BIO 201 Connect Chapter 2
Weight of proton or neutron
1 amu
What is the avg. background radiation a person receives?
2.4 mSv per year
How much is fatal Sv?
5 Sv or more
nonpolar covalent
Covalent bond in which electrons are equally attracted to both nuclei. May be single or double. Strongest type of chemical bond.
Sievert (Sv)
SI unit of radiation dosage, takes account type & intensity of radiation and biological effect
van der waals force
Weak, brief attraction due to random disturbances in the electron clouds of adjacent atoms. Weakest of all bonds.
bones/teeth consist of?
calcium, phosphate, magnesium, fluoride, sulfate
mutagenic
causing mutations in DNA
Why are electrolytes important?
chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical effects on nerve and muscle tissue
antioxidant
chemical that neutralizes free radicals
nucleus
composed of protons and neutrons
polar covalent
electrons are more attracted to one nucleus than to the other, may result in slightly positive or negative regions in molecule
ionizing radiation
high energy radiation emitted by radioisotopes ejects electrons from atoms, converting atoms to ions
minerals
inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms
colloids
mixtures of protein and water (albumin in blood plasma)
Possible effects from electrolyte imbalance?
muscle cramps, brittle bones, coma, cardiac arrest
radioactivity
process of decay
ionic bond
relatively weak attraction between an anion and a cation. Easily disrupted in water, as when salt dissolves
double covalent
sharing of 2 electron pairs. Often occurs between carbon atoms, between carbon and oxygen and between carbon and nitrogen
single covalent bond
sharing of one electron pair
covalent bond
sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei
electrolytes
substances that ionize in water (acids, bases, or salts) & form solutions capable of conducting electricity
atom
the number of protons in it's nucleus
physical half-life
time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to more stable isotope
biological half life
time required for half of it to disappear from the body
carcinogenic
triggering cancer as a result of mutation
Radioisotopes
unstable isotopes
Free radicals
unstable, highly reactive chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
hydrogen bond
weak attraction between polarized molecules or between polarized regions of the same molecule. Easily disrupted by temperature and pH changes