumental architecture.

Naukratis

_____ was a Greek colony in Egypt that brought the Greeks into direct contact with Egyptian monumental architecture.

Naukratis

The chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos stands fully armed. No one doubts this figure is a triumphant expression and refers to the Athenian victory over the Persians in 479 BC. What warfare symbol accompanies the Athena Parthenos.

Nike on her hand

Ionic

One of the two systems (or orders) invented in ancient Greece for articulating the three units of the elevation of a classical building: the platform, the colonnade, and the superstructure (entablature). The Ionic order is characterized by, among other features, volutes, capitals, columns with bases, and an uninterrupted frieze.

The ____, which is possibly the subject of the Parthenon's continuous frieze, was a procession held in Athens every four years.

Panathenaia or Panathenaic Procession

Mnesikles created a wide causeway between the central pair of columns on either side of the Propylaia, the gateway to the Acropolis. The causeway was created for the

Panathenaic Festival

Who was the politician most responsible for the re-building of the Athenian Acropolis in the 5th Century BCE

Pericles

Who was the director of the sculptural programs on the Parthenon

Phidias

Upon the death of Attalos III in 133 BCE, the Pergamene kingdom was bequeathed to

Rome, the greatest power in the Mediterranean world.

The earliest known Greek temple with sculptural decoration is

Temple A, Prinias

The earliest known Greek temple with sculptural decoration is _____?

Temple A, Prinias

A good example of a building in the Ionic style is the

Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis

Unlike their counterparts in the near East, Greek gods assumed human form. What is another characteristic of the Greek gods?

That they were immortals

The Orientalizing period of art is so named because of the exposure of early Greeks to the art of

The Near East and Egypt

Composite monsters were popular in other ancient cultures; however what was a purely Greek invention

The centaur

Cella (naos)

The chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room in which the cult statue usually stood.

entasis

The convex profile (an apparent swelling) in the shaft of a column.

What caused the Persians to withdraw from the Aegean in 478 BCE

The defeat of Persian navy

contrapposto

The disposition of the human figure in which one part is turned in opposition to another part (usually hips and legs one way, shoulders and chest another), creating a counter positioning of the body about its central axis. Sometimes called "weight shift" because the weight of the body tends to be thrown to one foot, creating tension on one side and relaxation on the other.

Canon of Polykleitos

The fifth-century BCE sculptor Polykleitos wrote the Canon, a treatise incorporating his formula for the perfectly proportioned statue.

architrave

The lintel or lowest division of the entablature; also called the epistyle.

entablature

The part of a building above the columns and below the roof. The entablature has three parts: architrave, frieze, and pediment.

frieze

The part of the entablature between the architrave and the cornice; also, any sculptured or painted band.

Archaic smile

The smile that appears on all Archaic Greek statues from about 570 to 480 BCE. The smile is the Archaic sculptor's way of indicating that the person portrayed is alive.

metope

The square panel between the triglyphs in the Doric frieze, often sculpted in relief.

shaft

The tall, cylindrical part of a column between the capital and the base.

stylobate

The uppermost course of the platform of a classical Greek temple, which supports the columns.

capital

The uppermost member of a column, serving as a transition from the shaft to the lintel. In classical architecture, the form of the capital varies with the order.

foreshortening

The use of perspective to represent in art the apparent visual contraction of an object that extends back in space at an angle to perpendicular plane of sight.

flutes

Vertical channeling, roughly semicircular in cross-section and used principally on columns and pilasters.

A Dipylon vase would most likely be found in

an Athenian cemetery of the Geometric period

The Geometric krater would most likely be found in which of the following?

an Athenian cemetery of the Geometric period

The warrior sculpture, Riace Bronze, demonstrates natural motion in space in that the

arms are freed from the body

Evident in the absence of a pediment and a roof, the Temple of Apollo, Didyma, reflected the ability of Hellenistic architecture to ___.

be surprising and dramatic

A female figure used as an architectural support was known as a

caryatid

A female figure used as an architectural support was known as a:

caryatid

Evident in the "Three Goddesses" on the Parthenon ____ was one of the main changes that took place in the representation of the female figure in the High Classical period.

clingy drapery that follows the contours of the body

The subject matter of the drinking cup by Onesimos would never have been portrayed publicly in monumental painting or sculpture, only in the private sphere would this subject matter have been acceptable. It was a

genre scene of servant girl of the house bathing

The Athenians perception of themselves based on the Panathenaic Festival frieze from the Parthenon was that they...

had high opinions of their own worth

Which of the following conclusions could be drawn regarding the Athenians perception of themselves based on the Panathenaic Festival frieze from the Parthenon?

had high opinions of their own worth

The figure of the calf-bearer differs from earlier Greek statues as well as Egyptian and Near Eastern statues in that

he has a smile

Pericles stated, "For we are...simple in our tastes, and we cultivate the mind without loss of manliness...." This statement could also refer to

humanistic education and life

A standing nude figure of a young man is known in Greek art as which of the following?

kouros

The Parthenon is a fusion of Doric and Ionic architectural elements. This fusion might also indicate a political fusion as suggested by Pericles and Iktinos. It also...

might suggest that Athens was the leader of all the Greeks

When compared to the Classical style, Greek Hellenistic art could be characterized as

more realistic and emotional

When compared to the Classical style, Greek Hellenistic art could be characterized as:

more realistic and emotional

In the Archaic period the black-figure style of vase painting was replaced by the ___ style.

red-figure

Early Archaic monumental stone statues followed Egyptian style very closely. This style can be described as

rigidly frontal left foot slightly advanced

Early Archaic monumental stone statues followed Egyptian style very closely. This style can be described as ____.

rigidly frontal left foot slightly advanced

In using _____ the pedimental sculptures of the "Temple of Aphaia" at Aegina were better adapted to its triangular shape than those of earlier Archaic temples.

statues of equal size but in different poses

Who is usually given credit for the invention of the red-figure technique as seen in the amphora of "Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game"

the Andokides Painter

The Geometric krater from the Dipylon cemetery is a testimonial to the deceased's wealth and position. What best validates this statement.

the size of the pot