Bio 1: 10SB
During anaphase __, sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles as their kinetochore microtubules, which are attached to the poles, are shortened.
A
During anaphase, two forms of movement take place simultaneously and as a result sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell. The two forms of movement are commonly referred to as anaphase __________and anaphase _____________
A + B
At the beginning of which phase do the centromeres of sister chromatids split apart allowing sister chromatids to separate from each other?
Anaphase
Which of the following is the shortest stage of mitosis?
Anaphase
Which cell type relies on centrioles to form the spindle apparatus during mitosis?
Animal
The __ enzymes control progression through the checkpoints in the cell cycle.
Cdk
What is a sequence of growth, replication, and division that produces new eukaryotic cells called?
Cell cycle
What usually occurs during the G1 phase?
Cells are growing
During cytokinesis in plants, what coats the newly formed cell plate?
Cellulose
_____________ are cellular structures, typically found in animal cells, which are replicated during the G2 phase. They are positioned at the poles of the cell and participate in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.
Centrioles
When DNA replicates the sister chromatids are held together at their centromeres by which of the following complex of proteins?
Cohesins
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to produce two distinct cells which are called which of the following?
Daughter
Which of the following organelles reabsorbs the components of the nuclear membrane as it breaks down during prophase of mitosis?
Endoplasmic
True or false: In a typical mammalian adult cell, the M phase takes up a large fraction of the entire cell cycle.
False
In the body of an animal, some cells remain in the _______phase permanently, while others can proceed to the G1 phase when new cells are needed (e.g., during an injury).
G0
The __________ phase is considered a resting phase in the cell cycle.
G0
Which of the following phases in the cell cycle is considered a resting phase?
G0
Some animal cells, such as muscle and nerve cells, remain permanently in which of the following phases of the cell cycle?
G0 phase
In a cell's life, cell growth occurs primarily during what phase?
G1
Condensation of chromosomes is initiated in the _________phase of interphase and continues until the end of prophase.
G2
In the eukaryotic cell cycle, what is the name of the phase that occurs after the replication of DNA and before the start of mitosis?
G2
Which of the following phases occurs after the replication of DNA and before the start of mitosis?
G2
Fruit flies have the shortest known animal cell cycle because they lack which of the following stages?
G2 G1
Cell division in bacterial and eukaryotic cells produces which of the following?
Genetically identical cells
In actively dividing cells, the G1, S, and G2 phases are collectively known as which of the following?
Interphase
Which of the following describes the number of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?
It varies considerably between different species.
During prometaphase, which protein complex on each sister chromatid attaches to the spindle?
Kinetochore
The centromere serves as an attachment site for a group of proteins that form a disklike structure called which of the following?
Kinetochore
During the formation of the spindle apparatus which of the following must break down?
Nuclear membrane
The bacterial genome consist of a single loop of DNA located in which of the following regions of the cell?
Nucleoid
Condensation of chromosomes continues throughout which phase of mitosis?
Prophase
Identify the type of protein encoded by the cdc2 gene.
Protein kinase
Which of the following is the key event in anaphase?
Removal of cohesin proteins from the centromeres of sister chromatids
During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated?
S phase
During which phase of the cell cycle does replication of each chromosome and its centromere take place?
S phase
What phase of mitosis is characterized by the reformation of the nuclear envelope and the production of two separate nuclei?
Telophase
______________ can be viewed as the stage of mitosis during which the changes made to the cell during prophase are reversed.
Telophase
Which type of microtubules attach to and separate the chromosomes during cell division?
The kinetochore microtubules
True or false: Bacterial cell division produces genetically identical daughter cells.
True
During anaphase B, microtubules slide past each other pulling the poles anchored to them away from the center of the cell. At the same time, chromosomes are also pulled apart because ______
a different set of microtubules attaches the chromosomes to the poles
When does cytokinesis take place?
after mitosis
During the _________ of mitosis, the centromeres of sister chromatids split apart allowing sister chromatids to move away from each other.
anaphase
The shortest stage of mitosis is
anaphase
During ______, microtubules slide past each other pulling the poles anchored to them, and the chromosomes attached to the poles, away from the center of the cell.
anaphase B
A cleavage furrow is typically formed during cytokinesis in ______________ cells.
animal
During cytokinesis in plants, the newly formed cell plate is coated with _____________ to create two new cell walls. At this point the space between the two daughter cells is called the middle
cellulose , lamella
The kinetochore microtubules are attached to kinetochores, which are bound to the __________ , a point of constriction on the chromosome containing repeated DNA sequences.
centromere
Centromeres occur at a specific location along a __________
chromosome
Cytokinesis in animal cells involves the formation of a ______________furrow around the cell.
cleavage
In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, the production of new cells follows a highly regulated sequence of growth, DNA replication, and division. This sequence is referred to as the cell ______________ , which consists of the G1, S, G2, and M phases.
cycle
The division of the cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells is referred to as
cytokinesis
The active domains of chromatin in a nondividing nucleus are called
euchromatin
During telophase, chromosomes uncoil to allow for gene
expression
True or false: A centromere is located at a random location along the length of a chromosome.
false
True or false: Cell division is complete at the end of mitosis.
false
Cytokinesis involves the formation of a cleavage _________in animal cells and a cell __________in plant cells.
furrow; plate
Cell division in both bacterial and eukaryotic cells involves the replication and segregation __________ of information and the division of contents within the cell.
genetic
Two irreversible points in the cell cycle are replication of __________material and of __________ sister chromatids.
genetic; separation
The metaphase plate is a plane located
halfway between the poles
During anaphase A, chromosomes are pulled towards opposite poles as their _____________microtubules become shorter.
kinetochore
The centromere contains repeated DNA sequences that can bind specific proteins. These proteins form the ______________ , which is shaped like a disk.
kinetochore
During prometaphase, sister chromatids attach to the spindle by their ______________, which are attached to the centromere region of each sister chromatid.
kinetochores
Sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by microtubules attached to their
kinetochores
During the five phases of __________, the replicated genetic material is partitioned into ______________ new nuclei.
mitosis; 2
The ____________membrane does not break down before mitosis in most fungi and some protists, therefore mitosis occurs within the ______________.
nuclear; nucleus
During telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms to produce two separate __.
nuclei
The region in a bacterial cell where DNA is located is called the
nucleoid
In most fungi and some protists, the nuclear membrane does not break down before mitosis, therefore, mitosis takes place within the
nucleus
In bacterial cells, the replication of DNA begins at a specific site called the ________and proceeds in both directions around the circular DNA until a specific________ site is reached.
origin of replication; termination
During telophase, the changes made to the cell during _________are reversed.
prophase
Which is the first stage of mitosis?
prophase
Chromosomes are composed of chromatin which is a complex of DNA and which of the following?
protein
During cell division in both bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells, genetic information is
replicated and segregated and the contents of the cell are divided between the daughter cells.
During DNA replication the chromosomes contract and the identical halves are called _________________ ______________
sister chromatids
The _________ apparatusis broken down during telophase.
spindle
The key event in anaphase is the removal of ______ proteins from the centromeres of sister chromatids.
spindle apparatus
During the ___________ phase of the cell cycle, the chromosomes are replicated.
synthesis
Replication of each chromosome and its centromere takes place during the _____________phase to produce two complete DNA molecules.
synthesis
During the stage of mitosis known as __________ , gene expression resumes, as chromosomes uncoil.
telophase
When is the spindle apparatus broken down?
telophase
Chromatin is a complex with ~40% DNA and ______.
~60% Protein
Typically, a dividing mammalian cell completes its cell cycle in about how many hours?
24 hours
Humans have _________chromosomes.
46
Order the steps in binary fission from first to last, starting at the top.
1. The bacterial DNA molecule begins replication 2.The cell elongates and the replicating DNA is partitioned such that the origins are at the 1/4 and 3/4 positions in the cell. 3. Septation begins 4.The cell pinches in two, forming two daughter cells. toggle button
Place the following interphase events in the correct order (as they occur during interphase) starting at the top. Instructions
1.cell activity grow 2. chromosomes are duplicated and begin to dondense, 3.centroiles are duplicated 4. centroiles move to opposite ends of the cell
The cells of most eukaryotes have between _________ and ___________ chromosomes, although some species can have hundreds or even thousands of chromosomes.
10 and 50
The chromosome number in the body cells of most eukaryotic species falls within which range?
10 and 50
Animal embryonic cells complete the cell cycle in less than ____________minutes. The shortest cell cycle is found in embryonic cells of the fruit flies: __________minutes.
20; 8
What is the haploid number of chromosomes in humans?
23
The inactive domains of chromatin in a nondividing nucleus are referred to as ___________
heterochromatin
During bacterial cell division, two genetically __________ daughter cells are produced.
identical
During ______________, which includes the G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, the cell grows and chromosomes replicate in preparation for cell division.
interphase
In an actively dividing eukaryotic cell, the G1, S, and G2 phases collectively constitute the ______________
interphase
While preparing to divide, the cell grows and copies its chromosomes during which stage?
interphase
During ______ the chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles.
metaphase
The _______________ plate is an imaginary plane halfway between the poles along which chromosomes align during mitosis.
metaphase
The pairs of sister chromatids align themselves in a single row along a plane half-way between the poles during which phase of mitosis?
metaphase
The term ___________ originates from the Greek word "mitos" which means "thread."
mitosis
