BIO 111 Final

The most important factors in the rapid speciation of flowering plants was _____. A. mutations in genes involved in flower development B. polyploidy C. rapid mutations in the Hox genes D. geographic isolation

B. polyploidy

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? A. chloroplast B. ribosome C. mitochondrion D. endoplasmic reticulum E. nuclear envelope

B. ribosome

The following characteristics are typical of annelids: A. segmentation, open circulation, and nephridia. B. segmentation, closed circulation, and nephridia. C. no anus, nephridia, and coelom. D. nephridia, coelom, and open circulation.

B. segmentation, closed circulation, and nephridia.

In the process of alternation of generations, the ________. A. gametophyte is haploid and produces spores B. sporophyte is diploid and produces spores C. sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes D. gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes

B. sporophyte is diploid and produces spores

In the process of alternation of generations, the ________. A. spores unite to form a zygote B. sporophyte is diploid and produces spores C. sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes D. gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes E. gametophyte is haploid and produces spores

B. sporophyte is diploid and produces spores

Strolling in the Sonoran Desert, you come upon a stately Saguaro cactus. The large central "trunks" of this cactus are covered with numerous smaller spines. The central stalks are modified ________ used for water storage and spines are modified ________ used for protection. A. stems; fruits B. stems; leaves C. petioles; leaf blades D. leaves; leaves E. leaf blades; trichomes

B. stems; leaves

The more easily a scientific hypothesis can be _____, the _____ the hypothesis. A. falsified, better B. supported, better C. falsified, worse D. supported, worse

B. supported, better

Mammals belong to the A. anapsid lineage of reptiles. B. synapsid lineage of amniotes. C. diapsid lineage of amniotes. D. none of the above.

B. synapsid lineage of amniotes.

All extant mammals will have the following except: a. Hair b. A placenta c. Synapsid skull fenestrae d. Mammary glands

b. A placenta

The evolution of tetrapods suggests... a. Terrestrial chordates are paraphyletic b. All terrestrial animals are monophyletic c. Terrestrial chordates are not related to the Telestomi grouping d. Forelimbs evolved in water and were later adapted for terrestrial use

b. All terrestrial animals are monophyletic

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all animals? a. Multicellular b. Bilaterally symmetric c. Motile at some point in life d. Lack cell walls

b. Bilaterally symmetric

Which of these have the characteristic of growing by molting? a. Lophotrochazoans b. Ecdysozoans c. Deuterostomes d. A and B

b. Ecdysozoans

Which of these shows metamerism? a. Annelida b. Mollusca c. Platyhelminthes d. Nematoda

b. Mollusca

A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification? A. Archaea B. Protista C. Animalia D. Fungi E. Eukarya

A. Archaea

Photosynthetic bacteria would be considered... A. Autotrophic B. Heterotrophic C. Chemotrophic D. Parasitic E. Pathogenic

A. Autotrophic

What is the only group of Mollusca that does NOT have a radula? A. Bivalves B. Gastropods C. Chitons D. Cephalopods E. All mollusks have a radula

A. Bivalves

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? A. Chloroplast B. flagella C. mitosome D. mitochondrion

A. Chloroplast

Echinoderms are most closely related to which group? A. Chordates B. Arthropods C. Nematodes D. Cnidarians

A. Chordates

In the laboratory, you are trying to identify which fungal lineage a particular fungus belongs to. You examine many different cells from the individual, and notice that some are flagellated and motile. Into which group do you place the fungus? A. Chytrids B. Zygomycetes C. Basidiomycetes D. Ascomycetes E. Yeast

A. Chytrids

The Plantae are: A. Eukaryotic B. Prokaryotic C. Paraphyletic D. Multicellular

A. Eukaryotic

Which of the following eukaryotic lineages contains species that all lack functioning mitochondria? A. Excavata B. Rhizaria C. Amoebozoa D. Stramenopila

A. Excavata

Which of these statements is true for a highly inbred population, if there are no other violations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. Frequency of homozygous individuals increases, yet frequency of alleles does not change. B. Frequency of heterozygotes increases, and frequency of alleles changes. C. Frequency of homozygous individuals decreases, yet frequency of alleles does not change. D. None of the above are true.

A. Frequency of homozygous individuals increases,

Which type of bacteria would an antibiotic be most effective at combatting? A. Gram-positive B. Gram-negative C. Archaea D. All of these

A. Gram-positive

The most important elements for life are: A. H, C, O, N, P B. H, Cu, He, Ti, Or C. H, Na, Cl, Fl D. H, C, Si, Al E. E. Li, Na, Ag, Pt, Or

A. H, C, O, N, P

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p2 typically refers to the proportion of __________ in a population. A. Homozygote dominant genotypes B. Alleles C. Heterzygotes D. Homozygote recessives E. Genes

A. Homozygote dominant genotypes

Which of the following are characteristics of animals? I. Heterotrophs II. Autotrophs III. Multicellular A. I and III only B. I only C. II and III only D. II only E. III only

A. I and III only

Which of the following identifies the function of a prokaryotic flagellum? A. It allows for the cells to move B. It allows for active transport across the cell membrane C. It helps the cell attach to other cells and surfaces D. It contains pigments to capture light energy for photosynthesis E. It protects the contents of the cell

A. It allows for the cells to move

How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages? A. It made additional food sources available. B. It allowed for smaller body size. C. It increased the surface area for respiration and feeding. D. It paved the way for the evolution of the pharyngeal jaw. E. It was the first stage in the development of a bony skull.

A. It made additional food sources available.

What must be TRUE of any organ described as vestigial? A. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor. B. It need be neither homologous nor analogous to some feature in an ancestor. C. It must be analogous to some feature in an ancestor. D. It must be both homologous and analogous to some feature in an ancestor.

A. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.

Who was the "father" of modern taxonomy? A. Linnaeus B. Aristotle C. Wallace D. Dawkins E. Lyell

A. Linnaeus

The Monogenea: A. are mostly ectoparasites of fish. B. are usually found in rabbits. C. require an intermediate and a definitive host. D. all of these

A. are mostly ectoparasites of fish.

The Diplopoda (millipedes) A. bear two pairs of legs on most body segments. B. feed on insects. C. are more active than centipedes. D. live in fresh water.

A. bear two pairs of legs on most body segments.

Which of the following is a characteristic of larval echinoderms? A. bilateral symmetry B. lophophore C. exoskeleton D. spiral cleavage E. gastrovascular cavity

A. bilateral symmetry

Some characteristics of Plathyhelminthes are: A. bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, acoelomate. B. acoelomate, diploblastic, bilateral symmetry. C. radial symmetry, triploblastic, acoelomate. D. diploblastic, radial symmetry, acoelomate

A. bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, acoelomate.

Which of the following is an example of homoplasy? A. cell walls in plants and fungi B. fur in bears and seals C. chlorophyll in flowering plants and algae D. scales in snakes and lizards

A. cell walls in plants and fungi

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? A. chloroplast B. mitochondrion C. flagella D. mitosome

A. chloroplast

Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal? A. choanoflagellates B. coral C. sponges D. jellyfish

A. choanoflagellates

True or false, fungi have the highest surface to volume ratio of any other organism A. True B. False

B. False- Higher than MOST because most hyphae are in close contact with their food

Which of these would be considered a monosaccharide? A. Chitin B. Galactose C. Cellulose D. Maltose E. Lactose

B. Galactose

A prokaryote that obtains energy from light is a(n) ________. A. autotroph, phototroph, and chemotroph B. phototroph C. heterotroph and chemotroph D. autotroph and phototroph E. chemotroph

B. phototroph

Which of these structures represent gametophytes in an angiosperm? A. sperm and eggs B. pollen and embryo sacs C. petals and carpels D. ovaries and anthers E. roots, stems, and leaves

B. pollen and embryo sacs

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of ________. A. colonization B. polyploidy C. natural selection D. reinforcement

B. polyploidy

The 5 chordate characteristics

1. Notochord 2. Pharyngeal Gill Slits 3. Endostyle 4. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord 5. Post-anal Tail

Members of the class Arachnida have A) a cephalothorax and abdomen. B) a head, thorax, and abdomen. C) antennae and mandibles. D) five pairs of walking legs. E) none of the above.

A) a cephalothorax and abdomen.

The crustaceans that are sessile and enclosed in a shell of calcareous plates are called A) barnacles. B) isopods. C) ostracods. D) copepods.

A) barnacles.

The insects A) include more species than any other group of animals. B) is the second largest group of animals. C) is of little importance to humans. D) has very few characteristics in common with other arthropods

A) include more species than any other group of animals.

Which of the following is most likely a homoplastic trait in animals: A. A segmented body plan B. Bilateral symmetry C. Spiral cleavage of the zygote D. Radial cleavage of the zygote E. none of the above

A. A segmented body plan

In one species of forest mice, the dominant allele (A/-) for their fur color can be recognized with the distinctive brown tone, while recessive homozygous mice (a/a) have a light gray fur. If 62 mice in one population were trapped and labeled, and only 14 of them were gray, what would be the expected frequency of alleles A and a in this population, assuming that it is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. 0.525 and 0.475 B. 0.62 and 0.14 C. 0.925 and 0.075 D. Allele frequencies cannot be calculated from this data.

A. 0.525 and 0.475

How long would it take for a population to return to being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if there is no mutation, no migration, no selection, no genetic drift, and if mating is random? A. 1 generation B. 100 years C. 10 generations D. 1 year E. Never, evolution is always happening

A. 1 generation

In the accompanying phylogenetic trees, numbers represent species and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not shown as sister species in Tree 1? A. 3 and 4 B. 1 and 2 C. 2 and 3 D. 5 and 6 E. 4 and 5

A. 3 and 4

A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.0001 M has a pH of _____, and is therefore _____. A. 4, acidic B. 7, basic C. 0.0001, acidic D. 1 x 10^-4, basic

A. 4, basic

Suppose 64 percent of a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy—Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait? A. 48 percent B. 60 percent C. 16 percent D. 32 percent E. 40 percent

A. 48 percent

Which of the following is the standard definition for how scientists define evolution? A. A change in the allele frequencies of a population over time. B. Darwin's idea of natural selection.(how this happens) C. The gradual development of an organism from embryo to adult. D. The idea that humans have evolved from chimpanzees. E. The inevitable march of progress from bacteria to plants, jellyfish, worms, and humans.

A. A change in the allele frequencies of a population over time.

How do mass extinctions differ from background extinctions? A. Mass extinctions cause a larger proportion of organisms to go extinct than background extinctions. B. Mass extinctions occur over a longer period of time than background extinctions. C. Mass extinctions, but not background extinctions, are generally caused by competition. D.Mass extinctions typically result from Hox gene mutations, and background extinctions typically result from changes in weather patterns.

A. Mass extinctions cause a larger proportion of organisms to go extinct than background extinctions.

Which one of the following is a lophotrochozoan? A. Mollusks B. Chelicerata C. Crustaceans D. Nematoda E. Arthropods

A. Mollusks

Phylogenetic evidence indicates that land plants are ____________ meaning they made the transition onto land once, whereas terrestrial animals are ____________ meaning they made the transition onto land many times. A. Monophyletic/Polyphyletic B. Primitive/Advanced C. Basal/Derived D. Paraphyletic/Created

A. Monophyletic/Polyphyletic

What would be considered a benefit of a mass extinction? A. Opens new niches that allows for new biodiversity to arise B. Slows down rates of speciation C. Prevents the spread of invasive species D. Causes sea levels to rise E. Lowers the number of species on the planet

A. Opens new niches that allows for new biodiversity to arise

According to the biological species concept, what is the definition of a species? A. Organisms that can breed in nature to produce healthy offspring B. Members from populations that share a similar appearance C. Organisms that use the same niche environment D. Organisms occupying a single lineage in an evolutionary tree E. None of the above

A. Organisms that can breed in nature to produce healthy offspring

Most plants would be considered A. Photoautotrophs B. Chemolithoheterotrophs C. Chemoautotrophs D. Chemoorganoheterotrophs

A. Photoautotrophs

Which one of the following statements about the Cambrian explosion is not true? A. Predation was commonly seen before the Cambrian and thus was not a factor in facilitating the diversification. B. Oxygen may have crossed a critical threshold allowing animals to be more mobile. C. Animal lineages may have diversified prior to animal morphologies D. Once animals could move off the ocean floor, they could exploit new niches.

A. Predation was commonly seen before the Cambrian and thus was not a factor in facilitating the diversification.

The early divergence of bilateral metazoans with coeloms resulted in two separate lineages known as: A. Protostomia and Deuterostomia. B. Pseudocoelomate and Eucoelomate. C. Arthropod Body Plan and Annelid Body Plan. D. Annelid Body Plan and Molluscan Body Plan.

A. Protostomia and Deuterostomia

The average depth of the beak in ground finches on one of the Galápagos Islands increased over the years. This change is thought to be correlated with availability of larger seeds only, due to a drought. What type of selection reduces genetic variation in a trait? A. Stabilizing B. Balancing C. Directional D. Disruptive

A. Stabilizing

Under our strict definition of life (5 characteristics), which would not be true for a ribosyme? A. They are capable of evolving. B. They are composed of cells. C. They can reproduce. D. They carry hereditary information. F. They acquire and use energy.

A. They are capable of evolving.

Considering the phylogenetic trees above as strictly hypothetical and applying the principle of parsimony to the trait "ability to fly," which of the two phylogenetic trees shown is better? A. Tree 1 B. Tree 2 C. Both trees are equally parsimonious. D. Since the trees show different evolutionary relationships, you cannot determine which is more parsimonious.

A. Tree 1

True or False? Recent studies indicate that the "Kingdom Protista" is not a valid taxonomic group, but may comprise 10 or more phyla. A. True B. False

A. True

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact? A. a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism B. a postzygotic isolating mechanism C. a gametic reproductive isolating mechanism D. a temporal reproductive isolating mechanism

A. a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

You see a megasporangium. You are most likely examining the reproductive structures of _____. A. a pine cone B. a stamen C. an archegonium D. a gametophyte E. a seed

A. a pine cone

A plant with the most efficient water transport should have cells with _____. A. a primary cell wall but no secondary cell wall B. a secondary cell wall but no primary cell wall C. pits in the sides and ends where only the secondary cell wall is absent D. gaps in the ends of the cell where both the primary and secondary cell walls are missing E. a lignin-reinforced primary cell wall but no secondary cell wall

A. a primary cell wall but no secondary cell wall

Which of the following extremophiles might researchers most likely use as a model for the earliest organisms on Earth? A. an anaerobic archaean species B. a bacterium that thrives in a highly acidic environment C. a bacterium found on another planet or moon D. an archaean capable of surviving in the polar ice caps E. a bacterium capable of living at extremely high salinity

A. an anaerobic archaean species

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell EXCEPT ________. A. an endoplasmic reticulum B. ribosomes C. DNA D. a plasma membrane E. a cell wall

A. an endoplasmic reticulum

Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A. animals B. vascular plants C. mosses D. brown algae E. slime molds

A. animals

Which of the following is NOT a producer/autotrophic? A. apicomplexan B. dinoflagellate C. green algae D. diatom E. euglenid

A. apicomplexan

Spontaneous generation ________. A. apparently occurred at least once-when life on Earth began B. was demonstrated to occur under normal laboratory conditions by Pasteur C. occurs every time a new species evolves from a preexisting species D. addresses the formation of new cells from existing cells

A. apparently occurred at least once-when life on Earth began

Microsporangia in flowering plants are located in the ________. A. stamen B. sepals C. petals D. carpel E. receptacle

A. stamen

You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm. It has well-developed organelles and two nuclei, one large and one small. This organism is most likely to be a ________. A. ciliate B. diatom C. foraminiferan D. slime mold E. dinoflagella

A. ciliate

All protists ________. A. contain a nucleus B. are smaller than animal cells C. have a cell wall D. are photosynthetic E. are unicellular

A. contain a nucleus

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? A. covalent B. ionic C. hydrogen D. ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds E. covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds

A. covalent

Which of the following would be LEAST likely in the fossil record? A. desert-dwelling species B. marine-dwelling species C. marsh-dwelling species D. burrowing species

A. desert-dwelling species

Similar gill pouches in embryos of a chick, human, and cat are an example of ________. A. developmental homology B. genetic homology C. the inheritance of acquired characters D. structural homology

A. developmental homology

In seedcracker finches from Cameroon, small- and large-billed birds specialize in cracking soft and hard seeds, respectively. If long-term climatic change resulted in all seeds becoming hard, what type of selection would then operate on the finch population? A. directional selection B. disruptive selection C. No selection would operate because the population is in Hardy—Weinberg equilibrium. D. stabilizing selection

A. directional selection

The largest mass extinction recorded in the geological history of our planet was the _____. A. end-Permian extinction B. end-Cretaceous extinction (K-Pg boundary) C. end-Ordovician extinction D. current extinction caused by modern humans

A. end-Permian extinction

The tentacle(s) of the cephalopods is equivalent to the _____________ of a snail. A. foot B. mantle C. shell D. visceral mass E. gills

A. foot

As you stroll through a moist forest, looking down on the ground you are most likely to see a ________. A. gametophyte of a moss B. zygote of a green alga C. sporophyte of a liverwort D. gametophyte of a fern

A. gametophyte of a moss

Alternation of generations occurs in some protists. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for this mode of reproduction? A. gametophyte → gamete → fusion → sporophyte → spore → gametophyte B. sporophyte → spore fusion → gametophyte → gamete → sporophyte C. gametophyte → fusion → sporophyte → spore → gamete → gametophyte E. gamete → fusion → gametophyte →spore → sporophyte → gamete

A. gametophyte → gamete → fusion → sporophyte → spore → gametophyte

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? A. gene flow B. niche differences C. morphological similarity D. molecular (DNA, RNA, protein) similarity E. geographic isolation

A. gene flow

Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? A. genetic drift B. nonrandom mating C. mutation D. natural selection E. gene flow

A. genetic drift

Plants that have leaves arranged in a rosette... A. have greatly shortened internodes. B. lack stems. C. always have compound leaves. D. have a circular arrangement of leaves and long internodes.

A. have greatly shortened internodes.

A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts ________. A. have three or four membranes B. have only a single pigment C. are exceptionally small D. have nuclear and cyanobacterial genes

A. have three or four membranes

A prokaryote that obtains carbon and energy by ingesting prey is a(n) ________. A. heterotroph and chemotroph B. chemotroph C. autotroph, phototroph, and chemotroph D. autotroph E. autotroph and phototroph

A. heterotroph and chemotroph

During cellular respiration, some bacteria use methane (CH4) as an electron donor and oxygen (O2) as an electron acceptor. What is the name for this group of bacteria? A. methanotrophs B. organotrophs C. nitrifiers D. methanogens

A. methanotrophs

Stamens, sepals, petals, and carpels are ________. A. modified leaves B. capable of photosynthesis C. female reproductive parts D. found on both gymnosperms and angiosperms E. found on all flowers

A. modified leaves

Together, the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota form: A. monophyletic group B. paraphyletic group C. polyphyletic group

A. monophyletic group

Which of the following lipids would mostly likely be found forming cell membranes? A. phospholipids B. steroids C. fatty acids D. glycerol

A. phospholipids

The best classification system is that which most closely ________. A. reflects evolutionary history (phylogeny) B. unites organisms that possess similar morphologies C. conforms to traditional, Linnaean taxonomic practices D. reflects the basic separation of prokaryotes from eukaryotes

A. reflects evolutionary history (phylogeny)

Fungi that absorb nutrients from decaying plant matter are called ________. A. saprophytes B. mycorrhizae C. mushrooms D. yeasts E. molds

A. saprophytes

Which of the following correctly pairs a flower part with its function? A. sepals-protect the flower bud B. petals-attract seed-dispersing animals C. the stigma-produces nectar D. the carpel-produces polle

A. sepals-protect the flower bud

Onychophorans: A. share some characteristics with annelids and some with arthropods. B. are called water bears. C. are marine. D. feed on fish. E. all of the above

A. share some characteristics with annelids and some with arthropods.

Which of these are spore-producing structures? A. sporophyte (capsule) of a moss B. antheridium of a moss or fern C. archegonium of a moss or fern D. gametophyte of a moss

A. sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

Strolling in the Sonoran Desert, you come upon a stately Saguaro cactus. The large central "trunks" of this cactus are covered with numerous smaller spines. The central stalks are modified ________ used for water storage and spines are modified ________ used for protection. A. stems; leaves B. leaves; leaves C. petioles; leaf blades D. leaf blades; trichomes E. stems; fruits

A. stems; leaves

In the shelled eggs of reptiles A. the amnion is a fluid-filled sac in which the embryo floats. B. the allantois contains the food supply. C. the yolk sac stores the toxic wastes that accumulate during development. D. all of these

A. the amnion is a fluid-filled sac in which the embryo floats.

Biology is __________. A. the study of life. B. the search for the meaning of life. C. the explanation of phenomena based on supernatural causation. D. a collection of facts that can be ordered and memorized.

A. the study of life

An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry would most likely be ________. A. triploblastic. B. a deuterostome. C. a coelomate. D. diploblastic

A. triploblastic.

Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation? A. type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom) B. type of development (protostome vs. deuterostome) C. type of symmetry (bilateral vs. radial vs. none) D. number of embryonic tissue types (diploblasty vs. triploblasty)

A. type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom)

What best describes the phylogeny of Eukaryotes? A.Monophyletic B.Paraphyletic C.Polyphyletic

A.Monophyletic

Deuterostomes

Anus first then mouth Radial cleavage Coelom forms by outpocketing (enterocoelous) Regulative embryo

An example of a metatherian is a/an bat. A. chimpanzee. B. porpoise. C. opossum. D. none of the above

C. opossum.

Fruits develop from ________. A. fertilized eggs B. receptacles C. ovaries D. microsporangia E. ovules

C. ovaries

If a population has only two alleles for a gene (B, b) with equal frequencies and it is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what are the expected frequencies of genotypes BB, Bb, and bb? A. 0.5, 0, 0.5 B. 0.25, 0.5, 0.25 C. 0.04, 0.92, 0.04 D. 0.7, 0.3, 0

B. 0.25, 0.5, 0.25

What is the rate of species extinctions? A. 5% per million years B. 20% per million years C. 50% per million years D. 80% per million years

B. 20% per million years

You run an osteology lab, where students are able to study the bone structure of various species. To produce clean bones, you introduce insects and bacteria to remove all remaining flesh. Which bacteria would be the best purchase for your lab? A. Cyanobacteria B. Actinobacteria C. Chlamydiae D. Spirochaetes E. Proteobacteria

B. Actinobacteria

Proteins are made up of which monomer? A. RNA B. Amino acids C. Glycerol D. Simple sugars

B. Amino acids

What kind of symmetry does the above organism display? (coral) A. Irregular B. Asymmetrical C. Radial D. Bilateral E. Spherical

B. Asymmetrical

Echinoderms display radial symmetry, therefore they must be closely related to Cnidarians. A. True B. False

B. False

Pearls are only formed by a grain of sand becoming lodged between the mantle and shell of a mollusk. A. True B. False

B. False

True or False? Eukaryotes and Protists are both monophyletic groups. A. True B. False

B. False

Han and Luke are pre-med and pre-pharmacy students, respectively. They complain to their biology professor that they should not have to study about plants because plants have little relevance to their chosen professions. Which adaptations of land plants are likely to provide them with future patients? I. sporophyte dominance II. defenses against herbivory III. adaptations related to wind dispersal of pollen A. I and II B. II and III C. I and III D. I, II, and III

B. II and III

You look at a cell under a microscope during lab and your lab partner asks you if it is a prokaryotic cell. Which of the following clues could you use to answer her? A. It has a plasma membrane composed of a phospholipid bilayer. B. It is part of a multicellular organism. C. It has ribosomes. D. It has a cell wall.

B. It is part of a multicellular organism.

How is a species defined according to the phylogenetic species concept? A. Members of the same species share analogous traits. B. It is the smallest monophyletic group on the tree of life. C. It depends on the occurrence of reproductive isolation. D. All individuals that are the same size and shape would be considered the same species.

B. It is the smallest monophyletic group on the tree of life.

If selection favors unbanded water snakes on the Lake Erie islands, then why are island populations not completely unbanded? What is happening here? A. Natural selection against being completely banded B. Migration of unbanded individuals from the mainland C. Random mutations of banded snakes D. People releasing banded pet snakes

B. Migration of unbanded individuals from the mainland

A potato is a type of ________ known as a ________. A. Modified stem; stolon B. Modified stem; tuber C. Modified root; pneumatophore D. Root; lateral root

B. Modified stem; tuber

In a small population that is close to a large mainland population, which would probably play the least important role in changing allele frequencies over time? A. Migration B. Mutation C. Selection D. Genetic drift

B. Mutation

Where is the genomic DNA of a prokaryotic cell stored? A. Flagellum B. Nucleoid C. Nucleus D. Chloroplast E. Vacuole

B. Nucleoid

What is one reason why there are so few rocks of the age when life first evolved available for analysis? A. Earth was much smaller at that time B. Plate tectonics erases evidence of very old rocks C. Scientists haven't looked hard enough D. All of the life at that time was eaten, leaving very few fossils E. Areas where these organisms died were not in areas conducive for fossilization

B. Plate tectonics erases evidence of very old rocks

Which of these bio-molecules may have lead to the first life-form? A. Cellulose B. RNA C. Phospholipids D. Proteins

B. RNA

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have ________. A. bilateral symmetry B. radial symmetry C. a closed circulatory system D. a complete gut E. excitable membranes

B. Radial symmetry

Which of the following groups is characterized by unusual flagella contained within a structure called the outer sheath? A. Euryarchaeota B. Spirochaetes/Spirochetes C. Proteobacteria D. Chlamydiales E. Firmicutes

B. Spirochaetes/Spirochetes

A phylogenetic tree that is "rooted" contains information about _____. A. The hypothesis about the origin of life B. The common ancestor of all taxa included on the tree C. The first organism that evolved D. The large number of speciation events

B. The common ancestor of all taxa included on the tree

Which of these choices best describes alternation of generations? A. The life cycle of plants alternates between parents and offspring. B. The life cycle of plants alternates between a haploid phase that produces gametes and a diploid phase that produces spores. C. The life cycle of plants alternates between mitosis and meiosis. D. The life cycle of plants alternates between winter and summer phases. E. The life cycle of plants alternates between flower-producing and non-flower-producing phases.

B. The life cycle of plants alternates between a haploid phase that produces gametes and a diploid phase that produces spores.

Which of the following statements is correct? A. Only fossils of microorganisms are found in geological strata older than the Cambrian. B. There are fossils of animals in geological strata that are older than the Cambrian. C. The Cambrian explosion marks the appearance of filter-feeding animals in the fossil record. D. The Cambrian explosion is evidence for the instantaneous creation of life on Earth.

B. There are fossils of animals in geological strata that are older than the Cambrian.

Why are viruses not considered a living organism? A. They are very small in size. B. They are not made up of cells. C. They can only manufacture their own proteins. D. They cause illness.

B. They are not made up of cells.

Which of these statements best describes a vestigial structure? A. Vestigial characters are recent adaptations to newly changed environments. B. Vestigial characters are functionless characters that are homologous to functional characters in closely related species. C. Vestigial characters are fully functional homologies to characters found in all related species. D. Vestigial characters are evidence that some characters have been independently created.

B. Vestigial characters are functionless characters that are homologous to functional characters in

Which of these biologists/naturalists came up with natural selection as the mechanism for evolution of species at the same time as Charles Darwin? A. Linnaeus B. Wallace C. Plato D. Dawkins E. Lamarck

B. Wallace

All of the following are properties of all living organisms except: A. an information system based on DNA B. a membrane-bound nucleus C. independent reproduction D. energy acquisition and use

B. a membrane-bound nucleus

Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A. vascular plants B. animals C. brown algae D. mosses E. slime molds

B. animals

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by ________. A. preying on animals B. animals ingest their prey, fungi do not C. using enzymes to digest their food D. consuming living, rather than dead, prey

B. animals ingest their prey, fungi do not

What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate its host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which materials are passed from fungus to host? A. endophytes B. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi C. lichens D. ectomycorrhizal fungi

B. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The ovary is most often located in the ________. A. stamen B. carpel C. petals D. sepals E. receptacle

B. carpel

When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium ________. A. gametes fuse, forming an oocyst B. cells infect the human liver cells C. cells cause lysing of the human red blood cells D. oocyst undergoes meiosis

B. cells infect the human liver cells

Which of the following obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances to obtain energy that is used, in part, to fix carbon dioxide? A. chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition B. chemoautotrophs C. photoautotrophs D. parasitic chemoheterotrophs E. photoheterotrophs

B. chemoautotrophs

You find a new species of bacterium and determine that it acquires both energy and carbon-carbon bonds from the decaying organisms that it feeds on. You thus place this organism into the category of _____. A. photoautotrophs B. chemoorganoheterotrophs C. chemolithoautotrophs D. chemoorganoautotrophs E. chemolithotrophic heterotrophs

B. chemoorganoheterotrophs

Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male—male competition is an example of ________. A. homology B. convergent evolution C. a synapomorphy D. parsimony

B. convergent evolution

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of ________. A. homology B. convergent evolution C. evolutionary divergence D. shared ancestry

B. convergent evolution

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it ________. A. proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time B. dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations C. was the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation D. was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time

B. dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

All protists are ________. A. unicellular B. eukaryotic C. symbionts D. monophyletic E. mixotrophic

B. eukaryotic

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in homozygous recessives that causes death during the teenage years. If 9 in 10,000 newborn babies have the disease, what are the expected frequencies of the dominant (A1) and recessive (A2) alleles according to the Hardy—Weinberg model? A. f(A1) = 0.9800, f(A2) = 0.0200 B. f(A1) = 0.9700, f(A2) = 0.0300 C. f(A1) = 0.9600, f(A2) = 0.0400 D. f(A1) = 0.9604, f(A2) = 0.0392 E. f(A1) = 0.9997, f(A2) = 0.0003

B. f(A1) = 0.9700, f(A2) = 0.0300

Fruits have contributed to the success of angiosperms by ________. A. nourishing the plants that make them B. facilitating dispersal of seeds C. attracting insects to the pollen inside D. producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat E. producing triploid cells via double fertilization

B. facilitating dispersal of seeds

According to the endosymbiosis theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A. from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions B. from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria C. by secondary endosymbiosis D. from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes

B. from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

Water has a high specific heat because it _____. A. has many covalent bonds B. has many hydrogen bonds C. is most dense in its liquid form D. is an excellent solvent

B. has many hydrogen bonds

Chilopoda (centipedes) A. are herbivorous. B. have venom claws. C. have five pairs of legs. D. live in fresh water.

B. have venom claws.

All fungi are ___________. A. symbiotic B. heterotrophic C. flagellated D. pathogenic E. decomposers

B. heterotrophic

The best experimental design ________. A. alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition B. includes a large sample size and a control and alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition C. includes a control D. includes a large sample size for each condition

B. includes a large sample size and a control and alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition

You identify a cell with a thick cell wall comprised of peptidoglycan. You are able to infer that this species most likely _____. A. lives as an extremophile B. is Gram-positive C. looks pink under a microscope D. is a chemoorganotroph E. has both inner and outer phospholipid bilayers

B. is Gram-positive

The Polyplacophora... A. have a coiled shell. B. live in the ocean. C. lack gills. D. all of these

B. live in the ocean.

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A. the structural carbohydrate, chitin B. nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement C. heterotrophy D. cells that have mitochondria E. flagellated gametes

B. nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

Which of the following represents the arrangement of microtubules in a eurkaryotic cilium? A. nine peripheral triplets of microtubules B. nine peripheral pairs of microtubules plus one central pair C. nine peripheral triplets plus one central pair D. nine peripheral pairs plus two central pairs

B. nine peripheral pairs of microtubules plus one central pair

Which of the following represents the arrangement of microtubules in a eurkaryotic flagellum? A. nine peripheral triplets of microtubules B. nine peripheral pairs of microtubules plus one central pair C. nine peripheral triplets plus one central pair D. nine peripheral pairs plus two central pairs

B. nine peripheral pairs of microtubules plus one central pair

What is the characteristic feature of the Chlamydiales phylum? A. unusual flagella B. parasitic life cycle C. rod shape D. formation of colonies

B. parasitic life cycle

In examining the phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of fungi, biologists were able to infer that the adaptations that allow some mycorrhizal fungi to grow into the cells of root tissue evolved only once. From this inference, they were able to conclude that _____. A. single-celled, parasitic microsporidians are fungi B. the Glomeromycota group is monophyletic C. the basidiomycetes are monophylectic D. the ascomycetes are monophyletic E. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota together form a monophyletic group

B. the Glomeromycota group is monophyletic

Which adaptation is unique to insects among all protostomes? A. the ability to move via jointed limbs B. the ability to move by flying C. the ability to parasitize other organisms D. the ability to metamorphose E. the ability to consume terrestrial plants

B. the ability to move by flying

Which of the following describe all existing bacteria? A. extremophiles, tiny, abundant B. tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse C. morphologically diverse, metabolically diverse, extremophiles D. pathogenic, omnipresent, morphologically diverse E. small, harmful, fast-growing

B. tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse

What best describes the phylogeny of Prokaryotes? A.Monophyletic B.Paraphyletic C.Polyphyletic

B.Paraphyletic

Crustaceans A) breathe by means of tracheae. B) excrete by means of malpighian tubules. C) have an open circulatory system. D) are hermaphroditic

C) have an open circulatory system.

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation 2pq typically refers to the proportion of __________ in a population. A. Homozygote dominant genotypes B. Alleles C. Heterzygotes D. Homozygote recessives E. Genes

C. Heterzygotes

Insects differ from other arthropods because insects have A) paired, jointed legs. B) antennae. C) wings. D) mandibles

C) wings.

A solution with a pH of 5 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of 7? A. 5 times B. 1000 times C. 100 times D. 10 times

C. 100 times

Radiometric dating data indicate that t he earliest signs of life are found in rocks about A. 4.6 billion years old B. 65 million years old C. 3.7 billion years old D. 6,000 thousand years old

C. 3.7 billion years old

Which of the following statements is true about asexual reproduction in some fungi? A. A structure producing diploid spores produces diploid spores by mitosis B. A structure producing haploid spores produces haploid spores by meiosis C. A structure producing haploid spores produces haploid spores by mitosis D. A structure producing diploid spores produces haploid spores by meiosis E. Fungi do not produce spores.

C. A structure producing haploid spores produces haploid spores by mitosis

The euglenid Trypanosoma causes the human disease: A. malaria. B. amebic dysentery. C. African sleeping sickness. D. birth defects.

C. African sleeping sickness.

Which of the following statements is not one of the tenets of Cell Theory? A. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. B. All living things are composed of one or more cells. C. All cells are produced independently by chemical evolution. D. All of the above are correct parts of Cell Theory.

C. All cells are produced independently by chemical evolution.

Plasmodium is a type of protist that causes malaria. Which group of protist does Plasmodium belong? A. Amoebozoa B. Stramenopila C. Alveolata D. Rhizaria E. Excavata

C. Alveolata

The sister group to fungi comprises: A. Animals B. Choanoflagellates C. Both A & B

C. Both A & B

The average depth of the beak in ground finches on one of the Galápagos Islands increased over the years. This change is thought to be correlated with availability of larger seeds only, due to a drought. What type of selection might have affected the beak depth in the ground finch? A. Stabilizing B. Disruptive C. Directional D. All of the above

C. Directional

Which of these statements describes a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? A. Prokaryotes are a more homogenous group of organisms than are eukaryotes, which include protozoa, plants, and animals. B. Prokaryotes, not eukaryotes, have cell walls. C. Eukaryotic cells tend to have much more extensive inner membrane systems and larger numbers of intracellular organelles than do prokaryotes. D. Prokaryotes are unable to carry out aerobic respiration, a process that requires a complex inner-membrane system.

C. Eukaryotic cells tend to have much more extensive inner membrane systems and larger numbers of intracellular organelles than do prokaryotes.

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? A. Seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones. B. Pollen grains contain female gametophytes. C. Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. D. A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm. E. The young seedling grows into a mature gametophyte.

C. Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

Which of the following statements about genetic drift is not true? A. Genetic drift can result in random loss or fixation of alleles. B. Genetic drift is random with respect to fitness. C. Genetic drift increases fitness in small populations. D. Genetic drift is an important evolutionary mechanism in small populations.

C. Genetic drift increases fitness in small populations.

Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life. III. All members of a species can potentially interbreed. A. I and II B. I, II, and III C. I and III D. II and III

C. I and III

The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are ________. I. composed of hyphae II. referred to as a mycelium III. usually underground A. only II B. I and III C. I, II, and III D. I and II E. II and III

C. I, II, and III

Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. The population is very large. B. Individuals in the population mate at random. C. Individuals have differential reproductive success. D. There is no migration from other populations.

C. Individuals have differential reproductive success.

You discover a new species of protist. Which of the following characteristics would provide the strongest evidence for your hypothesis that your species belongs in Euglenida? A. It reproduces asexually. B. It is unicellular. C. It has a pellicle just under the plasma membrane. D. It lacks a cell wall. E. It is photosynthetic.

C. It has a pellicle just under the plasma membrane.

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm? A. It is shaped like a worm. B. It is a suspension feeder. C. It has no coelom. D. It has a mouth and an anus. E. It has a cuticle that it sheds to grow.

C. It has no coelom.

As an introductory biology student, you know that angiosperms are unique among plants in that they produce fruits and flowers. How else could you be sure that a plant is an angiosperm? A. It has pollen grains that are formed by mitosis. B. It has separate sporangia for the production of male and female gametophytes. C. Its seeds are inside an encapsulated structure. D. It has a dominant sporophyte. Microspores are produced by meiosis

C. Its seeds are inside an encapsulated structure.

What Geologic Period ended with the K-T mass extinction? A. Cambrian B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Quarternary E. Cenozoic

C. Mesozoic

The largest extinction, measured as a percentage of species that disappeared, occurred at the end of which geological period? A. Cretaceous B. Devonian C. Permian D. Silurian E. Tertiary

C. Permian

What kind of symmetry does the above organism display? (starfish) A. Irregular B. Asymmetrical C. Radial D. Bilateral E. Spherical

C. Radial

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? A. Tetrapods could now function with just lungs. B. It led to the evolution of the placenta. C. Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction. D. Embryos are protected from predators. E. Newborns are much less dependent on their parents.

C. Tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction.

Which of the following identifies the function of the fimbriae? A. They allow for the cells to move B. They allows for active transport across the cell membrane C. They help the cell attach to other cells and surfaces D. They contains pigments to capture light energy for photosynthesis E. All of the above

C. They help the cell attach to other cells and surfaces

What is the function of ribosomes? A. Storing genetic material B. Digesting food products C. Translating genetic material to make proteins D. Formation of the cell membrane

C. Translating genetic material to make proteins

What is allopatric speciation? A. The divergence of two species from a common ancestor while in the same geographical location B. The reintroduction of geographically isolated species that leads to the production of viable hybrids C. Two species diverging from a common ancestor due to geographical isolation D. Evolution of analogous structures not present in the last common ancestor of two species E. Prevention of gene flow between two populations due to physical or behavioral barriers

C. Two species diverging from a common ancestor due to geographical isolation

An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98 percent of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experienced during the earthquake? A. gene flow B. disruptive selection C. a genetic bottleneck D. directional selection E. a founder event

C. a genetic bottleneck

Many crustaceans (for example, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of ________. A. convergent evolution B. a homologous structure C. a vestigial trait D. natural selection

C. a vestigial trait

While walking a cornfield, you notice roots emerging from the corn stalks themselves, and you suspect that these roots are helping to hold the plants upright. These roots belong to a category of roots known as ________. A. root hairs B. special roots C. adventitious roots D. taproots E. fibrous roots

C. adventitious roots

While walking a cornfield, you notice roots emerging from the corn stalks themselves, and you suspect that these roots are helping to hold the plants upright. These roots belong to a category of roots known as ________. A. taproots B. fibrous roots C. adventitious roots D. root hairs E. special roots

C. adventitious roots

Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, which inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as ________. A. hallucinogens B. aflatoxins C. antibiotics D. antigens E. antibodies

C. antibiotics

Which of the following is NOT a producer? A. green algae B. dinoflagellate C. apicomplexan D. diatom E. euglenid

C. apicomplexan

Fungi with hyphae ________. A. acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis B. have a body plan that is a unicellular sphere C. are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources D. have cell walls that consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils E. reproduce asexually by a process known as budding

C. are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources

Typically, why might females be more choosy regarding mating partners than males? A. because they have so many eggs they could lay B. because males have a limited number of sperm C. because they invest a lot of energy in each egg D. None of the above are correct.

C. because they invest a lot of energy in each egg

Which species concept uses reproductive isolation as the primary criterion for identifying species? A. morphological species concept B. phylogenetic species concept C. biological species concept D. all of the above

C. biological species concept

If chemical evolution occurred, it should be possible to see the process in action today. Proponents of the theory might find supporting evidence by looking more closely at _____. A. upper atmosphere B. ocean surface C. deep-ocean vents D. mineral deposits

C. deep-ocean vents

Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants? A. too much sunlight B. a shortage of carbon dioxide C. desiccation D. animal predation E. all of the above

C. desiccation

Which of the following was a challenge to the survival of the first land plants? A. too much sunlight B. a shortage of CO2 C. desiccation D. animal predation

C. desiccation

The average depth of the beak in ground finches on one of the Galápagos Islands increased over the years. This change is thought to be correlated with availability of larger seeds only, due to a drought. What type of selection reduces genetic variation in a trait? A. stabilizing B. balancing C. directional D. disruptive

C. directional

Apple maggot flies and hawthorn maggot flies feed and mate on apples or hawthorns, respectively. Although the two plants may exist in the same orchard, these two types of flies do not interbreed. We know that only one species, the hawthorn fly, existed originally. The most likely explanation for this is _____. A. allopatric speciation by vicariance B. genome duplication leading to polyploidy C. disruptive selection leading to speciation D. allopatric speciation by dispersal

C. disruptive selection leading to speciation

The vertebrate spinal cord develops from the embryonic ________. A. coelom B. podia C. dorsal hollow nerve cord D. pharyngeal pouch E. notochord

C. dorsal hollow nerve cord

The Plathyhelminthes are more derived (or 'advanced') than the cnidarians because of their A. circulatory and digestive systems. B. circulatory and respiratory systems. C. excretory and nervous systems. D. respiratory and digestive systems

C. excretory and nervous systems.

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ________. A. multicellular fungus B. unicellular chytrid C. flagellated protist D. multicellular algae E. unicellular yeast

C. flagellated protist

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? A. wind pollination B. dominant gametophytes C. fruits enclosing seeds D. embryos enclosed within seed coats E. sperm cells without flagella

C. fruits enclosing seeds

Which of the following, in the alternation of generations in protists, is a multicellular haploid structure produced by mitosis? A. sporophyte B. spore C. gametophyte D. gamete E. zygote

C. gametophyte

Alternation of generations occurs in some protists. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for this mode of reproduction? A. sporophyte → spore fusion → gametophyte → gamete → sporophyte B. gametophyte → fusion → sporophyte → spore → gamete → gametophyte C. gametophyte → gamete → fusion → sporophyte → spore → gametophyte D. gamete → fusion → gametophyte →spore → sporophyte → gamete

C. gametophyte → gamete → fusion → sporophyte → spore → gametophyte

Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation? A. natural selection B. the founder effect C. gene flow D. polyploidy E. disruptive selection

C. gene flow

According to the theory of evolution by natural selection, species _____. A. are created independently B. are immutable (they do not change over time) C. give rise to other species D. are ~6000 years old

C. give rise to other species

Which of the following groups of green plants is a monophyletic group? A. non-vascular plants B. seedless vascular plants C. gymnosperms D. green algae

C. gymnosperms

Tardigrades: A. are mostly marine. B. have jointed legs. C. have a cuticle. D. appear to be closely related to polychaetes

C. have a cuticle.

Spiders A. feed on plant juices. B. have six legs. C. have chelicerae that function as fangs. D. breathe by means of gills. E. have all of the above

C. have chelicerae that function as fangs.

Plants that have leaves arranged in a rosette A. have a circular arrangement of leaves and long internodes. B. lack stems. C. have greatly shortened internodes. D. always have compound leaves.

C. have greatly shortened internodes.

Arthropod exoskeletons and mollusk shells both ________. A. completely replace the hydrostatic skeleton B. are secreted by the mantle C. help retain moisture in terrestrial habitats D. are comprised of the polysaccharide chitin

C. help retain moisture in terrestrial habitats

Two closely related species of toads (genus Bufo) live in large, clearly separate geographic areas of South-East Europe. A third species similar to them lives in the narrow zone between. This third species is likely to be an example of _____. A. Genetic drift B. ancestral species C. hybrid species D. none of the above

C. hybrid species

Stamens, sepals, petals, and carpels are ________. A. female reproductive parts B. capable of photosynthesis C. modified leaves D. found on all flowers E. found on both gymnosperms and angiosperms

C. modified leaves

The approach to estimating phylogenetic trees is most like the approach of which species concept? A. morphological species concept B. subspecies concept C. phylogenetic species concept D. biological species concept

C. phylogenetic species concept

Microbiologists use the Gram stain to aid in the identification of bacteria. What is the major difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria? A. presence or absence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall B. structure of nucleotides in the plasma membrane C. presence or absence of outer plasma membrane D. presence or absence of muramic acid in the cell wall

C. presence or absence of outer plasma membrane

Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because ________. A. Protists eat bacteria B. bacteria are not made of cells C. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack D. bacteria decomposes protists E. Protists are photosynthetic

C. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack

Which type of modified stems grow horizontally belowground and produce new plants at nodes? A. blades B. thorns C. rhizomes D. stolons E. tubers

C. rhizomes

The intermediate host of the fluke causing swimmer's itch is a: A. fish. B. human. C. snail. D. dog. E. duck.

C. snail.

Which of these are spore-producing structures? A. archegonium of a moss or fern B. antheridium of a moss or fern C. sporophyte (capsule) of a moss D. gametophyte of a moss

C. sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it ________. A. contains chloroplasts B. multicellular C. surrounded by a cuticle D. does not contain vascular tissue E. has cell walls that are comprised largely of cellulose

C. surrounded by a cuticle

Which of these are amniotes? A. amphibians B. fishes C. turtles D. lungfish E. all of the above

C. turtles

The lungfishes A. are all extinct. B. do not really have functional lungs. C.live only in Australia, Africa, and South America. D. are an aberrant branch of the cartilaginous fishes. E. all of the above are correct

C.live only in Australia, Africa, and South America.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living organisms? A. They are capable of evolving. B. They are composed of cells. C. They can reproduce. D. They are capable of conscious thought. E. They acquire and use energy.

D. They are capable of conscious thought.

Which of these plants was moved from the America's to the "Old World" during the Great Columbian Exchange? A. Bananas B. Apples C. Wheat D. Tomatoes E. Carrots

D. Tomatoes

Radiometric dating data indicate that Earth is about A. 6,000 thousand years old B. 3.7 billion years old C. 65 million years old D. 4.6 billion years old

D. 4.6 billion years old

Protists could be rendered monophyletic if you included... A. Animals B. Plants C. Fungi C. Bacteria and archaea D. A, B, & C

D. A, B, & C

What would happen if lake currents prevented migration between the mainland? A. Genetic drift B. More isolation between the mainland and island populations C. Formation of a new species on the islands D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Why are Transition mutations 1.6x more likely than Transversion mutations? A. Transitions result in a base change with similar chemical structure B. Transitions more likely to result in silent site mutations C. Transversions more likely to result in an amino acid change D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What can happen to isolated populations when they come into contact again? A. Divergence can be reinforced B. Hybrid zones can occur C. A new species can be formed D. All of the above can happen

D. All of the above can happen

The larvae of echinoderms have __________ symmetry. A. Irregular B. Radial C. Pentaradial D. Bilateral

D. Bilateral

What kind of symmetry does the above organism display? (Mollusk) A. Irregular B. Asymmetrical C. Radial D. Bilateral E. Spherical

D. Bilateral

One key component of chemical evolution is the unique nature of _____. A. oxygen B. hydrogen C. ultraviolet light D. carbon

D. Carbon

What group of mammals have (a) embryos that spend more time feeding through the placenta than the mother's nipples, (b) young that feed on milk, and (c) a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta? A. Testudines B. Monotremata C. Aves D. Eutheria E. Marsupiala

D. Eutheria

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation q2 typically refers to the proportion of __________ in a population. A. Homozygote dominant genotypes B. Alleles C. Heterzygotes D. Homozygote recessives E. Genes

D. Homozygote recessives

Which of the following are qualities of any good scientific hypothesis? I. It is testable. II. It is falsifiable. III. It produces quantitative data. IV. It produces results that can be replicated. A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and II E. III and IV

D. I and II

Which of the following would be useful in creating a phylogenetic tree of a vertebrate taxon? I. morphological data from fossil species II. genetic sequences from living species III. behavioral data from living species A. I B. II C. III D. I, II, and III E. none; not I, II, or III

D. I, II, and III

Why is carbon so important in biology? A. It is a common element on Earth. B. It has very little electronegativity, making it a good electron donor. C. It bonds to only a few other elements. D. It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups.

D. It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups.

Why doesn't inbreeding depression, by itself, cause evolution? A. It decreases the population's average fitness. B. It increases homozygosity. C. It violates the Hardy—Weinberg assumptions. D. It does not change the population's allele frequencies. E. It limits gene flow.

D. It does not change the population's allele frequencies.

Deoxyribonucleic acids are made up of which monomers? A. Amino acids B. Simple sugars C. Glycerol D. Nucleotides E. Fatty acids

D. Nucleotides

Multicellularity and large body size of eukaryotic organisms require high metabolic rates and efficient ATP production by aerobic respiration. How did bacteria change Earth's atmosphere to enable aerobic respiration? A. Splitting of water during anaerobic respiration by cyanobacteria dramatically increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. B.Anaerobic respiration by cyanobacteria increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere by reducing the amount of iron oxides that were able to react instantly with oxygen. C.Nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria decreased the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere, leading to the simultaneous increase of oxygen. D. Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.

D. Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.

Which of the following is TRUE of all horizontally oriented phylogenetic trees, where time advances to the right? A. Organisms represented at the base of such trees are descendants of those represented at higher levels. B. The more branch points there are, the fewer taxa are likely to be represented. C. The fewer branch points that occur between two taxa, the more divergent their DNA sequences should be. D. The common ancestor represented by a branch point farther right existed more recently in time than the common ancestors represented at branch points located farther to the left. E. Each branch point represents a point in absolute time.

D. The common ancestor represented by a branch point farther right existed more recently in time than the common ancestors represented at branch points located farther to the left.

The madreporite is the control valve for the ________________ system in many echinoderm groups. A. Circulatory B. Digestive C. Excretory D. Water-vascular

D. Water-vascular

Which of these hypotheses is correct in terms of the evolution of animals? A. Sponges were the first animals to evolve B. Ctenophores were the first animals to evolve C. Cnidarians were the first animals to evolve D. a & b are both plausible hypotheses

D. a & b are both plausible hypotheses

The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called? A. an ionic bond B. a covalent bond C. a van der Waals interaction D. a hydrogen bond E. a hydrophilic bond

D. a hydrogen bond

In the process of science, which of these is NOT used to test a hypothesis? A. a result B. a control group C. an observation D. a theory

D. a theory

Which of the following characteristics are shared by hagfish and lamprey? A. a rasping tongue B. paired fins C. jaws D. a well-developed notochord E. all of the above

D. a well-developed notochord

Characteristics of protostomes include: A. blastopore first become a mouth. B. spiral cleavage. C. mosaic embryo. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of these might you expect to find on/in the gills of a freshwater mussel? A. glochidia B. unfertilized eggs C. food particles D. all of the above E. none of these

D. all of the above

Annelids are thought to be related to molluscs because A. they have a similar nervous system. B. a shared metameric body plan though the mechanism of segmentation may be different. C. they both have a similar trochophore larva. D. all of these

D. all of these

Arthropods are successful/diverse because they have A. a very efficient respiratory system. B. highly developed sensory organs. C. reduced competition through metamorphosis. D. all of these

D. all of these

Structures found in the Cestoda but not in other flatworms are A. proglottids. B. scolex. C. strobila. D. all of these

D. all of these

One study of ground squirrels shows that a different species lives on each side of the Grand Canyon. The fossil record shows that before the canyon was formed, only one of the species lived on one side of the canyon, and no ground squirrels lived on the other. Which model of speciation would most likely have led to this occurrence? A. sympatric speciation by polyploidy B. sympatric speciation by disruptive selection C. allopatric speciation by vicariance D. allopatric speciation by dispersal

D. allopatric speciation by dispersal

You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? A. basidiomycete B. deuteromycete C. chytrid D. ascomycete E. zygomycete

D. ascomycete

Agriculture independently arose ________ over the last 12,000 years A. In Middle East B. 2 or 3 times C. 4 or 5 times D. at least 7 times

D. at least 7 times

Mitochondria are responsible for ________________, while Chloroplasts are responsible for ________________. A. feeding/producing food B. breathing/excretion C. storing genetic information/translating RNA to proteins D. cellular respiration/photosynthesis

D. cellular respiration/photosynthesis

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in homozygous recessive (ff) humans that typically significantly reduces life expectancy. Over time, we would expect the f allele frequency to ________ for this trait. A. remain the same B. fluctuate C. increase D. decrease

D. decrease

Which of the following is the most predictable outcome of increased gene flow between two populations? A. increased genetic drift B. higher average fitness in both populations C. increased genetic difference between the two populations D. decreased genetic difference between the two populations E. lower average fitness in both populations

D. decreased genetic difference between the two populations

Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution? A. survival of the fittest B. inheritance of acquired characters C. change in the number of genes in a population over time D. descent with modification

D. descent with modification

Researchers have found a new type of bacteria, and they want to determine its phylum. What would be the most reliable method to do so? A. conducting a Gram-stain test B. performing an analysis of metabolic pathways C. analyzing the morphological characteristics of the bacteria D. determining the ribosomal RNA sequence of the bacteria

D. determining the ribosomal RNA sequence of the bacteria

Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle? A. moss B. liverwort C. hornwort D. fern E. charophyte (stoneworts)

D. fern

According to the endosymbiosis theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A. from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes B. from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions C. by secondary endosymbiosis D. from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

D. from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have ________. A. looked very similar to that of today, with flowers, grasses, shrubs, and trees B. been completely bare rock, with little pools that contained bacteria and cyanobacteria C. been covered with tall forests in swamps that became today's coal D. had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

D. had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments best supported the hypothesis that ________. A. organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth B. the conditions on early Earth were conducive to the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules C. the conditions on early Earth were conducive to the origin of life D. life on Earth arose from simple organic molecules, with energy from lightning and volcanoes E. life on Earth arose from simple inorganic molecules

D. life on Earth arose from simple organic molecules, with energy from lightning and volcanoes

Although some species of fungi live in association with an array of different land plant species, some fungi-plant associations are very specific. If these associations lead to the fungal species benefiting as well as the plant species, then there is a _____ relationship between the plant and fungus. A. parasitic B. commensal C. herbivory D. mutualistic E. competitive

D. mutualistic

Characteristics of deurterostomes include: A. blastopore first become a mouth. B. spiral cleavage. C. mosaic embryo. D. none of the above

D. none of the above

An example of a monotreme is a/an bat. A. chimpanzee. B. porpoise. C. opossum. D. none of the above

D. none of the above (platypus)

Your friend says that her new phone will not turn on. You tell her the battery must be dead and that charging the phone should solve the problem. You are... A. defining the control group for an experiment to explain why the phone won't turn on. B. performing an experimental test of a hypothesis for why the phone won't turn on. C. stating the scientific theory for why the phone won't turn on. D. offering a specific hypothesis and associated prediction to explain why the phone won't turn on.

D. offering a specific hypothesis and associated prediction to explain why the phone won't turn on.

Echinoderms ________. A. are most often found in freshwater environments B. circulate hemolymph in their water vascular system C. digest their food outside of the organism D. often use tube feet to move around in their environment E. have an exoskeleton of hard calcareous plates

D. often use tube feet to move around in their environment

Which of the following would be considered a multiple fruit? A. raspberry B. corn on the cob C. strawberry D. pineapple E. apple

D. pineapple

Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to ________. A. sexual selection B. the inheritance of acquired characteristics C. possession of shared ancestral characters D. possession of homoplasic (convergent) traits E. inheritance of shared derived characters

D. possession of homoplasic (convergent) traits

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle? A. scales B. four-chambered heart C. vertebrae D. post-anal tail E. jaws

D. post-anal tail

Characteristics of protists include: A. only sessile cells B. unicellular, multicellular, but not colonial types C. germ layers present D. species with endoskeletons, exoskeletons, and species that are naked

D. species with endoskeletons, exoskeletons, and species that are naked

The same basic internal organs (kidneys, stomach, heart, lungs) are found in frogs, birds, snakes, and rodents. This is primarily an example of ________. A. developmental homology B. inheritance of acquired characteristics C. genetic correlation D. structural homology

D. structural homology

Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group. This suggests ________. A. there were many different transitions from aquatic to terrestrial habitats B. wind-pollinated plants arose first C. land plants have undergone a diversification since they first colonized terrestrial habitats D. there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

D. there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

Protists are not considered a monophyletic group because _____. A. only some of their traits are found solely in protists—other traits are also found in other organisms B. they share a common ancestor C. they are ancestral to animals, plants, and fungi—all of the other eukaryotic groups D. they are not defined by any synapomorphies E. they represent all of the descendants of a single common ancestor

D. they are not defined by any synapomorphies

These insects trapped in amber would be an example of which type of fossil? A. compression fossil B. cast fossil C. perimineralized fossil D. unaltered remains E. living animal

D. unaltered remains

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup? A. domestic cat B. tiger C. lion D. wolf E. leopard

D. wolf

In examining a protist, you notice that it lacks a cell wall, and has movement with cytoplasmic streaming. These data allow you to infer that the species belongs to which of the following protist groups? A) Excavata B) Stramenopila C) Rhizaria D) Alveolata E) Amoebozoa

E) Amoebozoa

The study of insects is called... A) Malacology B) Arthropology C) Mammology D) Herpetology E) Entomology

E) Entomology

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? A. composition of the cell wall B. lack of a nuclear envelope C. presence of plasma membrane D. both A and B E. both B and C

E. both B and C

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. sporophyte 2. microspores 3. microsporangia 4. pollen cone 5. pollen nuclei A. 1, 4, 2, 3, 5 B. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 C. 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 D. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 E. 1, 4, 3, 2, 5

E. 1, 4, 3, 2, 5

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) TRUE? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Animals only reproduce sexually. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. A. 2 and 4 B. 3, 4, and 5 C. 5 only D. 1 and 2 E. 3 and 5

E. 3 and 5

All fungi are ___________. A. symbiotic B. heterotrophic C. eukaryotic D. decomposers E. B & C are correct

E. B & C are correct

Evolution of wings in birds and bats is an example of: A. Synapomorphy B. Homoplasy C. Homology D. Convergent Evolution E. B & D are correct

E. B & D are correct

Which mechanism would most likely result in two populations becoming more similar to each other? A. Genetic drift B. Gene flow C. Natural selection D. Migration E. B & D are both correct

E. B & D are correct

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? A. Bacteria and Eukarya B. Eukarya and Monera C. Bacteria and Protista D. Archaea and Monera E. Bacteria and Archaea

E. Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? A. Bacteria and Eukarya B. Archaea and Monera C. Eukarya and Monera D. Bacteria and Protista E. Bacteria and Archaea

E. Bacteria and Archaea

What Geologic Era to we currently live in? A. Cambrian B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Quarternary E. Cenozoic

E. Cenozoic

Which is the largest level of biological organization listed below? A. Cell B. Organ system C. Atom D. Population E. Ecosystem

E. Ecosystem

You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium? A. You determine that it can cause Lyme disease. B. It is an endosymbiont. C. It lacks cell walls. D. It forms chains called mycelia. E. It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen.

E. It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen.

What characteristics would ensure you that a fungus you are observing is a microsporidian? A. It is multicellular and able to digest cellulose and lignin. B. It forms spores asexually. C. It forms ball-like sporangia at the tips of its hyphae. D. It is unicellular and performs cellular respiration. E. It is unicellular and parasitic

E. It is unicellular and parasitic

An example of a plant that uses anchor roots would be _________ A. Venus fly trap B. Carrot C. Corn D. Mangrove E. Ivy

E. Ivy

Which of the following would not result in changing allele frequencies over time in a large population of elephants. A. Migration B. Mutation C. Selection D. Genetic drift E. Non-random mating

E. Non-random mating

What is the likely mechanism for why watersnakes are more unbanded on Lake Erie islands? A. Mutation B. Genetic drift C. Act of god D. Migration from the mainland E. Selection

E. Selection

Which of the following is the best description of a control for an experiment? A. The control group is left alone by the experimenters. B. Only the experimental group is tested or measured. C. The control group is exposed to only one variable rather than several D. The control group is kept in an unchanging environment. E. The control group is matched with the experimental group except for one experimental variable.

E. The control group is matched with the experimental group except for one experimental variable.

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome? A. The animal is clearly bilaterally symmetrical. B. There is evidence of cephalization. C. There is a well-developed coelom. D. The animal is triploblastic. E. The mouth develops first, and the anus develops later.

E. The mouth develops first, and the anus develops later.

What unique characteristic do all deuterostomes have in common? A. Adults are bilaterally symmetrical. B. All have a spinal column. C. Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits. D. All have specialized head and tail regions. E. The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

E. The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

Apicomplexans like Plasmodium and Trypanosoma would be considered ______________ of humans. A. parasites B. vectors C. pathogens D. hosts E. a & c are correct

E. a & c are correct

Which of the following is not found in all cells? A. proteins B. nucleic acids C. carbohydrates D. a plasma membrane E. a cell wall

E. a cell wall

The trilobites are A. freshwater dwellers. B. terrestrial crustaceans. C. aquatic insects. D. a minor group of marine crustaceans. E. all extinct.

E. all extinct.

Chemicals, secreted by many soil fungi, which inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as ________. A. antibodies B. aflatoxins C. hallucinogens D. antigens E. antibiotics

E. antibiotics

Evolution in a population of island iguanas can be caused by the following agent(s): A. natural selection. B. genetic drift. C. gene flow. D. All of the above can be agents. E. both natural selection and genetic drift.

E. both natural selection and genetic drift.

Animals are ALL: A. protists B. bacteria C. archaea D. prokaryotic E. eukaryotic

E. eukaryotic

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a ________. A. moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia B. fern sporophyte C. hermaphroditic fern gametophyte D. moss sporophyte E. fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

E. fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

A snail-like, coiled, porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate is characteristic of ________. A. apicomplexans B. diatoms C. ciliates D. water molds E. foraminiferans

E. foraminiferans

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? A. embryos enclosed within seed coats B. sperm cells without flagella C. dominant gametophytes D. wind pollination E. fruits enclosing seeds

E. fruits enclosing seeds

Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in allopatric speciation? A. genetic drift, genetic isolation, divergence B. divergence, genetic isolation, genetic drift C. genetic isolation, divergence, genetic drift D. divergence, genetic drift, genetic isolation E. genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence

E. genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence

Freshwater mussels native to North America have a specialized parasitic larva called a _____________, while invasive Zebra Mussels have a free-floating larva called a ____________. A. trochophore/veliger B. veliger/glochidium C. veliger/trochophore D. planula/trochophore E. glochidium/veliger

E. glochidium/veliger

Long, branching fungal filaments are called ________. A. septa B. ascus C. roots D. mycelia E. hyphae

E. hyphae

Long, branching fungal filaments are called ________. A. roots B. asci C. septa D. mycelia E. hyphae

E. hyphae

Mutation is the only evolutionary mechanism that ________. A. is more important in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes B. has no effect on genetic variation C. decreases fitness D. does little to change allele frequencies E. is the ultimate source of variation in natural populations

E. is the ultimate source of variation in natural populations

Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms? A. ovary B. anthers C. stigma D. carpel E. ovule

E. ovule

You find an undescribed plant. It has small, free-living gametophytes and large, longer-lived sporophytes. You also observe that dispersal is carried out using spores. You thus conclude that your discovery is a _____. A. gymnosperm B. angiosperm C. non-vascular plant D. seed plant E. seedless vascular plant

E. seedless vascular plant

Sexual reproduction in the malaria-causing protist parasite Plasmodium occurs in ___________________. A. liver cells of a human B. red blood cells of a human C. white blood cells of a human D. the gametes of a mosquito E. the gut wall of a mosquito

E. the gut wall of a mosquito

In a bacterium, we will find DNA in ________. A. a membrane-enclosed nucleus B. mitochondria C. ribosomes D. the endoplasmic reticulum E. the nucleoid

E. the nucleoid

Protostomes

Mouth first then anus Spiral cleavage Coelom forms by splitting (schizocoelous) Mosaic Embryo

Pleisiomorphy

Shared ancestral characters

Synapomorphy

Shared derived characters

Explain the connections between bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and the central nervous system:

The lack of neurons or a nervous system leads to an asymmetrical body plan. The presence of neurons in a diffuse layout, known as a nerve net, correlates with radial symmetry where nerves are needed throughout the organism for encounters all around the body. The ecolution of a central nervous system, where some neurons are clustered into one or more large tracts or cords that project through the body correlate with bilateral symmetry.

The name Urochordata means literally a) "tail chordates." b) "head chordates." c) "kidney chordates." d) "tunic chordates."

a) "tail chordates."

A 370 million-year-old fossil called Tiktaliik was a) a lobe-finned fish that may have given rise to the tetrapods. b) among the earliest known amphibians. c) a lizard-like reptile. d) a ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) that may have given rise to the amphibians

a) a lobe-finned fish that may have given rise to the tetrapods.

All chordates have a) a single, dorsal, tubular, nerve cord. b) a dorsal heart. c) pharyngeal gill slits used for respiration. d) all of these

a) a single, dorsal, tubular, nerve cord.

The post anal tail is seen in humans only as a vestige; the a) coccyx. b) sacrum. c) appendix. d) caudal vertebrae.

a) coccyx.

The lateral line of a shark is used for a) detecting and locating objects and moving animals in the water. b) the excretion of urea and water. c) circulation. d) mucus secretion during mating behavior.

a) detecting and locating objects and moving animals in the water.

The movement of air over the upper curved surface of a bird's wing causes ______. a) lift b) drag c) stalling d) drift

a) lift

Sharks have a) placoid scales. b) ctenoid scales. c) cycloid scales. d) ganoid scales.

a) placoid scales.

Platyhelminthes are all... a. Acoelomates b. Parasitic c. Deuterostomes d. Dioecious

a. Acoelomates

A representative of chondrosteans is a) the gar. b) the sturgeon. c) the coelacanth. d) the bowfin.

b) the sturgeon.

Coelocanths a) are all extinct. b) were found off the coast of South Africa and Indonesia. c) are members of the Class Actinopterygii. d) form a mud cocoon during the dry seasons. e) all of the above are correct

b) were found off the coast of South Africa and Indonesia.

The dinosaurs may be considered to be a paraphyletic group, because this grouping does not include the a) lizards. b) snakes. c) birds. d) crocodiles.

c) birds.

The digestive system contributes to the success of birds as flying animals because a) it is long. b) it has a crop. c) it digests food quickly. d) it is penetrated by air sacs.

c) it digests food quickly.

This type of fungi forms basidia (specialized club-like cells at the ends of hyphae) a. Ascomycetes b. Zygosporangia c. Basidiomycetes d. Chytrids

c. Basidiomycetes

An advancement that reptiles show over amphibians for living in terrestrial environments is/are a) a tough, scaly skin that provides protection against desiccation. b) better developed lungs. c) a shelled egg that can be laid on dry land. d) all of these

d) all of these

Characteristic(s) of amphibians is/are: a) a biphasic life history b) ectothermic c) poikilothermic d) all of these

d) all of these

The fur of mammals a) consists of underhair and guard hair. b) is shed periodically by most mammals. c) is composed of keratin. d) all of these

d) all of these

In which of following groups of mollusks would you find a mantle? a. Bivalvia b. Polyplacophora c. Cephalapoda d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a protostome? a. A freshwater mussel b. Earthworms c. Butterflies d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of these might you find on the gills of a freshwater mussel? a. Glochidia (parasitic larvae) b. Unfertilized eggs c. Food particles d. All of the above

d. All of the above