BIO 117 HONDROS EXAM 3
Urinary Structures -- Parts
1. Kidneys- main organ filters the blood 2. Ureters-Tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder 3. Urinary Bladder-where urine is stored 4. Urethra- the tube that leads urine from the bladder out of the body
The apex of the heart is located
5th intercostal space
Valve that prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the left ventricle is in diastole?
Aortic
Functions of water soluble vitamins?
B12 & B9 are needed for proper CNS function and development
What do baroreceptors regulate?
BP
What is related to the mitral valve (tricuspid valve)?
Bicuspid valve
What is the common feature of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Both are vassopressors
What organ do the carotid and vertebral arteries supply?
Brain
What is our number one fuel choice?
Carbohydrates, make most molecules out of carbs
Examples of macronutrients?
Carbs, Sugar, Potatoes, Pasta
What do heart rate and stroke volume determine?
Cardiac output
What artery supplies the head and neck region?
Carotid
Hepatic Vein?
Carries blood from the liver to the IVC
Hepatic Artery?
Carries oxygenated blood to the liver
What supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?
Coronary Arteries
What is the name of the second heart sound?
Dubb - A\aortic and pulmonic
Which of the following best explains the function of the skeletal muscle pump?
Enhanced movement of blood from the lower extremities towards the heart
Circulation in the lower extremity is assessed by palpating which artery?
Femoral
What happens if the capillary hydrostatic pressure exceeds plasma oncotic pressure?
Fluid is filtered into the insterstitium
Which direction does blood flow through the foramen ovale in the fetus?
From the right atrium to the left atrium
What vessel carries unoxygenated blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?
Hepatic Veins
What blood vessels bring unoxygenated blood to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
Where is BP the lowest?
Inferior vena cava
Insufficient blood supply to an organ?
Ischemia
Which of the following is true of vasoconstriction?
It's caused by sympathetic nerve stimulation
Which of the following carries unoxygenated blood?
Jugulars
Which of the following contains oxygenated blood?
Left Atrium, Pulmonary veins, Aorta
The aorta receives blood from what structure?
Left ventricle
mechanical digestion examples
Mastication, stomach churning, peristalsis, emulsification by bile
Which layer of the heart allows it to act as a pump?
Myocardium
Which layer of the heart contains actin, myosin, and troponin?
Myocardium
What is true of blood leaving the tissues and traveling towards the right atrium?
Oxygen poor, carbon dioxide rich
ECG Waves
P: atrial contraction/depolarization QRS: ventricular contraction (atrial repolarization hidden) T: ventricular repolarization
What is a vagal effect?
Parasympathetic mellowing down of the heart
What surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
Which layer of the heart wall contains the epicardium?
Pericardium
If the ductus arteriousus fails to close after birth, bloods shunts from the aorta to which blood vessel?
Pulmonary arteries
Which vessel carries blood from the pulmonary capillaries to the left atrium?
Pulmonary veins
What is the left ventricle doing when the right ventricle is contracting?
Pumping blood into the great vessels
Sympathic nerves?
Release Norepinephrine
Which cavity of the heart first receives unoxygenated blood from the vena cava?
Right atrium
Where does the cardiac action potential normally originate?
SA node
What fluid can be found between the visceral and parietal pericardium?
Serous Fluid
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus?
Shunts blood away from the fetal lungs
Which of the following contains deoxygenated blood?
Superior Vena Cava, Right Atrium, Pulmonary Arteries
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
What is the right semilunar valve separating the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery?
The pulmonic valve
What is the apex of the heart?
The tip of the heart, pointing down towards the left 5th intercostal space.
What is true about epinephrine and norepinephrine?
They bind to beta-1 adrenergic receptors, and are secreted by the adrenal medulla, catecholamines
Aorta locations
Thoracic and Abdominal
What is the function of the perkinje fibers?
To conduct electrical signals throughout the ventricles
What is the function of the pulmonic valve?
To prevent blood flow from the pulmonary arteries to the right ventricle during ventricular diastole
Which valves are open during atrial systole?
Tricuspid Mitral
Largest vein in the body?
Vena Cava
What is the largest vein in the body?
Vena Cava
Functions of fat soluble vitamins?
Vitamin A: Vision. Vitamin K: Blood Clotting Vitamin D: Bone & Teeth Vitamin E: Antioxidant & skin health
What vitamins are fat soluble?
Vitamins A, D, E, K
What vitamins are water soluble?
Vitamins B and C
What is true of vitamins?
We cant live without them, and we don't make energy out of them.
location of esophageal sphincter
between esophagus and stomach
location of pyloric sphincter
between stomach and duodenum
Functions of the liver
bile production, storage, nutrient interconversion, detoxification, phagocytosis, synthesis
What is the name of the first heart sound?
lubb - closing of the aortic valve
GI tract structures
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
digestive system structures
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, large intestine, rectum
Upper respiratory structures
nose, pharynx, larynx
What are digestive enzymes?
pepsin, mucus, hydrochloric
What is albumin?
plasma protein
What chamber is the pacemaker located in?
right atrium
