Art Test Number 2

Kouros and. Kore - male vs. female greek statues

males always naked, females always clothed clothing of Kore shows interaction with those outside their region

Porch of Maidens

on Erechtheum, High Classical, the caryatids of ladies are meant for support- have contrapposto and strength, even though very beautiful, still practical in its use of design

Hippodamia and Centaur

on Temple of Zeus, represents greek superiority of greeks over the barbarians - controlling emotion and keeping reason bc sense of composure and control even when centaur is taking advantage of her, sculpture in the round

Where is Ionic Order popular?

on eastern coast and the islands, influenced from the flamboyance of eastern culture

Temple Athena Nike

this Goddess personifies victory presided over all military and athletic contests - Kallikrates credited with building this temple, has amphiprostyle

Knidian Aphrodite

Late Classical, Praxiteles is the sculptor, devised the new female canon of proportion, female is now nude - first time where perfect form is applied to a nude female figure

Hermes and Infant Dionysos

Late Classical, different element of emotional expression - shows compassion, caring for the baby, stronger need for survival, sticking together - characteristic of increased humanization: caring because interaction between two people, this period is the first that has loving interaction between people in their sculpture

Citadel @ Tiryns

very fortified b/c on mainland, need to be on high plateaus (Acropolis) and needed to keep people out. Mycenaeans. Megaron - the great central hall of an ancient Mycenaean house usually containing a center hearth.

Drums (columns)

when columns made, limestone/marble cut into pieces called drums and stacked on top of one another

Queen Megaron's Dolphin Fresco

where she and her servants spent time, very stylized, depicted form they saw fit, not what was truly there (Minoan)

Toreador Fresco

(c. 1500 BC) Knossos, bull revered in Minoan society, had ceremonial purposes, has curvilinear line (contained by or consisting of a curved line or lines), makes bull like it is alive and moving - animated

The Greek Ideal

1. Philosophy 2. Recognized the power of intellect, searched for explanations 3. sought a balance between mind and body/emotion and intellect - - a sound mind and a sound body

cire perdu

A traditional method for casting bronze sculptures. The model with a waxed surface is enclosed in the mold. The wax is melted and runs through holes at the bottom. Molten metal is then poured through holes at the top, filling up the space left by the wax.

Temple of Aphaia

Aegina, Greece, had stylistic transition - late archaic, Doric because frieze not continuous, no base on the columns the pedimental space has full figures here, not smushing them together, - much more natural/logical, figures are in motion = moving through time. Apollo in the center with Peirithous and Theseus to the left and right Fallen Warrior statue from this temple, archaic smile, LATE archaic bc increased naturalism

Cornice

An ornamental molding running round the walls of a room close to the ceiling, imagine the Cornice as a picture frame, finishes off the piece

Kouros of Sounion

Archaic, Greek, smile more lifelike, but still archaic smile

Achilles Painter

Classical, Greek, signed by artist making artist known - first time credit was taken for work

Venus on a goose

Classical, Greek, signed by artist making artist known - first time credit was taken for work

Island of Crete

Crossroads of Greece, much of art animated/in motion

The art of the Cyclades Islands is known as

Cycladic

Charioteer of Delphi

Early Classical, Greek, the hair/wardrobe very natural, his feet very detailed shows classical note archaic, Severe Style

Detail of Apollo

Early Classical, very controlled, severe style

Cella Wall

Frieze (inner wall of the Parthenon) shows a combination of the doric and ionic characteristics - has a running narrative of the festival honoring Athena, frieze runs along all 4 sides of cella - Panathenaic Procession, actual event occurring every 4 years first known representation of non mythological subject in Greek Temple relief

Diplyon Vase/Krater

Geometric Period, Athens, registered, has angular and rigid geometric form

Late Classical

Greece gets a wakeup call - the Peloponnesian War complete defeat of Athens, left Greece drained of its strength, Greece bubble of loving themselves is popped

Hercules Strangling the Nemean Lion

Greece, Early Archaic, demonstrated power and control that Greeks believed they had, not as heavy/angular, shows muscle mass and overlapping of forms

In the latter half of the 4th BC

Greek states lose their liberty to Philip of Macedon changing their whole structure of life - not free anymore to do whatever they like, don't run themselves The traditional balance between city state and individual was lost The serene idealism of the 5th century disrupted by civil wars, social and political upheaval resulting in skepticism and cynicism Greek ideology was based upon their gods, their oracles, and honored customs as interpreters of the meaning of life

Kritios Boy

Greek, Early Classical - shifting of weight = much more natural, has different/short hair: not braided, controlled/no smile

Early Classical

Greeks coming together, they become somewhat united: have to fight the Persians, gives them the Classical Pride, in their art, they demonstrate how prideful they are

Altar of Zeus

Hellenistic

Athena and Alcyoneus

Hellenistic

Battle of Gods & Giants

Hellenistic

Laocoon Group

Hellenistic

Dying Gaul

Hellenistic, example of Pergamum style,

the Nike of Samothrace

Hellenistic, goddess of victory, although massive, seems weightless, fabric very realistic and flowing, curviature of her clothing, the modeling line (originally from Phidias), creates the look that her fabric is flowing, this twisted spiral is indicative of the Hellenistic period

Hera I

Hera I is very heavy and bulky, Doric columns rest flatly on ground, not embellished. Has entasis - a slight convex curve on shaft of column (columns have slight swell in center, sense of elasticity), Paestum, Southern Italy, Archaic, awkward, stiff, figures in the pedimental space show that the time period of the temple is archaic

Archer of temple of Aphaia

Hercules, has tension in arm from bow and stance, Late Archaic, Greece

Dionysos

High Classical

Erechtheum

High Classical, named after a general - built to house several sacred objects, south porch = Porch of Maidens

Three Goddesses

High Classical, part of Parthenon Frieze, Demeter, Persephone, and Isis, use of the modeling line to produce a visually transparent quality = the fabric lying over the goddess' bodies, reveal but also conceal the body - Phidian style

gigantomachy

In ancient Greek mythology, the battle between gods and giants.

Kore from Chios

Late Archaic, Greek - different clothing, more flamboyant/decorative = eastern influence, oriental phase - used encaustic painting technique - using pigments mixed with hot wax that are burned in as an inlay.

Lapith and Centaur

Late Archaic, Greek, Red-Figure technique, introduced in late archaic period - foreshortening of his foot, definition of body

Fallen Warrior

Late Archaic, Greek, face is smiling, even though he falls to death, body developed and has very natural muscles, still a little rigid

Island of Crete

Knossos inhabited for thousands of years - had neolithic settlement, first palace 1900BCE.

Apollo from Tenea

Kouros, Greek, Archaid

Apoxyomenos, aka the Scraper

Lysippos revised the figure cannon, making people more slender and longer open form, interacting with its environment, no longer just occupying space going into its surrounding environment, interactive, technique - sculpture in the round Late Classical,

La Parisienne

Minoan

The art of Crete is known as

Minoan

Snake Goddess

Minoan, c. 1600 BCE Knossos, mother goddess, wearing dress of a Minoan, female, emphasis on religion - open form: arms raised up and out, open like

Octopus Jar

Minoan, from from Gournia, eastern Crete - primary export was pottery, fine porcelin, very well decorated, curvilinear lines, realistic, not naturalistic

Treasury of Atreus

Mycenaean - beehive tomb - also had post and lintel and corbeled arches. Corbeled critical to building, had no inner structures to support it

The art of the Mainland is known as

Mycenaean, Helladic

Funerary mask

Mycenaean, repousse - (of metalwork) hammered into relief from the reverse side - stylized

Temple of Zeus

Olympia, doric order, worship held outside, it's pediment is about barbarians crashing a wedding party, symbolizes the Greek victories over the persians, the sacred truce of Olympia, and possesses an ability to inspire, reinforce and perpetuate the Greek ideal, Early Classical

Doryphoros Boy

Polykleitos is creator, the epitome of high classical sculpture, the Kritios boy all grown up! Balance and Harmony of the body and mind, perfect weight shift on knees/hips/shoulders, the idea of wholeness relaxed am crosses over to the relaxed leg = counter balance, and the flexed leg crosses over to bended arm = counterbalanced. motion implied during rest, chiastic pose = weight on one leg, unity and perfect Harmony

Propylaea

The entry gate at the west end of the Acropolis in Athens, The series of monuments and temples that make up the entrance to the Acropolis

Poseidon (Zeus)

period marked by war/battle bringing this to their state of mind, Early Classical, Severe Style - an expression of the face showing seriousness, shows confidence, cire perdu

caryatid

a female figure that functions as a supporting column

metopes

a square space between triglyphs in a Doric frieze.

Frieze

area where visual sculpture/imagery is placed, has most of the visual storytelling

Praxiteles

associate this creator with Hermes, in Late Classical we see lower rated god becoming more subject matter, our later sculptor, modifies the male figure - principle of double weight shift, creating an S curve changed the Greek point of view to a more individualistic view

Hera II

becoming a bit more polished, still has same characteristics as Hera I. trying to compensate for visual perception, limestone, Archaic, Paestum, Southern Italy, awkward, stiff, figures in the pedimental space show that the time period of the temple is archaic

Parthenon

built on the acropolis, High Classical, Athens, slender columns

amphiprostyle

classical temple plan in which the columns are placed across both the front and back, but not along the sides

Pithoi Jars

containers for honey/oil traded on island, registered on outside (Minoan)

Treasury of the Siphnians at Delphi

continuous frieze = Ionic c. 530-25: Archaic - no concern of naturalism in this pediment, just worried about smushing things in there to tell a story, Peplos Kore found here, has caryatid and gigantomachy, Delphi, Greece, Early Archaic

Discobolus

contrapposto - disc going back one way and body leaning the other, keeping harmony and balance, the rhythmos = arcs unify its motion - arc in arms and body shape on a singular plane usually, High Classical, Figure Sculpture

Classical Phase

contrapposto, serene facial expressions, calm/confident

Phidias

sculptor of Zeus, Athena, Parthenon, rebuilt acropolis in response to Greek victories when literature and Greek life was thriving, this Phidian style becomes influential other sculptors

Lapith and Centaur (Parthenon)

culpture in relief, placed in one of the top corners of the Parthenon

Raking cornice

either of two straight, sloping cornices on a pediment following or suggesting the slopes of a roof.

Archaic Period

excessive regulated designs replaced with simplified geometric design, Greek sculptors strive for ideal image of beauty

early archaic period

figures still blank, unnatural eyes, rigid body

Freestanding vs. High Relief Sculpture

freestanding is not attached to anything

Acropolis

geographic place, high up, good for military

triglyph

grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes

King Minos Throne Room @ Knossos

had murals covering all walls, small modest throne, not insanely worshiping the king (minoan)

Palace of Minos @Knossos

had plumbing, multileveled, shows surrounding area w/ different groups of people original palace painted in fresco beautifully, had open hallways open to the outside - not heavily fortified, not a warring place protected by mother nature coastal area = imports and exports subject matter of frescoes influenced by surrounding area, marine animals (idealized) Minoan

rhythmos

harmony and balance

Victory Fastening Her Sandal

has Phydisae feel, the clothes that cover but also reveal, High Classical, in Temple of Athena Nike

Magazines (Minoans)

held Pithoi - containers of honey/oil traded on the island (Minoan)

Where is Doric Order popular?

in mainland Greece as well as colonies in Sicily and southern Italy, Doric has early archaic architecture - rigid and stiff, bulky

Archaic/ Late Archaic

increased naturalism, disproportionate, blocky and bulky, stiff posture, braids and smile, Late Archaic - increased naturalism, more flexible

Key difference between Ionic and Doric friezes

ionic has continuous frieze

Hellenistic Period

is a period of change, a result of the Peloponnesian War and the Macedonian Dominance of Philip whos son Alexander conquered the Persians and all of the Near East later, the control of this vast area produced a mixed culture of all the places that Macedonia dominated, Hellenistic result of mingling ideas between east and west, new culture = Hellenism wider range of subjects, has different social classes, ethnic types, and mythological/subhuman types Alexander creates these primary/key cities in Antioch, Turkey; Alexandria, Egypt;, and Pergamum, Turkey.

Polykleitos

rote the Treatise that formulated the Canon of Proportions to create visual unity a system of measurement coordinating all the parts of the human anatomy eg. the length of the head is 1/7 the height of the body

Cycladic idol

realistic, you can just tell it is a person, not natural. clearly female, represents mother goddess. shows religious concept in mother goddess.

Oriental Phase

recognized commercial aspect of culture, interacting with those around them

Cupbearers Fresco @ Knossos

resembles Egyptians but more alive, have a bounce in their step and are more curvy (Minoan)

Warrior Vase

shows soldiers, Mycenaean, appearence of soldiers unlike mainland people, think they are from somewhere else and came to live with them

Dionysos in a Sailboat

taking into consideration all of the elements, Greek Archaic, black figure

Flutes

vertical lines on columns, added for prettiness

Corinthian

the third order - Romans used it to embellish all buildings, not commonly used in Greece - based off the eucalyptus plant

Minoan Columns

top = capital, construction piece distributes ceiling weight, column narrows as you go down - references tree of life. (Minoan)

Lion Gate @ Mycenae

used post and lintel, massive stones used to make arch - sculpture above arch. Corbeled arches - one large stone in center with slanting bricks going downward - Mycenaean