Bio 11 Final exam

What is a mammal?

-Mammals have hair or fur (made of keratin!). -Mammals have mammary glands that are used to produce milk to feed their young. -Mammals have a single-boned lower jaw and more type of teeth, allowing for a more powerful bite and a more diverse diet compared to other vertebrates. -Mammals have three tiny ear bones (incus, malleus, and stapes) that help transmit sounds from vibrations to neural impulses so that process what they hear. -Mammals also have a warm-blooded metabolism (they are endothermic) and a four-chambered heart that separates oxygentated from deoxygenated blood, but remember that they share these traits with birds.

Match the description with the correct step of PCR. The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives. a.Annealing b.Denaturing c.Extension 1. Primers flag and attach the target DNA sequence. 2. Taq polymerase adds nucleotides to build new DNA strands. 3.Temperature rises to 95 degrees celsius to break the hydrogen bonds of the DNA sample.

1. Primers flag and attach the target DNA sequence. annealing 2. Taq polymerase adds nucleotides to build new DNA strands. Extension 3.Temperature rises to 95 degrees celsius to break the hydrogen bonds of the DNA sample. Denaturing

Put the following groups of plants in the right evolutionary order: Pterophytes Angiosperms Bryophytes Lycophytes Gymnosperms

1. bryophytes 2. lycophytes 3. pterophytes 3. gymnosperms 4. angiosperms

Many adaptations seen in vertebrate evolution highlight their transition onto land. Order the following adaptations from most ancestral to most recent. Lungs Bony appendages Jaws Amniotic eggs Four limbs

1.) jaws 2.) lungs 3.) bony appendages 4.) four limbs 5.) amniotic egg

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits (cones)

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

The burning of fossil fuels and wood is releasing carbon that has been stored in the ground. is a major driver for global warming. Is an unnatural flux in the carbon cycle. All of the above

All of the above

What adaptations do reptiles and mammals BOTH have to adapt to life on land? Check all that apply. Enlarged breastbone Amniotic egg Keratinized skin Ectothermy Internal fertilization

Amniotic egg, keratinized skin, internal fertilization

Match the distinguishing characteristic with the correct type of fish. (Cartilaginous fish; lobe-finned fish; jawless fish; ray-finned fish) Ampullae of Lorenzii and dermal scales Bones present in pectoral and pelvic fins No scales and no fins Operculum and swim bladder

Ampullae of Lorenzii and dermal scales Cartilaginous fishes Bones present in pectoral and pelvic fins Lobe-finned fishes No scales and no fins Jawless fishes Operculum and swim bladder Ray-finned fishes

Ecosystem and ecosystem ecology

An ecosystem is an interacting system encompassing the living community and the abiotic environment. Ecosystem ecology is the study of the interactions of organisms (biotic) and the physical environment (abiotic), with primary focus on studying the flow of energy and chemical cycling

Facilitation

An interaction in which one species has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of another species without the intimate association of a symbiosis Facilitation is a positive interaction between species that affects survival and reproduction of other species (0/+). For example nurse plants like bush lupine move in to an area and help to make the soil more amenable to other species.

biogeochemical cycling

Biogeochemical cycling is the cycling of water and nutrients between biotic and abiotic components. These organic and inorganic resources are knows as the pools (or reservoirs) and the movement of material between them is know as flux. The rates of cycling ("flux") between these reservoirs is affected by environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and pH) as well as community dynamics

Which of the following body cavity type has the most control over their movement? Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates Can't tell; it depends on the species

Coelomtes

Reptiles

Cold-blooded vertebrates, with dry, scaly skin (except birds) most lay leathery eggs Most reptiles have a three-chambered heart and are ectothermic, which means that they do not use their metabolic body heat for warmth

A clownfish stays near the stinging tentacles of a sea anemone because it provides protection for it as it doesn't get hurt by the tentacles itself. The sea anemone does not have any benefit to the sea anemone hanging around. This is an example of which species interaction? Mutualism Commensalism Facilitation Parasitism

Commensalism

Competitive exclusion

Competitive exclusion results when two species are competing for the same limiting resources and therefore cannot coexist in the same place, leading to local elimination of one of the competing species. In some cases, competing species may evolve to lower the intensity of competition between them.

Which of the following enables prokaryotes to be so successful on Earth? They have a low mutation rate. They kill endospores. Conjugation allows beneficial genes to transfer quickly and efficiently between individuals. Presence of flagella allow them to stick to many surfaces.

Conjugation allows beneficial genes to transfer quickly and efficiently between individuals.

Which of the following describes an echinoderm? Check all that apply. Examples include sea stars and sea urchins and sea cucumbers. They have an exoskeleton, similar to chordates. They have a water vascular system. They use tube feet to move and to capture prey.

Correct! Examples include sea stars and sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Correct! They have a water vascular system. Correct! They use tube feet to move and to capture prey.

In the alternation of generations: the gametophyte is diploid. the sporophyte produces spores. The gametophyte generation always comes first, and ends with the sporophyte generation. gametes are always produced via meiosis.

Correct! the sporophyte produces spores

Which of the following will decrease population size? Check all that apply. Births Deaths Immigration Emigration

Deaths and emigration

Ecological succession

Ecological succession is the directional change in community composition and structure over time. The replacement of community members is most obvious following a disturbance (see below for more details about disturbance in general). As communities establish after a disturbance and species composition change with time, other ecological characteristics of the community change as well, including resources, negative interactions (e.g. competition), and positive interactions (e.g. facilitation). Always remember that communities are dynamic, meaning that they are in constant flux!

Match the correct description with the correct phyla of worm. Exhibits segmentation Are pseudocoelmates Causes heartworm and hookworm in mammals Examples include the flukes and tapeworms Has the greatest flexibility, mobility, and precision in movement Have tapered tails and are not hermaphroditic Has a closed circulatory system Are flatworms with a ribbonlike shape Some have a pharynx that acts like a mouth and anus

Exhibits segmentation Annelida Are pseudocoelmates Nematoda Causes heartworm and hookworm in mammals Nematoda Examples include the flukes and tapeworms Platyhelminthes Has the greatest flexibility, mobility, and precision in movement Annelida Have tapered tails and are not hermaphroditic Nematoda Has a closed circulatory system Annelida Are flatworms with a ribbonlike shape Platyhelminthes Some have a pharynx that acts like a mouth and anus Platyhelminthes

Class Amphibia

From one of the many lines of tetrapods that settled onto land, the modern amphibians evolved. Amphibians include the salamanders, newts, toads and frogs. can spend time on land, but they are still dependent on water. As a result, most amphibians are found in wet or damp environments, where their moist skin supplements their lungs for gas exchange and where water can provide a place to lay their eggs and for their larvae to live (tadpoles!)

Features of echinoderms

Hard, calcium-containing plates form an endoskeleton (internal skeleton, like us!) under the thin skin and, in some cases, sea urchin spines. They are known for their regeneration properties. It is common for sea stars, for example, to lose an arm as a defense, only to regrow a new one later. They have a water vascular system, which is a network of water-filled canals used in locomotion or feedings, and can actually be visible as tube feet. They have a unique feeding mechanism

herbivory

Herbivory is consumption of all or part of a living plant. There are various types of herbivores, from those feeding on seeds (granivores) and fruit (frugivores) to those that consume leaves and stems like grazer and browsers. Even though this is a negative interaction for the plant (loss of tissue/resources, but positive for the herbivore/predator), herbivory may also benefit plants. Herbivores are beneficial to plants through their role in seed dispersal and they can also impact community structure by favoring certain functional traits in plants, reducing dominance by certain species and by improving abiotic conditions.

Why is Tiktaalik considered to be such an important transitional fossil in tetrapod evolution? Check all that apply. It had the pelvic bones of a fish but was able to jump with its hind legs like early tetrapods. It had fins with fin webbing like fish but bones that correspond to tetrapod upper arms, forearm, and wrist It had scales like a fish but a flat head with eyes on top like four-limbed animals.

It had fins with fin webbing like fish but bones that correspond to tetrapod upper arms, forearm, and wrist It had scales like a fish but a flat head with eyes on top like four-limbed animals.

Why was the evolution of the operculum important?

It provided a way for fish to breathe underwater without having to swim so as to constantly pass water over their gills.

Which of the following organisms exhibit radial symmetry? (Check all that apply.) Jellyfish Sea urchin Flatworm Coral polyp Sponge Earthworm

Jellyfish Sea urchin Coral Polyp

Trophic roles

Organisms have various trophic roles ("who eats whom") with plants often being at the base of the food web. Plants are producers and make their own food, whereas consumers feed on other organisms and include herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. Decomposers (organisms like fungi and bacteria that break down dead organic material for food) and detritivores (organisms that feed on detritus (dead organic matter)) play an important role in recycling nutrients. The figure below represents trophic nutrient dynamics.

ampullae of Lorenzii

Other distinguishing features of the cartilagenous fishes are the ampullae of Lorenzii, which are specialized cells in the snout that can detect electrical currents.

Platyhelminthes

Phylum of flatworms (Acoelomate)

Nematoda

Phylum of roundworms (Pseudocoelomate)

Mammals are grouped by their reproductive strategies. More specifically, into three distinct groups:

Placental mammals have their young complete their embryonic development in the mother's uterus and, as a result, give birth to fully developed live young. They are "placental" mammals because their placenta (tissue that is attached to the lining of the uterus) provides nutrients from mother's blood to devloping offspring throughout development and are, thus, a bit more complex than other mammals Marsupials are the pouched mammals that can be found in Australia and the Americas. Marsupials give birth to tiny, underdeveloped embryos that instinctively know to crawl and climb into their mother's pouch to complete development Monotremes are the egg-laying mammals that are only found in Australia and New Guinea. There are only 5 species of monotremes: 4 are different species of echidnas and 1 is the platypus. Like all other mammals, monotremes produce milk, but not through nipples. Instead, they excrete milk through tiny pores in their skin.

Predation

Predation typically refers to predator-prey interactions, such as when shark (predator) eats a seal (prey), a bullsnake consuming mallard eggs, or a barn owl eating a mous

Primary and secondary succession

Primary succession: starting of a community on an area with no vegetation/soil (e.g. on volcanic flows, glacial till). Secondary succession: starts on an area that has soil/vegetation (e.g. burnt forest, disturbed area, changes due to species interactions...).

Which of the following is NOT observed in ALL molluscs? a. Radula b. A muscular foot c. Visceral mass d. A mantle e. Open circulatory system

Radula. all molluscs have a muscular foot, a visceral mass, a mantle and an open circulatory system

ray-finned fish

Ray-finned fishes are in the class Actinopterygii. They include the familiar tuna, trout, and goldfish. They are the most diverse of the vertebrates, with more than 27,000 species and more being discovered everyday. They have adapted to nearly all aquatic environments, and many show amazing adaptations Ray-finned fishes are characterized by a bony skeleton, made up of a hard matrix of calcium and phosphate, and fins that are webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines, which gives them their name. Most of the ray-finned fishes have flattened scales covering their skin, and a swim bladder (gas-filled sac) to better control buoyancy and possibly use to supplement gas exchange in ancestral fishes in shallow water. have a protective operculum over the gills (you can't see the gills on ray-finned fishes but you can on sharks and rays!). The operculum can also be moved so that it allows the fish to breathe without swimming -- by contrast, the majority of sharks and rays have to move constantly to pass water over their gills because they don't have an operculum.

cartilagenous fish

Sharks, skates, and rays make up the cartilagenous fishes, which are in the class Chondrichthyes. These fish have an endoskeleton consisting of cartilage, are typically found in marine environments, and are likely most well known to be well adapted, fast-swimming predators, with their powerful jaws, knifelike teeth, and streamlined body . Still, other sharks are scavengers and the largest sharks are suspension feeders that eat small, floating plankton. cartilagenous fishes also have scales, but not like the usual fish scales that you might think of. The dermal scales of a shark are made up of miniature teeth, similar to shark teeth that interlock that actually push the water down as they swim to increase efficiency and speed, and to decrease drag. Lastly, cartilagenous fishes have a fatty liver to control buoyancy in the water.

spatial scale

Spatial scale, such as the local scale (e.g. all plant species found on the front lawn of CCSF) vs. regional scale (e.g. all species on all lawns in San Francisco) vs. differentiation (e.g. the difference of species composition across all lawns in San Francisco).

Species evenness

Species evenness (relative abundance of each species)

Species richness

Species richness (total number of entities of genotypes, species, ecosystems, etc.)

The amniotes

The amniotes include both the reptiles and mammals, and enabled both groups of vertebrates to be completely independent of land

The evolution of specific vertebrate traits, in order:

The first major trait to evolve since the backbone were the jaws (hinged skeletal elements used in feeding), which was key to opening up new feeding opportunities. Second came the swim bladder, which provided buoyancy for swimming; and lung(s), which provided a designated place where blood exchanged gases with the air. The latter -- the lungs -- was a huge step to opening life on land. The following traits -- bony appendages, four limbs, and then amniotic eggs -- each played a critical role for animals to adapt to life on land.

Recall that plants adapted onto land by evolving several traits that allowed them to be independent from water. Animal evolution is similar! Match the plant descriptions and adaptations to their analogous vertebrate counterpart. (mammals, amphibians or reptiles) The internal fertilization and seeds of angiosperms Water-dependent bryophytes Amphibians The naked seeds of gymnosperms

The internal fertilization and seeds of angiosperms mammals Water-dependent bryophytes Amphibians The naked seeds of gymnosperms reptiles

lobe-finned fish

The lobe-finned fishes are named for the series of rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins. There are three lineages of lobe-finned fishes today: the coelacanths are deep-sea dwellers; the lungfishes are in stagnant waters and gulp air into lungs connected to the pharynx; and the tetrapods that adapted to life on land -- the topic of our next section (so more on this in a few!).

Chordata

The phylum of that includes vertebrates. A dorsal, hollow nerve cord; A notochord, which is a flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord; Pharyngeal (gill) slits located in the pharynx, the region just behind the mouth; and A muscular post-anal tail (a tail posterior to the anus).

amniotic egg

There are four distinct membranes: 1.) The amnion, for which the egg is named, contains the fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo; Contains the fluid in which the embryo floats that acts like shock absorber. 2.) The yolk sac contains the rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo and typically dwindles as the embryo continues its development; 3.)The chorion is the outermost covering, that acts as the protective membrane encompassing all the other membranes and allow for oxygen to come into the egg and carbon dioxide to leave; The outermost membrane that acts like the "doors" of amniotic egg. 4.)The allantois, which helps direct gas exchange with the chorion, and additonally acts as a disposal sac for metabolic wastes. (Helps direct oxygen and carbon dioxide, while storing unneeded wastes)

How can you distinguish cyanobacteria from other groups of bacteria? They form symbiotic relationships with other organisms They are able to undergo photosynthesis They include the bacterium that causes Lyme disease and syphilis. They are the only type of bacteria that are good for us and the environment

They are able to undergo photosynthesis

Which of the following best describes the shell of the amniotic egg? [mark all correct answers] a. Non-porous b. Tough but flexible c. Allows for gas exchange d. Leathery e. Isotonic to its environment f. Protection from predators and bacteria

Tough but flexible. Allows for gas exchange. Leathery Protection from predators and bacteria

All vertebrates, including humans, have pharyngeal gill slits at some point in their life. True False

True

The Carboniferous Period is called as such because of all the carbon-rich lycophytes that died, piled up, and fossilized to make coal. True False

True

survivorship curves

Type I curves are typical for large animals that bear few offspring and give extended parental care, such as in hippos, buffalos, and elephants. Type II curves indicate that old individuals are just as likely to die of disease or predation as young ones, which you might see in salamanders, robins, and squirrels. Type III curves are typical for species that produce many small offspring and provide little to no parental care, such as when sea urchins or fish release millions of eggs into the water, in which most of them get eaten.

Which type of survivorship curve would best describe sea turtles, who lay hundreds of eggs on the beach, most of which get eaten as the hatchlings make their own way back to the ocean, without any help from the parents? Type I Type II Type III

Type III

Identify whether the following description applies to the lytic cycle, the lysogenic cycle, or both. Viral genes direct the host to make viral DNA and proteins, which then self-assemble into new viral particles. A virus attaches to a host cell and injects its DNA. Viral DNA gets copied along with the host DNA and passed along to all descendants of the host cell before lysis.

Viral genes direct the host to make viral DNA and proteins, which then self-assemble into new viral particles. Lytic Cycle A virus attaches to a host cell and injects its DNA. Both Cycles Viral DNA gets copied along with the host DNA and passed along to all descendants of the host cell before lysis. lysogenic cycle

A more complex food web will increase ecological stability because a. the extinction of one species will less likely cause a ripple effect and cause further species extinctions. b. the more complex the food web, the more trophic efficiency. c. it would mean that there are more consumers, which increase the positive interactions that help provide ecological stability.

a

After running a gel electrophoresis, the smallest and therefore lightest DNA fragments a. are furthest from the wells in the agarose gel. b. remain in the wells of the agarose gel. c. are closest to the wells in the agarose gel.

a

Before the evolution of the amniotic egg, land animals a. had to live near or return to water to lay their eggs to prevent them from drying out. b. had to constantly be near their eggs to provide constant nourishment for the developing embryo. c. gave live birth in the water. d. had to reproduce asexually.

a

Collar cells in sponges: a. help move water through pores, acting as an aide to filter feed. b. trap food particles for spicules to ingest. c. line the outside of a sponge. All of the above are true!

a

In the annealing stage of the PCR cycle, a. primers attach to the target sequence and mark it for replication. b. temperature is at its highest. c. nucleotides are added to make a copy of the target sequence.

a

People undergoing gene therapy typically use stem cells because a. it would provide a more permanent solution. b. the stem cells can help fight the viral infection. c. bone marrow cells have proven to be unsuccessful.

a

Pollen grains were a great adaptation for land plants because a. They allowed for dispersal for gametes via wind or animals instead of water. b. They increased desiccation of gametes. c. They provided structural support. d. They enabled plants to transfer nutrients from plant to plant aboveground.

a

The DNA profiles used as evidence in a murder trial look something like supermarket bar codes. The pattern of bars in a DNA profile shows a. the presence of various-sized fragments of DNA. b. the presence of dominant or recessive alleles for particular traits. c. the order of bases in a particular gene. d. the order of genes along particular chromosomes.

a

The genome shotgun method a. blasts the genome such that multiple DNA fragments are sequenced at the same time. b. designates the shortest chromosomes to be sequenced first. c. focuses on destroying repeated DNA sequences to increase accuracy.

a

The most energy in a system can be found in the a. First tropic level b. Second trophic level c. Third trophic level d. Top trophic level

a

Unlike the seed plants, bryophytes a. are gametophyte dominant. b. do not undergo alternation of generations. c. are sporophyte dominant. d. are equally sporophyte and gametophyte dominant.

a

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor? a. A tornado killing off the majority of a population. b. The lack of nesting sites in an area. c. An increase of pathogens spreading through a population. d. All of the above.

a

Which protist uses pseudopodia to eat? a. Amoebas b. Ciliates c. Excavates d. Diatoms

a

Gastropods are different from the other cephalopods because (Check all that apply) a. They have a radula, which bivalves do not have. b. Their stomach rests on top of their muscular foot. c. They are the only group that do not have external shells. d. They are the fastest and most agile.

a, b

what ways are coelacanths more similar to tetrapods than to ray-finned fish? [mark all correct answers] a. Six of their fins have bones organized similar to the bones of many tetrapod limbs. b. They have the same genetic sequence as land vertebrates that promotes limb development. c. They give birth to live young pups, similar to mammals. d. They went extinct and came back to existence, just like many amphibians.

a, b, c

What were the challenges that tetrapods faced when adapting to life on land? [mark all correct answers] a. Lack of support from water b. New methods of movement on land c. New ways of sensing their surroundings d. Drying out e. Diverse and plentiful arthropods on land to compete with

a, b, c, d

Archaeans (check all that apply): a. are prokaryotes. b. are more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria. c. include spirochetes. d. can live in extreme environments.

a, b, d

Survivorship curves (Check all that apply) [mark all correct answers] a. are a graphical representation of a life table. b. show the age-specific summary of a population's survival pattern. c. can provide insight into metapopulation structure. d. can fall into one of three types of survivorship curves.

a, b, d

The hind fin of Tiktaalik [mark all correct answers] a. likely allowed Tiktaalik to walk underwater. b. was much bigger than originally hypothesized to be. c. allowed it to jump out of the water and onto land. d. served as a large paddle to propel it in the water.

a, b, d

Which of the following traits allowed for ALL reptiles to successfully adapt to life on land? [mark all correct answers] a.Waterproof skin made of protein-rich keratin b. Internal fertilization c. A four-chambered heart d. Well-developed kidneys and lungs e. Endothermy

a, b, d

Which of the following groups of plants lack vascular tissue? (Check all that apply.) a. Hornworts b. Liverworts c. Ferns d. Lycophytes e. Mosses f. Flowering plants g. Gymnosperms

a, b, e

All mammals have [mark all correct answers] a. A warm-blooded metabolism b. Hair or fur c. A two-chambered heart d. Mammary glands e. A hinged lower jaw made up of multiple bones

a, b. d

What were some of the challenges that plants had as they moved onto land? (Check all that apply.) a. They no longer had structural support of water. b. They didn't have water to stop dispersal of gametes. c. They were in danger of drying out without water. d. They were not as susceptible to predators and predators.

a, c, d

Which of the following is true about Cnidaria? [mark all correct answers] a. Have stinging cells called cnidocytes. b. Are filter-feeders. c. Are carnivores. d. Show no symmetry in body plan. e. Make up the coral reefs. f. Have flagellated collar cells.

a, c, e

How are hexapods different from the other arthropods? Check all that apply. [mark all correct answers] a. They have a distinct head, thorax, and abdomen. b. They are all marine. c. They include the spiders and dust mites. d. They are the only arthropods that can fly.

a, d

How are sharks different from the other fishes? [mark all correct answers] a. They have an endoskeleton made up of cartilage. b. They have a swim bladder. c. They have bones in their pelvic fins. d. They have ampullae of Lorenzii for sensing their environment. e. Their scales are made up of dermal scales, which different from the scales of ray-finned fishes.

a, d, e

What adaptations did adapting on life on land help provide? [mark all correct answers] a. Less predation b. More food resources c. Breathing oxygen in air instead of water

a,b

Match the description with the correct fungi group. The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives. a. Chytridiomycota b. Glomeromycota c. Ascomycota d. Basdiomycota e. Zygomycota

a. Chytridiomycota The only fungi with flagellated spores and likely the oldest lineage b. Glomeromycota Form symbiotic relationships with plants called mycorrhiza c. Ascomycota Classified for its cup like reproductive structures d. Basdiomycota classified for its club shapereproductive structures and presence of gills. e. Zygomycota known for its black bread molds

What is the function of the amniotic fluid? Check all that apply. a. To prevent the embryo from drying out. b. To direct gas exchange, letting in oxygen while getting rid of carbon dioxide. c. To act as a cushion for the embryo, absorbing any shock from collisions the egg may experience. d. To accumulate and remove excess wastes.

a;c

Angiosperms evolved a new way of dispersal (as compared to gymnosperms) by coevolving with their pollinators, such as bees. attracting animal dispersers via fleshy fruit. All of the above.

all of the above

Which of the following was the most recent adaptation to life on land? Amniotic egg Jaws Bony appendages Lungs Four limbs

amniotic egg

The phylum Ascomycota (check all that apply) are known for their cup-shaped asci, where spores are produced. You Answered play an important role in mycorrhizae. You Answered Include the unicellular yeast and bread mold. is one of the most recent lineages of fungi, along with the basdiomycetes.

are known for their cup-shaped asci, where spores are produced. is one of the most recent lineages of fungi, along with the basdiomycetes.

A community with higher evenness will be more resilient and resistant to disturbances such as fires because a. they have a higher number of species present so more species means more resistance. b. they have more individuals per species so that if there is a disturbance, the species will likely survive. c. they can be found at all spatial scales so they will less likely be wiped out from any kind of disturbance. d. they take disturbances more evenly, so all individuals will share the disturbance but survive together.

b

After the Cas9 protein makes its cut in the DNA, the DNA can take one of two repair pathways. The one that highjacks the system so that we can genetically edit the genome using this is system uses a. repair enzymes to simply put the two cut pieces of DNA back together. b. a false homologous DNA strand as a template to insert new DNA sequences into the cut DNA strand. c. DNA ligase to cut around the targeted DNA sequence and restriction enzymes to "glue" in novel sequences.

b

Amphibians were the first vertebrates to colonize the land. Most of them are also still very dependent on water for survival, especially when it comes to reproduction. Their evolution is analogous to which plants that adapted to life on land? a. Gymnosperms b. Bryophytes c. Angiosperms

b

Bivalves are different from other cephalopods because a. their mouth is next to their foot, thus they are called "head footed." b. they have two shells that are held together by adductor muscles. c. they include the snails and sea slugs. d. they are the only group that have terrestrial representatives.

b

Competition: a. results in a positive interaction for one species and a negative interaction for the other species involved. b. can be direct or indirect. c. always leads to competitive exclusion, where one species is ultimately eliminated. d. is most similar to mutualisms with respect to effects on both species.

b

Gram negative bacteria: a. have more peptidoglycan in their cell walls. b. have a greater complexity in their cell walls, which makes them more dangerous to humans. c. stain purple. d. All of the above are true statements.

b

How are the invertebrate chordates different from the vertebrate chordates? a. Only the invertebrate chordates have hinged jaws. b. Unlike the invertebrate chordates, the vertebrate chordates have a supportive, protective backbone. c. The invertebrate chordates have marine, freshwater, and terrestrial representatives; the vertebrate chordates do not. d. The invertebrate chordates include all aquatic representatives while the vertebrate chordates are all terrestrial representatives.

b

How are the invertebrate chordates similar to the vertebrate chordates? a. They all have examples of autotrophs. b. They have all have a muscular tail at some point in their lives. c. They all have a backbone at some point in their lives. d. They all have amniotic eggs.

b

Medusae a. examples include sea anemones. b. are the free floating structure of cnidarians. c. are the stationary, sessile structure of cnidarians. d. are the first stage of all cnidarians before sequentially changing to the polyp stage. e. are the second stage of all cnidarians after sequentially changing from the polyp stage.

b

Producers in a food web: a. include the herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. b. have a higher trophic efficiency than the consumers. c. depend on decomposers and detritivores to recycle nutrients and make available for their use. d. help store nutrients in abiotic reservoirs.

b

Sea urchins differ from sea stars because a. they do not have tube feet. b. they spherical in shape. c. they are wormlike in shape. d. they have more flexible arms and a more distinct central disk.

b

The human genome project a. explained the function of all the genes in the human genome. b. provided the entire sequence of nucleotides in the human genome after being stitched together via computer programs. c. is still being mapped today.

b

To genetically engineer recombinant plasmids, sticky ends a. are where restriction enzymes adhere to the target DNA sequence. b. utilize complementary base pairing between the target sequence and the cut plasmid. c. provide blunt edges upon which DNA ligase can work.

b

Trophic efficiency explains that a. the energy transferred by plants to herbivores is higher than from herbivores to carnivores. b. not all of what is eaten is transferred into biomass; some of it is lost as heat energy. c. energy is transferred more and more efficiently as you move up the food chain.

b

Which of the following best describes a marsupial? a. Carries developing embryo internally and nourishes embryo through a placenta b. Tiny, underdeveloped embryos crawl into pouch to complete development. c. These egg-laying mammals do not have nipples, but, rather, numerous pores in their skin that release milk from mammary glands to feed their young.

b

Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of how crustaceans differ from other PHYLA? a. Their hardened exoskeleton that undergo periodic molts. b. They are mostly marine. c. They specialized segments (head, thorax, abdomen). d. They have jointed appendages.

b

Which of the following is an example of primary succession? a. A severe wind storm b. A violent volcanic eruption c. Introduction of an invasive species d. An earthquake

b

Which of the following is the LEAST distinguishing feature of arthropods? a. They can undergo metamorphosis. b. They are coelomates. c. They have specialized appendages for feeding, swimming, or sensing. d. They have a hardened exoskeleton that periodically molts. e. They have jointed appendages.

b

_____ survivorship curves provide little to no parental care, while _____ survivorship curves produce few offspring and provide extended parental care. a. Type II; Type III b. Type III; Type I c. Type I; Type II d. Type I; Type III

b

Which of the following groups of plants are completely independent of water (do not need to be near water to survive)? (Check all that apply.) a. Ferns b. Pine trees c. Flowering plants d. Mosses

b, c

Which of the following has a (+/-) relationship between two species? Check all that apply. [mark all correct answers] a. Competition b. Predation c. Parasitism d. Facilitation

b, c

Exponential growth (check all that apply) [mark all correct answers] a. is limited by density-dependent factors. b. is shaped like a J-curve, while logistic growth is shaped more like an S-curve. c. is limited by how fast an organism can reproduce. d. is more affected by volcanic eruptions than the amount of food in an area.

b, c, d

GMOs raise public concerns because (check all that apply): a. there has been research showing that ingesting a lot of GMO crops can cause cancer. b. there is a monopoly of GMO seeds by a few large companies. d. it is unclear how the genes in GMOs interact with closely related wild plant populations. c. more research can be done to show the benefits of GMOs compared to natural or synthetic alternatives.

b, d, c

Planarians [mark all correct answers] a. are in Phylum Nematoda. b. only have one opening to their digestive system (they do not have a complete digestive system). c. exhibit segmentation. d. are more closely related to tapeworms than to polychaetes. e. are a type of flatworm. f. have auricles to detect chemical changes in their environment.

b, d, e, f

Chemoheterotrophs (check all that apply): a. Get their energy from the sun b. Get their carbon from organic compounds c. Get their carbon from carbon dioxide d. Get their energy from chemicals e. Include plants and some algae f. Include animals and fungi

b, d, f

Which of the following is true about Porifera? [mark all correct answers] a.Have stinging cells called cnidocytes. b.Are filter-feeders. c.Are carnivores. d.Show no symmetry in body plan. e.Make up the coral reefs. f.Have flagellated collar cells.

b,d,f

According to the HHMI video, one of the limitations of the shotgun method is that a. marker sequences can move out of order along the genome, providing inaccurate results. b. chromosomes that are blasted cannot be put back. c. repeat sequences, which are extremely common in the human genome, can accidentally join sections of the broken fragments in the wrong places along the genome.

c

According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, the highest species diversity is most common with a. low levels of disturbance. b. high levels of disturbance. c. neither low or high levels of disturbance, but something in between.

c

Cnidarians differ from sponges because: a. cnidarians do not have true tissues. b. cnidarians are asymmetrical. c. cnidarians can have either a distinct polyp or medusae structure. d. cnidarians have a heart and brain

c

Land plants likely evolved a. from fungi abut 500 million years ago. b. to photosynthesize, since this was not possible in the water. c. from a type of green algae called charophytes. d. to avoid chemical pollution in the ocean.

c

Of the algae, which one is the LEAST closely related to land plants and why? a. Green algae because they are mostly freshwater algae, and land plants evolved from marine algae. b. Red algae because they have different pigments from the land plants. c. Brown algae because they are in Stramenopila and NOT Archaeplastidae.

c

Pioneer species a. will predominate later in succession. b. typically grow slowly. c. include lichens and mosses. d. only occur in secondary successio

c

Plasmids are great candidates for genetic engineering because a. they are the only type of DNA that restriction enzymes will work on. b. they are linear pieces of DNA. c. they can easily be transferred into bacteria for cloning.

c

Sponges and cnidarians are similar because a. they both have no tissue structure. b. they both have endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. c. they both provide structural habitat for marine organisms. d. they both have nematocysts.

c

Sticky ends cut by the same restriction enzyme a. refers to the DNA ligase that forms as a result of a cut. b. are just as important as blunt ends with respect to forming recombinant plasmids. c. are key to joining restriction fragments from different sources since two different DNA molecules can form hydrogen bonds with one another.

c

The results of the Human Genome Project showed us that a. we are more evolved than chimpanzees. b. humans have the largest animal genome. c. only about 1.5% of our genome are protein-coding regions.

c

The weathering of rocks is most important in the a. Water cycle b. Carbon cycle c. Phosphorus cycle d. Nitrogen cycle

c

What are setae? a.Stem cells that allow for rapid regeneration in the flatworms b. Light sensitive structures in planaria c. Bristle-like appendages that help function in movement in polychaetes d.The mouth suckers that allow for blood parasites to live off their host

c

What is a water vascular system? a. When water is used to help with regenerative properties. b. An endoskeleton that is made up of water. c. A system of water-filled canals that are used in tube feet for feeding and locomotion. d. Tissues filled with water that is used to fuel the digestive tract.

c

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of chordates? a. Bilateral symmetry b. Endoskeleton c. A dorsal, hollow nerve cord d. The presence of tube feet

c

Which of the following is the least important reservoir in the water cycle? a. Clouds b. Ocean c.Rock d. Ground

c

Which of the following is the most recent hypothesis for the origin of flight? a. Dinosaurs with feathers used clawed hands to climb up trees and then used them to glide down, eventually evolving to fly over time. b. Dinosaurs with feathers ran faster and faster, flapping their wings, which then eventually evolved into flying. c. Dinosaurs with feathers escaped ground predators by using their wings to run up trees and then flapped back down when it was safe again. Over time, wings got bigger and bigger which ultimately evolved into wings that could be used to fly.

c

Which of the four chordate characteristics is most likely to remain in the adults of all vertebrates? a. Notochord b. Gill slits c. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord d. Post-anal tail

c

Why is Taq polymerase used in PCR? a. It helps to target the DNA sequence to be amplified. b. It helps to separate the strands of DNA to allow primers to attach. c. Unlike DNA polymerase, it can withstand the heat of denaturing so that it can be used over and over again for each PCR cycle. d. It is necessary to provide an enviroment that allows primers to make new DNA molecules.

c

Why is the amniotic egg such an important development in animal evolution to life on land? a. Unlike being in water, its fluid-filled membranes provided endless amounts of nutrients for the developing embryo. b. It allowed animals to hide eggs away from predators, ensuring its success on life on land. c. It allowed for animals to be completely independent of water because they no longer had to be near water for reproduction. d. All of the above supported the success of life on land for animals.

c

Why was GMO insulin such a help in the medical field? a. It helped relieve the pressure of producing insulin for patients, especially since the supply of insulin from cows and pigs were dwindling. b. Patients who could not tolerate insulin from cows or pigs would now have an alternative to insulin in which they wouldn't have side effects. c. Both of the above are true!

c

The microbiome: a. are all the microorganisms that you have been born with. b. includes the microorganisms in our gut but not on our skin. c. are the 100 trillion microorganisms that live in or on you. All of the above are true.

c. are the 100 trillion microorganisms that live in or on you.

Lichens: are symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. can help establish soil by breaking down rock. typically involve the chytrid fungi. can help saprobic fungi with increased decomposition rates.

can help establish soil by breaking down rock.

Zebras moving in herds in African plains do so to better avoid predation. Having a multitude of stripes moving all together make it hard for lions to focus and hunt down just one zebra from the pack. As a result, zebra populations are best described to have a __________ type of dispersion. uniform random clumped impossible to tell

clumped

There are four basic processes at work in all ecosystems:

community dynamics, energy flow, water cycle, and mineral cycle.

A paleontologist has recovered a tiny bit of organic material from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct wooly mammoth. She would like to compare DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds. Which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of DNA available for testing? a. Gel electrophoresis b. STR analysis c. Gene therapy d. Polymerase chain reaction

d

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments a. by size. b. by electrical charge. c. by pH. d. by both size and electical charge.

d

Lancelets and tunicates are similar because a. they are both filter feeders. b. they both exhibit all four chordate characteristics as adults. c. they have vertebrae. d. they are both sessile.

d

The amphibians were not quite as adapted to land because they lacked a. lungs and, thus, could not breathe on land. b. any type of skeletal structure in its limbs. c. hinged jaws. d. the ability to produce amniotic eggs.

d

The hinged jaws observed in fishes likely evolved from a. the first few gill arches. b. the notochord. c. the bony skull. d. the dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

d

Viruses are different from prokaryotes because a. They are not made up cells. b. They can contain RNA as their only genetic material. c. They do not have any metabolic machinery such as ribosomes. d. All of the above

d

Which of the following does NOT support the fungal absorptive mode of nutrition? a. Lack of septa in some species b. Hyphae that is made up cells positioned end to end, and only one cell layer thick c. Extensive mycelial network that can grow quickly d. Small surface-to-volume ratio of hyphae

d

Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing trait of hagfish and lampreys? a. No scales present b. No fins present c. No jaws present d. No backbone present

d

Which of the following is NOT true about CRISPR? a. It is a powerful gene-editing tool. b. RNA molecules can be developed by researchers to guide the knockout of specific gene sequences. c. Is different from other DNA technologies because it can occur within a living cell. d. The Cas9 protein is a type of restriction enzyme, which means that it can only cut one specific DNA sequence.

d

Which of the following is an example of a myriapod? a. Butterfly b. Tick c. Lobster d. Millipede

d

Which of the following is true about all echinoderms? a. They are all carnivores. b. They all have five rows of arms. c. They are all segmented. d. They all have secondary radial symmetry.

d

Which of the following was used by the octopus in the video as a way to escape a predator? a. Squirting ink to obscure the predator's view b. Turning completely white (blanching) as a scare tactic c. Utilizing chromatophores to camouflage d. All of the above

d

Fragmentation a. limits how far seed dispersers can travel in a forest. b. increases competition between seedlings and their parent tree for limited resources. c. decreases regeneration of a forest. d. negatively affects populations because of habitat loss. e. All of the above

e

How are bacteria good for humans? a. They help us digest food b. They keep immune system healthy c. They regulate hunger and keep you full d. They produce chemicals to deal with stress e. All of the above

e

Which of the following is not an example of an annelid? a. polychaete b. fluke c. earthworm d. leech

fluke. Polychaetes, earthworms and leeches are all annelids

In metapopulation studies, source populations: need individuals from sink populations to maintain themselves. are usually in habitats that are highly unfavorable. are made up of three or more sink populations. generally provide emigrants into sink populations.

generally provide emigrants into sink populations.

What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? f. Only primary describes the directional change in community composition and structure over time. g. Primary succession includes forest fires while secondary succession includes glacial tills. h. Primary succession includes the process of re-establishing living organisms, while secondary succession does not. i. All of the above.

h

Jawless Fishes

hagfishes and lampreys. They have no jaws, no fins, and no scales. They also have a backbone of cartilage prongs that do not provide any substantial protection. Instead, their notocord alone supports the body as adults. hagfish are nearly blind, but have a great sense of smell and touch. Hagfishes like to scavenge for dead or dying vertebrates on the cold, dark seafloor; Many lampreys are parasites, often attaching itself to the side of a fish with its rasping tongue to penetrate the skin and feeding on the fish's blood and tissues

Cnidaria

jellyfish, coral polyps

Annelida

phylum of segmented worms (Coelomate)

Echinodermata

radially symmetrical marine invertebrates. Echinoderms are divided in to a few different groups, including the sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers.

Logistic growth: takes into account the carrying capacity of an area. is limited by density-independent factors. approaches zero as it moves away from the carrying capacity. does not include exponential growth. All of the above describes logistic growth.

takes into account the carrying capacity of an area.

4 groups of arthropods

the Chelicerates (spiders, ticks, scorpions and mites); the Myriapods (millipedes and centipedes); the crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, lobsters, and isopods); and the hexapods (insects!)

Porifera

the phylum of sponges

Arthropoda

the phylum to which jointed-legged invertebrates belong, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans They have jointed appendages. They have specialized segments, appendages, and/or sensory structures. They have respiratory structures, They undergo metamorphosis

All matter on Earth, from carbon to phosphorus to water, has been recycled and used over and over again since the Big Bang in biogeochemical cycles! True False

true

invertebrate chordates

tunicates and lancelets do not have a backbone, or vertebrae.