Bio 100 chapter 3 & 4

How many different kinds of amino acids are there in most proteins?

20

Many names for sugars end in the suffix

-ose.

Which of the following statements regarding carbon is false?

Carbon has the ability to bond with up to six other atoms.

Which cell structure is responsible for metabolism?

Mitochondria are involved in the process of converting the chemical energy of food to ATP.

What is the process by which cells link monomers together to form polymers?

Monomers are linked together with the removal of a water molecule by dehydration reaction.

The cell junctions in plant cells that provide channels between adjacent cells are generally _____.

Plasmodesmata form channels between adjacent plant cells.

________ cells lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

Prokaryotic

What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane?

The finished products of the Golgi apparatus may leave the cell through vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?

The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions. (The membranes of neighboring cells are actually fused at a tight junction, forming a seal that prevents the leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells.)

In a hydrolysis reaction, _____. In this process, water is _____.

a polymer breaks up to form monomers ... consumed (The meaning of "hydrolysis" is to break with water)

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by _____.

adding hydrogens (The phrase "hydrogenated vegetable oils" found on food labels means that unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by the addition of hydrogen.)

Organic compounds

always contain carbon.

Which of the following contains a carboxyl and an amino group?

amino acids

A certain cell has a dense nucleoid region, ribosomes, but no membrane-enclosed organelles. Based on this information, it could be _____.

an archaean (Archaea and other prokaryotes have no internal membrane-enclosed organelles. However, they do have both ribosomes and a region called the nucleoid region where their DNA can be found.)

Which is a typical function of lysosomes?

breaking down of damaged organelles, such as chloroplasts

A scanning electron microscope is used to study ________, whereas a transmission electron microscope is used to study ________.

cell surfaces . . . internal cell structures

The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines

cell theory.

A hydroxyl group is

characteristic of alcohols.

The reaction that joins two monomers to form a polymer is known as a _____ reaction. The molecule of water formed is due to the interaction between _____ and a hydrogen ion.

dehydration ... a hydroxyl group

Where are chlorophyll molecules located within plant cells?

embedded in the thylakoid membrane (Chlorophyll molecules are embedded within the thylakoid membrane, which is the most extensive membrane system within plant cells.)

The storage form of carbohydrates is ________ in animals and ________ in plants.

glycogen . . . starch

The results of dehydration synthesis can be reversed by

hydrolysis.

The oil and vinegar in your salad dressing remain separate from one another due to the _____ properties of the oil.

hydrophobic

The maximum size of a cell is limited by _____.

its need for enough surface area to make exchanges with its environment (Because volume increases at a faster rate than surface area, large cells have proportionately less plasma membrane surface area.)

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is considered to be in which general functional category of organelle?

manufacturing ( The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the manufacture of proteins.)

The two main functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are the production of

membrane and proteins secreted by the cell.

Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are _____.

metabolically active (Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, the catabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from food molecules, with the help of oxygen.)

The internal skeleton of a cell is composed of _____.

microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

Cellulose differs from starch in that

most animals cannot break down cellulose, whereas starch is easily digested.

A hydrophobic amino acid R group would be found where in a protein?

on the inside of the folded chain, away from water (Hydrophobic R groups are nonpolar. By orienting within the folded chain, they avoid coming into contact with water.

A phospholipid is composed of

one glycerol molecule linked to one phosphate group and two fatty acids.

The function of chloroplasts is

photosynthesis.

Foods that are high in fiber are most likely derived from

plants.

A molecule with the formula C6H12O6 is _____.

possibly glucose or fructose (Fructose and glucose differ in the arrangement of their carbonyl groups and are isomers, which means that they have the same molecular formula (C6H12O6). The alteration in arrangement leads to their varied properties.)

Of the following organelles, which group is involved in manufacturing the substances needed by the cell?

ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Each structure is capable of synthesis.)

The primary structure of a protein is

the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain.

Amino acids can be distinguished from one another by

the chemical properties of their R groups.

To enter or leave any cell, substances must pass through _____.

the plasma membrane (The plasma membrane defines the boundary of the cell.)

Propanol and isopropanol are isomers. This means that they have

the same molecular formula, but different chemical properties.

Proteins differ from one another because

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein.

Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because

their intestinal tract contains cellulose-hydrolyzing microorganisms.

A disaccharide forms when

two monosaccharides join by dehydration synthesis.

Which of the following is a carboxyl group?

―COOH

Which of the following is an amino group?

―NH2