benign vs. malignant (lec 2)
Pseudocapsule
________: compressed adjacent tissue that does NOT restrict invasion in malignant tumors
carcinoma
another name for "malignant epithelial neoplasm"
sarcoma
another name for "malignant mesenchymal neoplasm"
poorly-differentiated tumors --> rapid growth
if a malignant tumor is poorly differentiated, will it grow faster or slower?
invasiveness.
if metastasis (spread) is the 1st sign of malignancy, what is the 2nd if the tumor does not spread?
incisional biopsy
incisional vs. excisional biopsy? - not much skin around area (leg)
carcinoma - epi sarcoma - mesench
malignant tumor arising from epithelial tissue? malignant tumor arising from mesenchymal tissue?
chondrosarcoma
malignant tumor of cartilage?
biliary adenoma
name for benign tumor arising from bile ducts?
thyroid adenoma
name for benign tumor of thyroid?
bile duct carcinoma (epithelium on duct)
name for malignant tumor arising from bile duct?
hemangiosarcoma (endothelium = mesenchy)
name for malignant tumor arising from blood vessel endothelium?
osteosarcoma (mesenchy)
name for malignant tumor of bone?
hepatocellular carcinoma
name for malignant tumor of hepatocytes?
lymphoma (exception) lymphosarcoma
name for malignant tumor of lymphocytes?
adenocarcinoma or thyroid carcinoma
name for malignant tumor of thyroid?
tumor grading
term used when subdividing a type of neoplasm into categories according to morphologic features that are associated with the prognosis.
degree of differentiation (benign neoplasms more likely to have cells that function similar to normal cells)
the functional capacity of the neoplasm varies with the ___________ of __________.
- no infiltration - encapsulated/well demarcated - slow growing - normal nuclei and cell shape
what are some characteristics of benign tumors?
- well differentiated to not well differentiated - variation in cell shape/size - large nuclei - many mitotic figures (mitoses)
what are some characteristics of malignant tumors?
can hemorrhage or be portal of entry for bacteria
what are some problems with benign tumors that are ulcerated on the external part of the animal?
1. size of primary mass 2. spread to lymph nodes 3. presence or absence of distant metastasis
what are the 3 things tumor staging is based on? (KNOW THESE)
1. differentiation 2. rate of growth 3. local invasion 4. metastasis
what are the 4 fundamental features that distinguish benign from malignant tumors?
metastasis (spread)
what is an irrefutable sign of malignancy in tumors?
anaplasia
what is the term used for "lack of differentiation"
pleomorphism
what is the term used for "variation in cell size and shape."
1. bronchoalveolar carcinoma (malig) 2. bronchoalveolar adenoma (benign)
Name for: 1. malignant tumor arising from cells in bronchi and alveoli? 2. benign tumor arising from cells in bronchi and alveoli?
false - not all malignant tumors do!
T/F: all malignant tumors metastasize (spread).
true.
T/F: benign endocrine tumors that are functional can cause endocrine disturbances.
true.
T/F: benign tumors can occlude blood flow or CSF and be life-threatening.
true
T/F: benign tumors grow more slowly than malignant
false - poorly-differentiated
T/F: well-differentiated carcinomas are less likely to be functional.
differentiation
_____ = the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble normal cells
firmly attached
______ (benign/malig) tumors will be firmly attached to adjacent tissues upon physical exam.
surgical margins
on an excisional biopsy, evaluating _________ ______ helps assess the completeness of mass removal
