benign vs. malignant (lec 2)

Pseudocapsule

________: compressed adjacent tissue that does NOT restrict invasion in malignant tumors

carcinoma

another name for "malignant epithelial neoplasm"

sarcoma

another name for "malignant mesenchymal neoplasm"

poorly-differentiated tumors --> rapid growth

if a malignant tumor is poorly differentiated, will it grow faster or slower?

invasiveness.

if metastasis (spread) is the 1st sign of malignancy, what is the 2nd if the tumor does not spread?

incisional biopsy

incisional vs. excisional biopsy? - not much skin around area (leg)

carcinoma - epi sarcoma - mesench

malignant tumor arising from epithelial tissue? malignant tumor arising from mesenchymal tissue?

chondrosarcoma

malignant tumor of cartilage?

biliary adenoma

name for benign tumor arising from bile ducts?

thyroid adenoma

name for benign tumor of thyroid?

bile duct carcinoma (epithelium on duct)

name for malignant tumor arising from bile duct?

hemangiosarcoma (endothelium = mesenchy)

name for malignant tumor arising from blood vessel endothelium?

osteosarcoma (mesenchy)

name for malignant tumor of bone?

hepatocellular carcinoma

name for malignant tumor of hepatocytes?

lymphoma (exception) lymphosarcoma

name for malignant tumor of lymphocytes?

adenocarcinoma or thyroid carcinoma

name for malignant tumor of thyroid?

tumor grading

term used when subdividing a type of neoplasm into categories according to morphologic features that are associated with the prognosis.

degree of differentiation (benign neoplasms more likely to have cells that function similar to normal cells)

the functional capacity of the neoplasm varies with the ___________ of __________.

- no infiltration - encapsulated/well demarcated - slow growing - normal nuclei and cell shape

what are some characteristics of benign tumors?

- well differentiated to not well differentiated - variation in cell shape/size - large nuclei - many mitotic figures (mitoses)

what are some characteristics of malignant tumors?

can hemorrhage or be portal of entry for bacteria

what are some problems with benign tumors that are ulcerated on the external part of the animal?

1. size of primary mass 2. spread to lymph nodes 3. presence or absence of distant metastasis

what are the 3 things tumor staging is based on? (KNOW THESE)

1. differentiation 2. rate of growth 3. local invasion 4. metastasis

what are the 4 fundamental features that distinguish benign from malignant tumors?

metastasis (spread)

what is an irrefutable sign of malignancy in tumors?

anaplasia

what is the term used for "lack of differentiation"

pleomorphism

what is the term used for "variation in cell size and shape."

1. bronchoalveolar carcinoma (malig) 2. bronchoalveolar adenoma (benign)

Name for: 1. malignant tumor arising from cells in bronchi and alveoli? 2. benign tumor arising from cells in bronchi and alveoli?

false - not all malignant tumors do!

T/F: all malignant tumors metastasize (spread).

true.

T/F: benign endocrine tumors that are functional can cause endocrine disturbances.

true.

T/F: benign tumors can occlude blood flow or CSF and be life-threatening.

true

T/F: benign tumors grow more slowly than malignant

false - poorly-differentiated

T/F: well-differentiated carcinomas are less likely to be functional.

differentiation

_____ = the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble normal cells

firmly attached

______ (benign/malig) tumors will be firmly attached to adjacent tissues upon physical exam.

surgical margins

on an excisional biopsy, evaluating _________ ______ helps assess the completeness of mass removal