Bio 208 Exam 2

What drives the flow of water through the xylem?

The evaporation of water from the leaves

When you are jogging, your muscles are using more oxygen and releasing more carbon dioxide into the blood than when you are at home on the couch. Which of the following would occur during your jog?

The medullary respiratory center would detect rising carbon dioxide levels.

Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct?

The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats _______.

in conjunction with fungi that helped provide then with nutrients from the soil

A behavioral physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH. In a trial, a lizard runs on a treadmill for a set amount of time and the blood pH is measured. The blood pH drops as carbon dioxide is released into the bloodstream. Which component of the homeostatic feedback system is responsible for determining if the blood pH is far enough from normal that a response is necessary?

integrator

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant not an alga if it _______.

is surrounded by a cuticle

Most of the water taken up by a plant is _______.

lost during transpiration

Why are we moving water from ground to leaves

transpiration occurs in the leaves, the negative pressure brings the water up the xylem

What is the correct order of processes involving the movement of oxygen from the environment to mitochondria in vertebrates?

ventilation, circulation, cellular respiration

For approximately how long have humans been selecting for desirable traits in crop species?

10-15,000 years

Suppose that certain root cells have an overall charge that is more negative than normal. What impact would this likely have on the uptake of anions such as NO₃⁻?

Anions would be less likely to enter roots

Role of cell wall

Cell wall creates force exerted by the wall called wall pressure. Turgor pressure increases (pressure inside the cell)

Which of the following experiments is the best way to determine if an element is essential for plant growth?

Grow plants using hydroponics with and without the element and measure plant growth and health.

Which of the following statements about essential nutrients are TRUE? Essential nutrients _______. I. are necessary for plant growth and reproduction II. are required for a specific structure or metabolic function III. cannot be synthesized by a plant IV. are produced by symbiotic bacteria

I, II, and III

What are vascular plants evolutionary innovation?

Silurian Devonian explosion, Carboniferous, Gymnosperms abundant, Angiosperms abundant

You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?

Rounding the clay up into a sphere

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about body size and physiology?

Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body volume or mass increases as a function of its body length cubed while its surface area increases as a function of the body length squared

A genetically modified soybean plant contains a gene (DNA) originally from an apple. In consuming a some of these genetically modified soybeans you are eating DNA made (DNA replication) by _______.

Soybean

Solute potential: osmosis and tonicity

The tendency of water to move in response to differences in solute concentrations. Osmosis is when water tends to move across membranes from regions of low solute concentration to regions of higher solute concentration. Hypotonic is when the surrounding solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell. Hypertonic is when the surrounding solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell. Isotonic is when the surrounding solution and cell have equal solute concentrations.

A cell is placed in a solution that is hypotonic to the cell. Which of the following best describes the movement of water in this situation?

Water will flow into and out of the cell, but the overall net movement will be into the cell

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

When blood glucose concentration increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases.

The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by ______.

a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity with an associated increase in thoracic pressure

In mammals, gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the ______.

alveoli

The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ= -0.23 MPa), the net water flow would ______.

be from the tissue into the sucrose solution

Which of the following is an example of connective tissue?

blood

Comparison to animal bulk transport

blood, blood vessels and heart vs. xylem and phloem, glucose in blood plasma vs. sucrose in phloem sap

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have ______.

had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if the _____.

mineral is very mobile within the plant

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is _____.

monophyletic

A stratified epithelium is composed of ______.

multiple layers of cells, stacked from the basolateral side to the apical side

In vascular plants, the vascular system is found where?

parts of vascular systems are found in all these parts of the plant

What would enhance water uptake by a plant cell?

positive pressure on the surrounding solution

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

post-anal tail

Turgor pressure

pressure inside the cell

If a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the animal would have trouble _____.

respiring and feeding

Carbon dioxide enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the _____.

stoma

Two groups of tomatoes were grown under laboratory conditions, one with humus added to the soil and one a control without humus. The leaves of the plants grown without humus were yellowish (less green) compared with those of the plants grown in the humus-enriched soil. The best explanation for this difference is that ______.

the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll

Molecular phylogenies show all land plants are a monophyletic group. This suggests _______.

there was a single transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats

When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and water enters the cell via osmosis, the volume of the cell increases until it bursts. This does not happen to plant cells, because _______.

they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water