Big Set
ionic gradient
Difference in concentration of an ion between the two sides of the cell membrane
Legendre Symbol
a multiplicative function with values 1, −1, 0 that is a quadratic character modulo an odd prime number p: its value at a (nonzero) quadratic residue mod p is 1 and at a non-quadratic residue (non-residue) is −1. Its value at zero is 0.
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
Irrational number
a number that can NOT be expressed as a ratio of two integers or as a repeating or terminating decimal (ex. Pi)
Square root
a number that, when multiplied by itself, equals a given number
Term
a number, a variable, or a product or quotient of numbers and variables
circuit
a path for an electrical current to flow around
Fourier Series
a periodic function composed of harmonically related sinusoids, combined by a weighted summation.
Lipofuscin
a pigment that accumulates progressively over time and occurs as clumps of yellowish brown granules in the cytoplasm. Mechanism is unclear
Neuronal Axons
a process that is fairly long and to conduit of for information from the cell body to other cells
Probability of Simple Event
a ratio of the number of favorable outcomes for the event to the total number of possible outcomes of the event
real number
a rational or irrational number
function
a relationship between input and output
Taylor Series
a representation of a function as an infinite sum of terms that are calculated from the values of the function's derivatives at a single point.
Emotion
a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
Student's t-distribution
a set of distributions that, although symmetrical and bell-shaped, are not normally distributed
A relation is
a set of ordered pairs
Root
a solution of an equation
Neuron
a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.
Pearson correlation coefficient
a statistical measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two metric variables
t-test
a statistical test used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference between two means
appocrine glands
a sweat gland that secretes a viscous fluid into a hair follicle (as in the armpit or groin), is lined with a single layer of usually columnar cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, and typically does not become active until puberty
Dimensional Analysis
a technique of problem-solving that uses the units that are part of a measurement to help solve the problem
carbonic acid
a very weak acid formed in solution when carbon dioxide dissolves in water.
vertical line test
a visual way to determine if a curve is a graph of a function or not. If no vertical line can be drawn so that it intersects the graph more than once, then the graph is a function.
Distributive Property of Equality
a(b + c) = ab + ac, then ab + ac = a(b + c)
photoreceptor cells
absorb light and generate a chemical or electrical signal
to subtract a rational number, you should
add its additive inverse
To add rational numbers with the same sign, you should
add their absolute values
Each term of an arithmetic sequence after the first term can be found by
adding the common difference to the preceding term.
The sum of any number and 0 is equal to the number. Thus, 0 is called the
additive identity
If the difference between successive terms in a sequence is constant, then it is called
an arithmetic sequence
sentence that contains an = sign is called
an equation
differential equation
an equation that contains the derivative of a function
An equation that is true for every value of the variable is called
an identity
open circuit
an incomplete circuit through which electricity will not flow
An open sentence that contains (< or >) is called
an inequality
definite integral
an integral expressed as the difference between the values of the integral at specified upper and lower limits of the independent variable.
A solution of an equation in two variables is
an ordered pair that results in a true statement when substituted into the equation.
Krener's Theorem
any attainable set of a bracket-generating system has nonempty interior or, equivalently, that any attainable set has nonempty interior in the topology of the corresponding orbit.
negative correlation
as one variable increases, the other decreases
P wave represents
atrial depolarization (contraction)
Bicarbonate acts as a:
buffer to neutralize acids in the body and maintain the 20:1 ratio.
Involuntary (Visceral or Autonomic) motor responses involve
cardiac and smooth muscle
Baroreceptor location
carotid sinus and aortic arch
In the spinal cord, gray matter is found
centrally, forming a butterfly shaped appearance with white matter filling in the spaces around the butterfly
hypopolarization
changes membrane potential toward the point of threshold potential (less negative), promoting the excitatory effect of propagation of the impulse or neuron firing
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood
ganglion
collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
The difference between successive terms in a sequence is called the
common difference
Sine function
f(x)=sin(x)
Purkinje fibers
fibers in the ventricles (heart) that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract
Collections of peripheral cell bodies are called
ganglia
A family of graphs includes
graphs and equations of graphs that have at least one characteristic in common
The graphs of all of these ordered pairs fill a region on the coordinate plane called a
half-plane
Q wave represents
initial negative deflection produced by ventricular depolarization
Consecutive integers
integers in counting order
A node of Ranvier (myelin sheath gap)
is a bare region of axonal membrane in myelinated axons only.
Myelin is made from
numerous wrappings of a cell membrane, resulting in a high concentration of cholesterol, phospholipids, and lipid-based compounds
Astrocytes (CNS) provide
nutrition for neurons modify neurotransmitter uptake has foot processes that surround the blood vessels of the brain, producing the blood-brain barrier
Schwann cells are functionally similar to
oligodendrocytes
mathematical model
one or more equations that represent the way a system or process works
Algebraic equations consist of
one or more numbers and variables along with one or more arithmetic operations.
tan function
opposite/adjacent
If GFAP is found in a tumor, then it means that the tumor was
originally derived from astrocytes
In the spinal cord, white matter is found on the
periphery of the spinal cord
There is a relationship between the slopes of
perpendicular lines
Unipolar neurons
photoreceptors with only a single small axon leading away from soma, no dendrites
Plasmalemma
plasma membrane, the selectively permeable lipid bilayer coated by proteins that composes the outer layer of a cell
The product of two numbers having the same sign is
positive
The quotient of two numbers having the same sign is
positive
Mixture Problems
problems in which two or more parts are combined into a whole. They are solved using weighted averages.
Uniform Motion Problems
problems where an object moves at a certain speed, or rate. The formula d = r*t is used to solve these problems. In the formula, d represents distance, r represents rate, and t represents time.
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
Peripheral Receptors (e.g., chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors)
propagate the signal towards the central nervous system
If the cross products are equal, then the ratios form a
proportion
right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
real variables
variables measured in physical units
T wave represents
ventricular repolarization
second law of thermodynamics
when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes
When to use point slope form equation
when given two points and a slope, two sets of ordered pairs
baroreceptor reflex activates when
when pressure rises w/in the large arteries above 60 mm Hg. peak activation at approx 180 mm Hg.
power rule of exponents
when raising a power to a power [hint: using ( ) ], multiply the exponents together [hint: distributive property]
Quotient Rule of Exponents
when you are dividing and the bases are the same then keep the same base and subtract the exponents
Integers
whole numbers, their opposites, and zero
cardiac preload
Force of venous return; the stretch of cardiac muscle prior to contraction determined by ventricular filling pressure
left ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta
The exponent indicates the
number of times the base is used as a factor.
The of any relation is obtained by
the coordinates in each ordered pair.
In a function, x represents
the elements of the domain
In a function, f(x) represents
the elements of the range.
Axon
the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
Schwann cells are responsible for
the formation of myelin.
theta waves (EEG)
the high amplitude, slow, regular waves that are exhibited during early light sleep (stages 1-2). A person daydreaming exhibits these waves
The color of white matter is due to
the highly myelinated nerve fibers present in the region
cerebral cortex
the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center
saltatory conduction
the jumping of action potentials from node to node
best-fit line
the line that most closely approximates the data in a scatter plot
motor end plate (neuromuscular junction)
the location where the nerve terminates into the muscle, forms a synapse into which neurotransmitter (ACh) is released
Neurolemma
the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.
Systole
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.
Diastole
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.
Image
the position of the figure after the transformation
Preimage
the position of the figure before the transformation
diastolic pressure
the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest
energy transformation
the process of changing one form of energy to another
Factors Represent
the quantities being multiplied
derivative
the rate of change of a function with respect to a variable.
innervation ratio
the ratio expressing the number of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor axon
Slope of a Line
the ratio of the change in the y-coordinates (rise) to the change in the x-coordinates (run) as you move from one point to the other.
The odds of an event occurring is
the ratio that compares the number of ways an event can occur (successes) to the number of ways it cannot occur (failures)
alpha waves (EEG)
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
right atrium
the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus
Neuroscience
the scientific study of the mechanics of the central nervous system such as its structure, function, genetics and physiology as well as how this can be applied to understand diseases of the nervous system.
Sample Space (Probability)
the set of all possible outcomes
Within a family of graphs, the parent graph is
the simplest graph
emotion regulation
the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience
Discrete Mathematics
the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous
Number theory
the study of numbers and the relationships between them
Weighted Average
the sum of the product of the number of units and the value per unit divided by the sum of the number of units.
Closure Property of Addition
the sum of two real numbers is a real number
cardiac pre-ejection period
the time in milliseconds between the beginning of ventricular contraction and the expulsion of blood into the aorta
Atria
the two upper chambers of the heart
linear interpolation
the use of a linear equation to predict values that are inside of the data range
x-intercept
the x-coordinate of a point where a graph crosses the x-axis
y-intercept
the y-coordinate of a point where a graph crosses the y-axis
Laplace Transform
transforms a function of a real variable t to a function of a complex variable s.
Dendrites are
treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body, where it is summated to determine whether the axon will fire
Oligodendrocytes are a
type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath.
podocytes
These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus.
coronary sinus
enlarged vein from junctions of coronary veins which empty into the right atrium
Third Law of Thermodynamics
entropy of a perfectly organized crystal at absolute zero is zero
How are signals sent by peripheral receptors (e.g., chemoreceptors) processed by the CNS?
- Can ascend to inform the brain of information (cortex and cerebellum) - Can synapse in the spinal cord to produce reflexes - Can be integrated to other parts of the CNS where it can be integrated with information and a motor output can be executed
real numbers
All rational and irrational numbers
Polyribosomes
An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule.
The sum of a number and its additive inverse is
equal to zero
Ratio
A comparison of two numbers by division. The _____ of x to y can be expressed in the following ways.
closed circuit
A complete electrical circuit around which current flows or a signal circulates
cardiac cycle
A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles
short circuit
A connection that allows current to take the path of least resistance
ERP
event related potential
The probability that an event will occur is somewhere between
0 and 1 inclusive
Order of Operations
1. Evaluate expressions inside grouping symbols 2. Evaluate all powers 3. Do all multiplications and/or divisions from left to right 4. Do all additions and/or subtractions from left to right
positive correlation
A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.
normal distribution
A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.
Antiderivative
A function whose derivative is the given function.
regression analysis
An analytic technique where a series of input variables are examined in relation to their corresponding output results in order to develop a mathematical or statistical relationship.
Proportion
An equation stating that two ratios are equal
indefinite integral
An integral expressed without limits, and so containing an arbitrary constant.
Distinguishing characteristics of neuronal cell bodies
1. large euchromatic (highly active nucleus) 2. Contain a large Quantity of Nissl Substances 3. Accumulated cellular waste in the form of lipofuscin
Pons
A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
closed circulatory system
A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels
open circulatory system
A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood
fractal
A geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is a reduced-size copy of the whole.
Scatter Plot Graph
A graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data that do not depend on each other where the line is not connected. (Ex. height versus weight)
Synapse
A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
myelin sheath
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
Theorem
A mathematical statement which we can prove to be true
Open sentance
A mathematical statement with one or more variables
Entropy
A measure of the amount of disorder, chaos or randomness in a system; the greater the disorder, the higher the level of entropy.
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
bipolar neurons
A neuron that has only two projections (one axon/one dendrite) from the cell body;
multipolar neuron
A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system.
set-builder notation
A notation used to describe the elements of a set
Coefficient
A number multiplied by a variable in an algebraic expression.
Rational number
A number that can be written as a fraction
floating point numbers
A number that can have a fractional part
ordered pair
A pair of numbers that can be used to locate a point on a coordinate plane
Event-related potentials
A physiological measure of large electrical change in the brain produced by sensory stimulation or motor responses. (EEG)
In the baroreflex the action potential are carried from the brain to the heart by which nerve/s? A) vagus nerve B) vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves C) vagus and phrenic nerves D) glossopharyngeal nerves E) phrenic nerve
A) vagus nerve
Rational Number
Any number that can be written in the form of (a/b), where a and b are integers and b does not equal zero
Reflexive Property of Equality
Any quantity is equal to itself
Scale (Ratio)
A ratio or rate used when making a model or drawing of something that is too large or too small to be conveniently drawn at actual size.
Percent Change
A ratio that compares the change in a quantity to the original amount.
Rational Approximation
A rational number that is close to, but not equal to, the value of an irrational number.
perfect square
A rational number whose square root is a whole number
Replacement set
A set of numbers from which replacements for a variable may be chosen
sinoatrial node
A small mass of tissue that is made up of Purkinje fibers, ganglion cells, and nerve fibers, that is embedded in the musculature of the right atrium, and that originates the impulses stimulating the heartbeat -- called also S-A node, sinus node.
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
A solution that fills the hollow cavities of the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord. Provides nourishment, cushions, and removes wastes.
Median Filter
A spatial filter, which substitutes the median value of DN from surrounding pixels for that recorded at an individual pixel. It is useful for removing random noise.
MANOVA
A statistical test used to evaluate the relationship between three or more levels of an independent variable and two or more dependent variables.
Circuit Switching
A switching technique in which one endpoint creates a single path connection to another, depending on the requirement.
open system
A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings.
closed system
A system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave
General Linear Model
A system of equations that is used as the mathematical framework for most the statistical analyses used in applied social research
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.
Rotation
A transformation in which a figure is turned around a point
Reflection
A transformation that "flips" a figure over a mirror or reflection line.
Translation
A transformation that "slides" each point of a figure the same distance in the same direction.
Dilation
A transformation that changes the size of an object, but not the shape.
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
Phagocytes
A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes
frequentist view
A view of probability based on the relative frequency of occurrence of different outcomes
A can be written in the form
Ax + By = C
Laplace Principle
Based on philosophy that if we are uncertain about the various events then we may treat them as equally probable.
systolic pressure
Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
every composite natural number can be factored into a unique product of primes
Does zero have a reciprocal?
No because any number times zero is zero
Commutative Property of Numbers
The property that says that two or more numbers can be added or multiplied in any order without changing the result.
ventricles of the brain
Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
pre-ganglionic neuron
Cell body in CNS. From CNS to ganglion
post ganglionic neuron
Cell body outside CNS. From ganglion to effector organ
glial cells (glia)
Cells of the nervous system that support, regulate, and augment the functions of neurons.
Baroreceptors
Cells that are sensitive to blood pressure changes.
Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
anearobic
Chemical reaction that does not require oxygen
Ependymal cells (CNS)
Columnar and ciliated cells that line the ventricular system. Modified versions of these cells are responsible for cerebral spinal fluid production
Node
Connection point in a network, where goods and ideas flow in, out, and through the network
Thermodynamics
The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.
radical sign
The symbol used to indicate a positive square root
What is it called when Schwann cells simply enclose axons in their cell membrane to provide nutritional and mechanical support?
Unmyelinated Axon
Pericardium
Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
Logarithmic
Each step or number increases by multiples of 10
The graph of a linear equation is a line in which
every ordered pair on this line satisfies the equation
Trapezius
Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; rotates the arm
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
Every polynomial equation with degree greater than zero has at least one root in the set of complex numbers.
F test statistic
Examines two sample variances, with the larger in the denominator and smaller in the numerator
equivalent expressions
Expressions that always have the same value.
anterograde axoplasmic transport
Flow from the cell body to the terminals
retrograde axoplasmic transport
Flow from the terminal to the cell body
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Macrophages
Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.
Supporting Cells of the Central Nervous System
Glia
Beta waves (EEG)
Highest frequency, lowest amplitude. During Awake, and REM sleep.
Hypercalcemia
excessive calcium in the blood
Substitution Property of Equality
If a=b, then a can be substituted for b in any equation or expression
Addition Property of Inequalities
If any number is added to each side of a true inequality, the resulting inequality is also true
Subtraction Property of Inequalities
If any number is subtracted from each side of a true inequality, the resulting inequality is also true.
Dividing Inequalities by a Negative Number
If each side of a true inequality is divided by the same negative number, the direction of the inequality symbol must be reversed so that the resulting inequality is also true.
Division Property of Inequalities
If each side of a true inequality is divided by the same positive number, the resulting inequality is also true.
Multiplying Inequalities by a Negative Number
If each side of a true inequality is multiplied by the same negative number, the direction of the inequality symbol must be reversed so that the resulting inequality is also true.
Multiplication Property of Inequalities
If each side of a true inequality is multiplied by the same positive number, the resulting inequality is also true.
Division Property of Equality
If each side of an equation is divided by the same nonzero number, the resulting equation is true.
Multiplication Property of Equality
If each side of an equation is multiplied by the same number, the resulting equation is true.
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If f is an integrable function and g(x) = integral of f(x)dx, then the integral of f(x)dx from a to b = g(b) - g(a)
Transitive Property of Equality
If one quantity equals a second quantity and the second quantity equals a third quantity, then the first quantity equals the third quantity.
Symmetric Property of Equality
If one quantity equals a second quantity, then the second quantity equals the first.
Addition Property of Equality
If the same number is added to each side of an equation, the resulting equation is true.
Subtraction Property of Equality
If the same number is subtracted from each side of an equation, the resulting equation is true.
Soma
Large cell body in a typical neuron
hypercapnia
excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
Ventricles (heart)
Lower chambers of the heart
If the Taylor series is centered at zero, then that series is also called a
Maclaurin series
Equifinality
Many different means to the same end
linear algebra
Math that deals with vector spaces and operations on them such as addition and subtraction
Fourier Transform
Mathematical tool for converting between time domain and frequency domain
synaptic vesicles
Membrane-bounded compartments in which synthesized neurotransmitters are kept.
What is it called when a single Schwann cell wraps its cell membrane around a portion of an axon multiple times?
Myelinated Axon
spinal cord
Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain
sine wave
One in which amplitude varies in proportion to the sine function of an angle.
medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.
Percent Change Formula
Percent Change =(final value−initial value)/initial value×100
neuronal polarization
Process of breaking symmetry in the newly born cell to create the asymmetry inherent to the formation of the axonal and somatodendritic compartments
Nissl bodies
RER in neurons -- synthesize enzymes (e.g., ChAT) and peptide neurotransmitters.
Properties of Equality that apply to addition and multiplication include
Reflexive Symmetric Transitive Substitution
Repolarization
Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.
sacral spinal nerves where PNS neuronal bodies are located
S2-S4
Supporting Cells of the Peripheral Nervous System
Schwann cells and satellite cells
eccrine sweat glands
Secreting glands, are far more numerous and are abundant on palms, soles of feet and forehead. Each is a simple, coiled, tubular gland. Ducts connect to pores. Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin and metabolic wastes.
Functional Divisions of the Nervous system
Sensory (afferent) Component Motor (efferent) Component Integrative (Decision Making) Component
Q-Q plot
Short for quantile-quartile plot. Plots of the observed against expected test statistic.
neural tube
a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord
Microglia (CNS)
Small macrophage-like cells that act as a local immune response agent, phagocytosing foreign materials, vell debris, and waste.
What size are glia relative to other neurons?
Smaller than most
Innervation
Supply or distribution of nerves to a specific body part
Variable
Symbols used to represent unspecified numbers or values. Any letter may be used as a variable.
node of ranvier function
The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another, but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node, rather than propagating smoothly, as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath.
nephron
The tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney.
Associative Property of Numbers
The way you group three or more numbers when adding or multiplying does not change their sum or product.
Intermediate Value Theorem
Theorem that states that for a polynomial function with real coefficients, if m is a real number between P(a) and P(b), then there is at least one number c between a and b for which P(c) = m
Line of fit
a line that describes the trend of the data in a scatter plot
Extreme Value Theorem
There must be a max and min if the function is continuous on [a,b]
Absolute Value
The distance a number is from zero on a number line
neuronal polarity refers to
The distinction between axons and dendrites.
Bayesian inference
The idea that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability (our initial belief) and the likelihood (the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome).
Mean Value Theorem
The instantaneous rate of change will equal the mean rate of change somewhere in the interval. Or, the tangent line will be parallel to the secant line.
Hyperpolarization
The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.
synaptic cleft
The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.
principle square root
The nonnegative square root of a number.
degrees of freedom
The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects.
Additive Inverse
The opposite of a number
first law of thermodynamics
The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Exoctyosis
The process by which the vacuole surrounding particles fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.
Depolarization
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
The sympathetic nervous system has its neuronal bodies located in
Thoracic region fo the spinal cord and upper two lumbar segments
Schematic equivalence
To be equivalent, two schematics must: Represent every component and source Have the same number of nodes Each node must be connected to the same branches
Compound Inequality
Two or more inequalities joined together by "and" or "or"
Laplace's Law
Wall tension = (pressure x radius)/ (2 x wall thickness)
modulo
a mathematical operation that returns the remainder after integer division. Example: 7 MOD 4 = 3
Neurons are
excitable cells that transmit electrical signals. They have a high degree of specialization and a large morphological diversity
Time invariant system
When the systems input-output relationship does not change with time. If the input is time shifted, then the output is time shifted by the same amounts
calculus
a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations; developed by Isaac Newton
CRM (Customer Relationship Management)
a business philosophy and set of strategies, programs, and systems that focus on identifying and building loyalty among the firm's most valued customers
brain-computer interface
a collaboration between a brain and a device that enables signals from the brain to direct some external activity, such as control of a cursor or a prosthetic limb. The interface enables a direct communications pathway between the brain and the object to be controlled.
thermodynamic equilibrium
With respect to systems, is a physical concept of equilibrium where everything is at the lowest energy level in the system, and matter and energy are dispersed randomly.
Nissl substances
endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
Direct Variation
described by an equation of the form y = kx, where k != 0. We say that y varies directly with x or y varies directly as x.
demyelination
destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in multiple sclerosis)
ANOVA (analysis of variance)
differences among MEANS of continuous (numerical) variables
A mapping illustrates how
each element of the domain is paired with an element in the range. Study the different representations of the same relation below.
R wave represents
early ventricular depolarization
integral
either a numerical value equal to the area under the graph of a function for some interval (definite integral) or a new function the derivative of which is the original function (indefinite integral).
The solution of a compound inequality is a solution of
either inequality, not necessarily both.
self-concious emotions
emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others' reactions to us
The neuronal cell membrane differs from the membranes of other cells, because it
has numerous ion channels and pumps that can maintain an ionic gradient across the membrane, thus producing excitability
fibrous astrocytes
have many long unbranched processes and are located mainly in white matter
protoplasmic astrocytes
have many short branching processes and are found in gray matter
pseudounipolar neurons
have only one fused axon that extends from cell body and divides into two processes: one process carries sensory information from sensory receptors to cell body; other process carries sensory information from cell body to spinal cord; sensory neurons that carry information related to pain, touch, and pressure
finite
having limits; lasting for a limited time
atrial natriuretic peptide
heart; involved in osmoregulation and vasodilation
Phosphocreatine (PCr)
high-energy compound used to reform ATP under anaerobic conditions
Independent variables are graphed on the
horizontal axis
Rate of Change
how a quantity is changing over time on average
z test
hypothesis-testing procedure in which there is a single sample and the population variance is known
Relations in which each element of the domain
is paired with exactly one element of the range are called functions
An expression is in simplest form when
it is replaced by an equivalent expression having no like terms or parentheses.
7-1
last chapter
S wave represents
late ventricular depolarization
When you use a linear equation to predict values that are beyond the range of the data, you are using
linear extrapolation
foot processes
long cytoplasmic extension of a podocyte that wraps around glomerular capillaries
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
main protein that makes up the intermediate filaments of Fibrous Astrocytes' processes
t distribution
mathematically defined curve that is the comparison distribution used in a t test
F distribution
mathematically defined curve that is the comparison distribution used in an analysis of variance
Transformations
movements of geometric figures.
Since the product of any number and 1 is equal to the number, 1 is called the
multiplicative identity
Two numbers whose product is 1 are called
multiplicative inverses or reciprocals
The product of any number and 0 is equal to 0. This is called the
multiplicative property of zero
The product of two numbers having different signs is
negative
The quotient of two numbers having different signs is
negative
neural networks
networks of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output
Schwann cells are also called
neurolemmecytes
The central nervous system is made up of groups of
neuronal cell bodies (nuclei)
The excitation of neurons is modified by the characteristics of the
neuronal cell membranes
synthesized in nerve cell body, not terminal, function as neurohormones
neuropeptides
Collections of central cell bodies are called
nuclei
The x-axis and y-axis separate the coordinate plane into four regions, called
quadrants
The ratio of two measurements having different units of measure is called a
rate
Lusitropy
rate of cardiac relaxation
20:1 ratio
ratio of one molecule of carbonic acid to 20 molecules of base bicarbonate keeps the blood pH in normal range
Cosine
ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle
left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
sequence
set of numbers in a specific order
P-P plot
short for a probability-probability plot. A graph plotting the cumulative probability of a variable against the cumulative probability of a particular distribution (often a normal distribution). Like a
Voluntary (Somatic) motor responses involve
skeletal muscle
parallel lines have the same
slope
glomerulus
small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of blood takes place
What can pass through the cell membrane?
small nonpolar molecules like oxygen, glucose, amino acids and water
The process of finding a value for a variable that results in a true sentence is
solving the open sentence
Abstract algebra
sometimes also called modern algebra, in which algebraic structures such as groups, rings and fields are axiomatically defined and investigated.
Neurology
specialized area of medicine that concerns disorders and diseases of the nervous system ranging from Alzheimer's disease through to infection and personality disorders.
Innervation of Trapezius
spinal accessory nerve
completeness property
states that each point on the number line corresponds to exactly one real number.
The greater the absolute value of a slope, the
steeper the line
Brain Blood Barrier
strictly regulates what substances can get from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain
basal ganglia
structures in the forebrain that help to control movement
Morphology
study of form
To add rational numbers with different signs, you should
subtract the lesser absolute value from the greater absolute value
Squeeze Theorem
suppose an<bn<cn. If an converges to L, and cn converges to L, then bn also converges to L.
Holomorphic
symmetrical in form at two ends
columnar cells
tall and column shaped
The numbers in the sequence are called
terms
Like Terms
terms that contain the same variables, with corresponding variables having the same power
ANCOVA
tests a null hypothesis regarding the means of two or more groups AFTER the random samples are adjusted to eliminate average differences.
The parasympathetic nervous system has its neuronal bodies located in
the brain stem and small portions of the sacral spinal cord
Thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
impulse
the change of momentum of an object when the object is acted upon by a force for an interval of time
point slope form equation
y-y1=m(x-x1)
slope intercept form of a line
y=mx + b (m is the slope, b is the y intercept point)
