AS 350 Exam 3

What is the formula for figuring ETP?

(GSr x Distance)/(GSc + GSr)

What is the limit for altimeter error in the NAT HLA airspace?

+/- 200 ft

Where are OTRs and where is the RTS? Which one is Japan and which one is Domestic (U.S.)?

- OTRs are used in Japan - RTS is used primarily in the western U.S. and Canada

Jet A freezes at

-40*C or -40*F

If WX avoidance and no time to coordinate

-< 5 nm off track maintain altitude ->5 nm off track climb/descend 300' ~Eastbound: right climb / left descend ~Westbound: left climb / right descend -Broadcast 123.45 or 121.5 -Let ATC Know ASAP

PBCS - Performance Based Communication and Surveillance

-Required on tracks between FL350-390

What if you can't maintain ATC Clearance and there is no time to coordinate?

-Turn at least 30o from track -Offset 5 NM -Turn to parallel original track -Climb/descend 500' track altitude or descend below FL290 -Broadcast 121.5 and 123.45 and CPDLC or SATCOM voice -Get a new clearance ASAP

If one of your two LRNS fails after takeoff but prior to OCA entrance, what are your options?

1. Land at suitable airport before the boundary or return to departure airport 2. Diverting via a special route 3. Obtaining a re-clearance above or below NAT HLA airspace

If you have to leave your cleared route for any reason, what frequencies should you transmit your intentions on? &/or What frequency(ies) would you use to talk with other aircraft in the North Atlantic?

123.45 or 121.5 for emergencies.

You must contact ATC if your ETA to the OCA entry point is off by _____ or more.

2 minutes

Oceanic clearance from Gander should be obtained within ______ of the appropriate Clearance Delivery frequency location.

200 miles

What do you squawk once you go oceanic in the NAT FIRs? or What is your oceanic transponder code in the North Atlantic/Pacific?

2000

How is the current track message identified (TMI)?

3-digit Track Message Identification number (TMI) day of the year

How many degrees from track should you turn in the North Atlantic if you lose an engine?

30

What is the lateral spacing between tracks in the NOPAC's CRS?

50 NM

What percentage of flights across the Atlantic travel on the published tracks?

50%

ETOPS - means "Extended Operations" for aircraft with 2 or more engines

60 minutes for 2-engine aircraft 180 minutes for 3-4 engine aircraft

According to the FAA, polar flight begins at _____ or _____while SATCOM becomes unusable above _____.

78 North or 60 south; 82 north

What % of North Atlantic traffic passes through Irish or UK airspace?

80%

How many Functional Air Blocks (FABs) are there?

9 used to centralize control. European

Aircraft which did not receive oceanic clearance on the ground in Europe should contact Shanwick _____to_____ minutes prior to entry.

90 to 30

What FANS 1/A equipment must you have to fly in NAT DLM airspace?

ADS-C and CPDLC

What aircraft equipment installed will give automatic position reports?

ADS-C and reports temp. wind aloft too

What is an AIP?

Aeronautical Information Publications; CDRs are published here. Like the AIM in the US.

What is the busiest airport in the world in regard to passenger traffic?

Atlanta (ATL)

Per typical NAT OTS, which is correct? A. westbound, PM departure, track Z B. eastbound, PM departure, track Y C. westbound, AM departure, track Y D. eastbound, AM departure, track C

B. eastbound, PM departure, track Y

Why must you have HF to fly over the north polar region?

Because Satcom is unusable.

What are two options for flight planning if you don't want to use the NAT OTS?

Blue Spruce routes and Random routes, fly higher or lower than HF airspace.

Eurocontrol headquarters

Brussels, Belgium.

A NAR route is found in the _____ while an RTS is published in the _____ Other end is OTS for japan.

Chart supplement; Track Message (Pacots).

What are alternate names for the OCA entry and exit points?

Coast out and coast in Coast Out Point: normally named waypoint -Land Nav & Comm ends -OCA begins Coast In Point: normally named waypoint -Land Nav & Comm begins -OCA ends

What are CDRs and which one(s) can be filed for?

Conditional Routes used to connect domestic and oceanic points of entry CDR1 and CDR2

What are three communications options by which an aircraft can receive oceanic clearance?

Data Link (ACARS), High Frequency, VHF

How are the NAT OTS tracks designated by each agency?

Designated by a letter. Gander publishes east by letters alphabetical order stating with bottom of alphabeted, ZULU. Shanwick does north going west beginning at Alpha.

Slot times and flight planning are controlled by _____ in Europe.

Eurocontrol

What is a pan-European, civil-military organization dedicated to supporting European aviation?

Eurocontrol

What does EASA stand for and what does it do?

European Aviation Safety Agency; like the FAA. It does accident investigations, certifications, etc.

HLA

FL 285-420

RVSM

FL 290-410

HLA - High Level Airspace

FL285 -FL420

RVSM - Reduced Vertical Separation Measures

FL290-FL410

What is the lowest flight level that requires an oceanic clearance within NAT controlled airspace?

FL60 (6,000 ft.)

T/F ETOPS refers to twin engine jets only.

False

T/F: In the North Atlantic you must file the OTS.

False

True or False - Europe uses Q-routes and Jet routes above the transition altitude.

False

T/F: Standard in trail spacing using the TAS technique is used for 10 minute spacing.

False its 15 minutes

How is high level (above FL245) airspace divided in Europe?

Functional Air Blocks

Who issues Eastbound tracks?

Gander

NAT Region

IFR only > FL 055 Certification Required For: -Crew -Aircraft -Equipment

What calendar system determines the TMI?

Julian calendar

What is the busiest airport in Europe?

LONDON-Heathrow (LHR)

PACOTS tracks going west are designated by _____ while eastbound are ______.

Letters (never change); Numbers

Where is the only multinational air traffic control center in Europe located?

Maastricht Upper Area Control Centre; Maastricht Aachen Airport

You would switch from __ to ___ headings on your FMS in the polar region

Mag/true

What is the definition of the Area of Extended Operations for a twin-engine jet? (ETOPS)

Must be able to reach an alternate with one engine out. 60 minutes for 2 engines

Can US carriers fly over the South Pole?

NO

Can you file direct in Europe?

No always file on airways! But may be cleared direct via ATC

Europe General:

No off-route filing (may be cleared direct) except for Free Route Airspace Usually no night VFR Low (Transition Level) TL 4,000' to 6,000' -Controlled Airspace A lot of radio frequency changes

NAT stands for

North Atlantic Track

What agency controls the majority of the north and central Pacific?

Oakland center

What is the cause of 80% of navigation errors?

Pilot error

To be cleared for flight on the PBCS tracks, your aircraft must be authorized for ______.

RNP 4

If filed for the entire length of an organized track, what must the aircrew read back to ATC to show they know the position reporting points?

Read back TMI

You have plotted your ETOPS arcs and find your route of flight is outside those arcs for 10 miles. What must you do?

Replan the flight and file to stay within the arcs

What is the European equivalent of our NextGen ATM?

SESAR

What is SES?

Single European Sky program divides airspace into 9 Functional Air Blocks (FABs). 80% of North Atlantic traffic passes through Irish or UK airspace!

What is the SAM and what is it used for?

Slot Allocation Message; put out when (slots) aerodromes are at capacity to handle traffic levels.

What is a slot time in Europe and why is it used?

Slots covers 5 minutes prior to takeoff time and 10 minutes after takeoff time. It is to reduce congestion at airports, thus planes don't have to wait to land, in turn reducing carbon emissions. No required Slot is a good Thing.

What are the 3 levels of planning carried out by the Network Manager Operations Center?

Strategic, Pre-tactical, Tactical

What are NOPAC routes?

They are the "composite" routes that are plotted on the chart. There are 5 of them separated by 50 NM.

What are the PACOTS routes?

They are the "free flow" routes that are not plotted on the chart and are published daily similar to a NOTAM.

How far apart laterally are the OTS routes?

Typically 60 nm 1 degree of lat Generally every 5 degrees lat for north-south routes??

Which two agencies are responsible for determining North Atlantic daily tracks?

Westbound from Europe in am is Shanwick and Eastbound from US in pm is Gander

What does "WAH" stand for?

When Able Higher

What weather data is automatically reported if your aircraft is equipped with ADS-C?

Wind and Temperature Data

Organized Track System - NAT Tracks

great circle -60 nm laterally apart (1* Lat) or 30nm (half tracks) -10 mins (time) in-trail spacing (Mach Technique) 15 mins if using TAS

CDPLC required when

operating between 350-390 (Don't need in the PAC)

When Eurocontrol gives you a slot time, what does that mean

takeoff time

Numbered routes on the PACOTS message are

westbound

Fuel Temperature too low you must:

•Divert around cold air mass •Descend (or climb!) to warmer temp •Increase cruise speed