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ionic gradient

Difference in concentration of an ion between the two sides of the cell membrane

Legendre Symbol

a multiplicative function with values 1, −1, 0 that is a quadratic character modulo an odd prime number p: its value at a (nonzero) quadratic residue mod p is 1 and at a non-quadratic residue (non-residue) is −1. Its value at zero is 0.

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

Irrational number

a number that can NOT be expressed as a ratio of two integers or as a repeating or terminating decimal (ex. Pi)

Square root

a number that, when multiplied by itself, equals a given number

Term

a number, a variable, or a product or quotient of numbers and variables

circuit

a path for an electrical current to flow around

Fourier Series

a periodic function composed of harmonically related sinusoids, combined by a weighted summation.

Lipofuscin

a pigment that accumulates progressively over time and occurs as clumps of yellowish brown granules in the cytoplasm. Mechanism is unclear

Neuronal Axons

a process that is fairly long and to conduit of for information from the cell body to other cells

Probability of Simple Event

a ratio of the number of favorable outcomes for the event to the total number of possible outcomes of the event

real number

a rational or irrational number

function

a relationship between input and output

Taylor Series

a representation of a function as an infinite sum of terms that are calculated from the values of the function's derivatives at a single point.

Emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

Student's t-distribution

a set of distributions that, although symmetrical and bell-shaped, are not normally distributed

A relation is

a set of ordered pairs

Root

a solution of an equation

Neuron

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

Pearson correlation coefficient

a statistical measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two metric variables

t-test

a statistical test used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference between two means

appocrine glands

a sweat gland that secretes a viscous fluid into a hair follicle (as in the armpit or groin), is lined with a single layer of usually columnar cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, and typically does not become active until puberty

Dimensional Analysis

a technique of problem-solving that uses the units that are part of a measurement to help solve the problem

carbonic acid

a very weak acid formed in solution when carbon dioxide dissolves in water.

vertical line test

a visual way to determine if a curve is a graph of a function or not. If no vertical line can be drawn so that it intersects the graph more than once, then the graph is a function.

Distributive Property of Equality

a(b + c) = ab + ac, then ab + ac = a(b + c)

photoreceptor cells

absorb light and generate a chemical or electrical signal

to subtract a rational number, you should

add its additive inverse

To add rational numbers with the same sign, you should

add their absolute values

Each term of an arithmetic sequence after the first term can be found by

adding the common difference to the preceding term.

The sum of any number and 0 is equal to the number. Thus, 0 is called the

additive identity

If the difference between successive terms in a sequence is constant, then it is called

an arithmetic sequence

sentence that contains an = sign is called

an equation

differential equation

an equation that contains the derivative of a function

An equation that is true for every value of the variable is called

an identity

open circuit

an incomplete circuit through which electricity will not flow

An open sentence that contains (< or >) is called

an inequality

definite integral

an integral expressed as the difference between the values of the integral at specified upper and lower limits of the independent variable.

A solution of an equation in two variables is

an ordered pair that results in a true statement when substituted into the equation.

Krener's Theorem

any attainable set of a bracket-generating system has nonempty interior or, equivalently, that any attainable set has nonempty interior in the topology of the corresponding orbit.

negative correlation

as one variable increases, the other decreases

P wave represents

atrial depolarization (contraction)

Bicarbonate acts as a:

buffer to neutralize acids in the body and maintain the 20:1 ratio.

Involuntary (Visceral or Autonomic) motor responses involve

cardiac and smooth muscle

Baroreceptor location

carotid sinus and aortic arch

In the spinal cord, gray matter is found

centrally, forming a butterfly shaped appearance with white matter filling in the spaces around the butterfly

hypopolarization

changes membrane potential toward the point of threshold potential (less negative), promoting the excitatory effect of propagation of the impulse or neuron firing

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood

ganglion

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

The difference between successive terms in a sequence is called the

common difference

Sine function

f(x)=sin(x)

Purkinje fibers

fibers in the ventricles (heart) that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

Collections of peripheral cell bodies are called

ganglia

A family of graphs includes

graphs and equations of graphs that have at least one characteristic in common

The graphs of all of these ordered pairs fill a region on the coordinate plane called a

half-plane

Q wave represents

initial negative deflection produced by ventricular depolarization

Consecutive integers

integers in counting order

A node of Ranvier (myelin sheath gap)

is a bare region of axonal membrane in myelinated axons only.

Myelin is made from

numerous wrappings of a cell membrane, resulting in a high concentration of cholesterol, phospholipids, and lipid-based compounds

Astrocytes (CNS) provide

nutrition for neurons modify neurotransmitter uptake has foot processes that surround the blood vessels of the brain, producing the blood-brain barrier

Schwann cells are functionally similar to

oligodendrocytes

mathematical model

one or more equations that represent the way a system or process works

Algebraic equations consist of

one or more numbers and variables along with one or more arithmetic operations.

tan function

opposite/adjacent

If GFAP is found in a tumor, then it means that the tumor was

originally derived from astrocytes

In the spinal cord, white matter is found on the

periphery of the spinal cord

There is a relationship between the slopes of

perpendicular lines

Unipolar neurons

photoreceptors with only a single small axon leading away from soma, no dendrites

Plasmalemma

plasma membrane, the selectively permeable lipid bilayer coated by proteins that composes the outer layer of a cell

The product of two numbers having the same sign is

positive

The quotient of two numbers having the same sign is

positive

Mixture Problems

problems in which two or more parts are combined into a whole. They are solved using weighted averages.

Uniform Motion Problems

problems where an object moves at a certain speed, or rate. The formula d = r*t is used to solve these problems. In the formula, d represents distance, r represents rate, and t represents time.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Peripheral Receptors (e.g., chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors)

propagate the signal towards the central nervous system

If the cross products are equal, then the ratios form a

proportion

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

real variables

variables measured in physical units

T wave represents

ventricular repolarization

second law of thermodynamics

when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

When to use point slope form equation

when given two points and a slope, two sets of ordered pairs

baroreceptor reflex activates when

when pressure rises w/in the large arteries above 60 mm Hg. peak activation at approx 180 mm Hg.

power rule of exponents

when raising a power to a power [hint: using ( ) ], multiply the exponents together [hint: distributive property]

Quotient Rule of Exponents

when you are dividing and the bases are the same then keep the same base and subtract the exponents

Integers

whole numbers, their opposites, and zero

cardiac preload

Force of venous return; the stretch of cardiac muscle prior to contraction determined by ventricular filling pressure

left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta

The exponent indicates the

number of times the base is used as a factor.

The of any relation is obtained by

the coordinates in each ordered pair.

In a function, x represents

the elements of the domain

In a function, f(x) represents

the elements of the range.

Axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Schwann cells are responsible for

the formation of myelin.

theta waves (EEG)

the high amplitude, slow, regular waves that are exhibited during early light sleep (stages 1-2). A person daydreaming exhibits these waves

The color of white matter is due to

the highly myelinated nerve fibers present in the region

cerebral cortex

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center

saltatory conduction

the jumping of action potentials from node to node

best-fit line

the line that most closely approximates the data in a scatter plot

motor end plate (neuromuscular junction)

the location where the nerve terminates into the muscle, forms a synapse into which neurotransmitter (ACh) is released

Neurolemma

the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.

Systole

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries.

Diastole

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

Image

the position of the figure after the transformation

Preimage

the position of the figure before the transformation

diastolic pressure

the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest

energy transformation

the process of changing one form of energy to another

Factors Represent

the quantities being multiplied

derivative

the rate of change of a function with respect to a variable.

innervation ratio

the ratio expressing the number of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor axon

Slope of a Line

the ratio of the change in the y-coordinates (rise) to the change in the x-coordinates (run) as you move from one point to the other.

The odds of an event occurring is

the ratio that compares the number of ways an event can occur (successes) to the number of ways it cannot occur (failures)

alpha waves (EEG)

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

right atrium

the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus

Neuroscience

the scientific study of the mechanics of the central nervous system such as its structure, function, genetics and physiology as well as how this can be applied to understand diseases of the nervous system.

Sample Space (Probability)

the set of all possible outcomes

Within a family of graphs, the parent graph is

the simplest graph

emotion regulation

the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience

Discrete Mathematics

the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous

Number theory

the study of numbers and the relationships between them

Weighted Average

the sum of the product of the number of units and the value per unit divided by the sum of the number of units.

Closure Property of Addition

the sum of two real numbers is a real number

cardiac pre-ejection period

the time in milliseconds between the beginning of ventricular contraction and the expulsion of blood into the aorta

Atria

the two upper chambers of the heart

linear interpolation

the use of a linear equation to predict values that are inside of the data range

x-intercept

the x-coordinate of a point where a graph crosses the x-axis

y-intercept

the y-coordinate of a point where a graph crosses the y-axis

Laplace Transform

transforms a function of a real variable t to a function of a complex variable s.

Dendrites are

treelike fibers which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body, where it is summated to determine whether the axon will fire

Oligodendrocytes are a

type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath.

podocytes

These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus.

coronary sinus

enlarged vein from junctions of coronary veins which empty into the right atrium

Third Law of Thermodynamics

entropy of a perfectly organized crystal at absolute zero is zero

How are signals sent by peripheral receptors (e.g., chemoreceptors) processed by the CNS?

- Can ascend to inform the brain of information (cortex and cerebellum) - Can synapse in the spinal cord to produce reflexes - Can be integrated to other parts of the CNS where it can be integrated with information and a motor output can be executed

real numbers

All rational and irrational numbers

Polyribosomes

An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule.

The sum of a number and its additive inverse is

equal to zero

Ratio

A comparison of two numbers by division. The _____ of x to y can be expressed in the following ways.

closed circuit

A complete electrical circuit around which current flows or a signal circulates

cardiac cycle

A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles

short circuit

A connection that allows current to take the path of least resistance

ERP

event related potential

The probability that an event will occur is somewhere between

0 and 1 inclusive

Order of Operations

1. Evaluate expressions inside grouping symbols 2. Evaluate all powers 3. Do all multiplications and/or divisions from left to right 4. Do all additions and/or subtractions from left to right

positive correlation

A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.

normal distribution

A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

Antiderivative

A function whose derivative is the given function.

regression analysis

An analytic technique where a series of input variables are examined in relation to their corresponding output results in order to develop a mathematical or statistical relationship.

Proportion

An equation stating that two ratios are equal

indefinite integral

An integral expressed without limits, and so containing an arbitrary constant.

Distinguishing characteristics of neuronal cell bodies

1. large euchromatic (highly active nucleus) 2. Contain a large Quantity of Nissl Substances 3. Accumulated cellular waste in the form of lipofuscin

Pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

closed circulatory system

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels

open circulatory system

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

fractal

A geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is a reduced-size copy of the whole.

Scatter Plot Graph

A graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data that do not depend on each other where the line is not connected. (Ex. height versus weight)

Synapse

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

myelin sheath

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

Theorem

A mathematical statement which we can prove to be true

Open sentance

A mathematical statement with one or more variables

Entropy

A measure of the amount of disorder, chaos or randomness in a system; the greater the disorder, the higher the level of entropy.

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

bipolar neurons

A neuron that has only two projections (one axon/one dendrite) from the cell body;

multipolar neuron

A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites; the most common type of neuron in the nervous system.

set-builder notation

A notation used to describe the elements of a set

Coefficient

A number multiplied by a variable in an algebraic expression.

Rational number

A number that can be written as a fraction

floating point numbers

A number that can have a fractional part

ordered pair

A pair of numbers that can be used to locate a point on a coordinate plane

Event-related potentials

A physiological measure of large electrical change in the brain produced by sensory stimulation or motor responses. (EEG)

In the baroreflex the action potential are carried from the brain to the heart by which nerve/s? A) vagus nerve B) vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves C) vagus and phrenic nerves D) glossopharyngeal nerves E) phrenic nerve

A) vagus nerve

Rational Number

Any number that can be written in the form of (a/b), where a and b are integers and b does not equal zero

Reflexive Property of Equality

Any quantity is equal to itself

Scale (Ratio)

A ratio or rate used when making a model or drawing of something that is too large or too small to be conveniently drawn at actual size.

Percent Change

A ratio that compares the change in a quantity to the original amount.

Rational Approximation

A rational number that is close to, but not equal to, the value of an irrational number.

perfect square

A rational number whose square root is a whole number

Replacement set

A set of numbers from which replacements for a variable may be chosen

sinoatrial node

A small mass of tissue that is made up of Purkinje fibers, ganglion cells, and nerve fibers, that is embedded in the musculature of the right atrium, and that originates the impulses stimulating the heartbeat -- called also S-A node, sinus node.

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A solution that fills the hollow cavities of the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord. Provides nourishment, cushions, and removes wastes.

Median Filter

A spatial filter, which substitutes the median value of DN from surrounding pixels for that recorded at an individual pixel. It is useful for removing random noise.

MANOVA

A statistical test used to evaluate the relationship between three or more levels of an independent variable and two or more dependent variables.

Circuit Switching

A switching technique in which one endpoint creates a single path connection to another, depending on the requirement.

open system

A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings.

closed system

A system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave

General Linear Model

A system of equations that is used as the mathematical framework for most the statistical analyses used in applied social research

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.

Rotation

A transformation in which a figure is turned around a point

Reflection

A transformation that "flips" a figure over a mirror or reflection line.

Translation

A transformation that "slides" each point of a figure the same distance in the same direction.

Dilation

A transformation that changes the size of an object, but not the shape.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

Phagocytes

A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes

frequentist view

A view of probability based on the relative frequency of occurrence of different outcomes

A can be written in the form

Ax + By = C

Laplace Principle

Based on philosophy that if we are uncertain about the various events then we may treat them as equally probable.

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

every composite natural number can be factored into a unique product of primes

Does zero have a reciprocal?

No because any number times zero is zero

Commutative Property of Numbers

The property that says that two or more numbers can be added or multiplied in any order without changing the result.

ventricles of the brain

Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

pre-ganglionic neuron

Cell body in CNS. From CNS to ganglion

post ganglionic neuron

Cell body outside CNS. From ganglion to effector organ

glial cells (glia)

Cells of the nervous system that support, regulate, and augment the functions of neurons.

Baroreceptors

Cells that are sensitive to blood pressure changes.

Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

anearobic

Chemical reaction that does not require oxygen

Ependymal cells (CNS)

Columnar and ciliated cells that line the ventricular system. Modified versions of these cells are responsible for cerebral spinal fluid production

Node

Connection point in a network, where goods and ideas flow in, out, and through the network

Thermodynamics

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.

radical sign

The symbol used to indicate a positive square root

What is it called when Schwann cells simply enclose axons in their cell membrane to provide nutritional and mechanical support?

Unmyelinated Axon

Pericardium

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

Logarithmic

Each step or number increases by multiples of 10

The graph of a linear equation is a line in which

every ordered pair on this line satisfies the equation

Trapezius

Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; rotates the arm

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

Every polynomial equation with degree greater than zero has at least one root in the set of complex numbers.

F test statistic

Examines two sample variances, with the larger in the denominator and smaller in the numerator

equivalent expressions

Expressions that always have the same value.

anterograde axoplasmic transport

Flow from the cell body to the terminals

retrograde axoplasmic transport

Flow from the terminal to the cell body

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Macrophages

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

Supporting Cells of the Central Nervous System

Glia

Beta waves (EEG)

Highest frequency, lowest amplitude. During Awake, and REM sleep.

Hypercalcemia

excessive calcium in the blood

Substitution Property of Equality

If a=b, then a can be substituted for b in any equation or expression

Addition Property of Inequalities

If any number is added to each side of a true inequality, the resulting inequality is also true

Subtraction Property of Inequalities

If any number is subtracted from each side of a true inequality, the resulting inequality is also true.

Dividing Inequalities by a Negative Number

If each side of a true inequality is divided by the same negative number, the direction of the inequality symbol must be reversed so that the resulting inequality is also true.

Division Property of Inequalities

If each side of a true inequality is divided by the same positive number, the resulting inequality is also true.

Multiplying Inequalities by a Negative Number

If each side of a true inequality is multiplied by the same negative number, the direction of the inequality symbol must be reversed so that the resulting inequality is also true.

Multiplication Property of Inequalities

If each side of a true inequality is multiplied by the same positive number, the resulting inequality is also true.

Division Property of Equality

If each side of an equation is divided by the same nonzero number, the resulting equation is true.

Multiplication Property of Equality

If each side of an equation is multiplied by the same number, the resulting equation is true.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If f is an integrable function and g(x) = integral of f(x)dx, then the integral of f(x)dx from a to b = g(b) - g(a)

Transitive Property of Equality

If one quantity equals a second quantity and the second quantity equals a third quantity, then the first quantity equals the third quantity.

Symmetric Property of Equality

If one quantity equals a second quantity, then the second quantity equals the first.

Addition Property of Equality

If the same number is added to each side of an equation, the resulting equation is true.

Subtraction Property of Equality

If the same number is subtracted from each side of an equation, the resulting equation is true.

Soma

Large cell body in a typical neuron

hypercapnia

excessive carbon dioxide in the blood

Ventricles (heart)

Lower chambers of the heart

If the Taylor series is centered at zero, then that series is also called a

Maclaurin series

Equifinality

Many different means to the same end

linear algebra

Math that deals with vector spaces and operations on them such as addition and subtraction

Fourier Transform

Mathematical tool for converting between time domain and frequency domain

synaptic vesicles

Membrane-bounded compartments in which synthesized neurotransmitters are kept.

What is it called when a single Schwann cell wraps its cell membrane around a portion of an axon multiple times?

Myelinated Axon

spinal cord

Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain

sine wave

One in which amplitude varies in proportion to the sine function of an angle.

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

Percent Change Formula

Percent Change =(final value−initial value)/initial value×100

neuronal polarization

Process of breaking symmetry in the newly born cell to create the asymmetry inherent to the formation of the axonal and somatodendritic compartments

Nissl bodies

RER in neurons -- synthesize enzymes (e.g., ChAT) and peptide neurotransmitters.

Properties of Equality that apply to addition and multiplication include

Reflexive Symmetric Transitive Substitution

Repolarization

Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.

sacral spinal nerves where PNS neuronal bodies are located

S2-S4

Supporting Cells of the Peripheral Nervous System

Schwann cells and satellite cells

eccrine sweat glands

Secreting glands, are far more numerous and are abundant on palms, soles of feet and forehead. Each is a simple, coiled, tubular gland. Ducts connect to pores. Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin and metabolic wastes.

Functional Divisions of the Nervous system

Sensory (afferent) Component Motor (efferent) Component Integrative (Decision Making) Component

Q-Q plot

Short for quantile-quartile plot. Plots of the observed against expected test statistic.

neural tube

a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

Microglia (CNS)

Small macrophage-like cells that act as a local immune response agent, phagocytosing foreign materials, vell debris, and waste.

What size are glia relative to other neurons?

Smaller than most

Innervation

Supply or distribution of nerves to a specific body part

Variable

Symbols used to represent unspecified numbers or values. Any letter may be used as a variable.

node of ranvier function

The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another, but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node, rather than propagating smoothly, as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath.

nephron

The tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney.

Associative Property of Numbers

The way you group three or more numbers when adding or multiplying does not change their sum or product.

Intermediate Value Theorem

Theorem that states that for a polynomial function with real coefficients, if m is a real number between P(a) and P(b), then there is at least one number c between a and b for which P(c) = m

Line of fit

a line that describes the trend of the data in a scatter plot

Extreme Value Theorem

There must be a max and min if the function is continuous on [a,b]

Absolute Value

The distance a number is from zero on a number line

neuronal polarity refers to

The distinction between axons and dendrites.

Bayesian inference

The idea that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability (our initial belief) and the likelihood (the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome).

Mean Value Theorem

The instantaneous rate of change will equal the mean rate of change somewhere in the interval. Or, the tangent line will be parallel to the secant line.

Hyperpolarization

The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.

synaptic cleft

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.

principle square root

The nonnegative square root of a number.

degrees of freedom

The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects.

Additive Inverse

The opposite of a number

first law of thermodynamics

The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Exoctyosis

The process by which the vacuole surrounding particles fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.

Depolarization

The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

The sympathetic nervous system has its neuronal bodies located in

Thoracic region fo the spinal cord and upper two lumbar segments

Schematic equivalence

To be equivalent, two schematics must: Represent every component and source Have the same number of nodes Each node must be connected to the same branches

Compound Inequality

Two or more inequalities joined together by "and" or "or"

Laplace's Law

Wall tension = (pressure x radius)/ (2 x wall thickness)

modulo

a mathematical operation that returns the remainder after integer division. Example: 7 MOD 4 = 3

Neurons are

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals. They have a high degree of specialization and a large morphological diversity

Time invariant system

When the systems input-output relationship does not change with time. If the input is time shifted, then the output is time shifted by the same amounts

calculus

a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations; developed by Isaac Newton

CRM (Customer Relationship Management)

a business philosophy and set of strategies, programs, and systems that focus on identifying and building loyalty among the firm's most valued customers

brain-computer interface

a collaboration between a brain and a device that enables signals from the brain to direct some external activity, such as control of a cursor or a prosthetic limb. The interface enables a direct communications pathway between the brain and the object to be controlled.

thermodynamic equilibrium

With respect to systems, is a physical concept of equilibrium where everything is at the lowest energy level in the system, and matter and energy are dispersed randomly.

Nissl substances

endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

Direct Variation

described by an equation of the form y = kx, where k != 0. We say that y varies directly with x or y varies directly as x.

demyelination

destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in multiple sclerosis)

ANOVA (analysis of variance)

differences among MEANS of continuous (numerical) variables

A mapping illustrates how

each element of the domain is paired with an element in the range. Study the different representations of the same relation below.

R wave represents

early ventricular depolarization

integral

either a numerical value equal to the area under the graph of a function for some interval (definite integral) or a new function the derivative of which is the original function (indefinite integral).

The solution of a compound inequality is a solution of

either inequality, not necessarily both.

self-concious emotions

emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others' reactions to us

The neuronal cell membrane differs from the membranes of other cells, because it

has numerous ion channels and pumps that can maintain an ionic gradient across the membrane, thus producing excitability

fibrous astrocytes

have many long unbranched processes and are located mainly in white matter

protoplasmic astrocytes

have many short branching processes and are found in gray matter

pseudounipolar neurons

have only one fused axon that extends from cell body and divides into two processes: one process carries sensory information from sensory receptors to cell body; other process carries sensory information from cell body to spinal cord; sensory neurons that carry information related to pain, touch, and pressure

finite

having limits; lasting for a limited time

atrial natriuretic peptide

heart; involved in osmoregulation and vasodilation

Phosphocreatine (PCr)

high-energy compound used to reform ATP under anaerobic conditions

Independent variables are graphed on the

horizontal axis

Rate of Change

how a quantity is changing over time on average

z test

hypothesis-testing procedure in which there is a single sample and the population variance is known

Relations in which each element of the domain

is paired with exactly one element of the range are called functions

An expression is in simplest form when

it is replaced by an equivalent expression having no like terms or parentheses.

7-1

last chapter

S wave represents

late ventricular depolarization

When you use a linear equation to predict values that are beyond the range of the data, you are using

linear extrapolation

foot processes

long cytoplasmic extension of a podocyte that wraps around glomerular capillaries

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

main protein that makes up the intermediate filaments of Fibrous Astrocytes' processes

t distribution

mathematically defined curve that is the comparison distribution used in a t test

F distribution

mathematically defined curve that is the comparison distribution used in an analysis of variance

Transformations

movements of geometric figures.

Since the product of any number and 1 is equal to the number, 1 is called the

multiplicative identity

Two numbers whose product is 1 are called

multiplicative inverses or reciprocals

The product of any number and 0 is equal to 0. This is called the

multiplicative property of zero

The product of two numbers having different signs is

negative

The quotient of two numbers having different signs is

negative

neural networks

networks of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output

Schwann cells are also called

neurolemmecytes

The central nervous system is made up of groups of

neuronal cell bodies (nuclei)

The excitation of neurons is modified by the characteristics of the

neuronal cell membranes

synthesized in nerve cell body, not terminal, function as neurohormones

neuropeptides

Collections of central cell bodies are called

nuclei

The x-axis and y-axis separate the coordinate plane into four regions, called

quadrants

The ratio of two measurements having different units of measure is called a

rate

Lusitropy

rate of cardiac relaxation

20:1 ratio

ratio of one molecule of carbonic acid to 20 molecules of base bicarbonate keeps the blood pH in normal range

Cosine

ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

sequence

set of numbers in a specific order

P-P plot

short for a probability-probability plot. A graph plotting the cumulative probability of a variable against the cumulative probability of a particular distribution (often a normal distribution). Like a

Voluntary (Somatic) motor responses involve

skeletal muscle

parallel lines have the same

slope

glomerulus

small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of blood takes place

What can pass through the cell membrane?

small nonpolar molecules like oxygen, glucose, amino acids and water

The process of finding a value for a variable that results in a true sentence is

solving the open sentence

Abstract algebra

sometimes also called modern algebra, in which algebraic structures such as groups, rings and fields are axiomatically defined and investigated.

Neurology

specialized area of medicine that concerns disorders and diseases of the nervous system ranging from Alzheimer's disease through to infection and personality disorders.

Innervation of Trapezius

spinal accessory nerve

completeness property

states that each point on the number line corresponds to exactly one real number.

The greater the absolute value of a slope, the

steeper the line

Brain Blood Barrier

strictly regulates what substances can get from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain

basal ganglia

structures in the forebrain that help to control movement

Morphology

study of form

To add rational numbers with different signs, you should

subtract the lesser absolute value from the greater absolute value

Squeeze Theorem

suppose an<bn<cn. If an converges to L, and cn converges to L, then bn also converges to L.

Holomorphic

symmetrical in form at two ends

columnar cells

tall and column shaped

The numbers in the sequence are called

terms

Like Terms

terms that contain the same variables, with corresponding variables having the same power

ANCOVA

tests a null hypothesis regarding the means of two or more groups AFTER the random samples are adjusted to eliminate average differences.

The parasympathetic nervous system has its neuronal bodies located in

the brain stem and small portions of the sacral spinal cord

Thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

impulse

the change of momentum of an object when the object is acted upon by a force for an interval of time

point slope form equation

y-y1=m(x-x1)

slope intercept form of a line

y=mx + b (m is the slope, b is the y intercept point)


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