Bio 231 Chapter 16

Which are true of rods?

- They function well in dim light. - There are more than 100 million rod cells per eye.

Place the structures of the vascular tunic in order from anterior to posterior.

1. iris 2. ciliary body 3. choroid

Match the special sense with its anatomical name. Instructions 1. Gustation 2. Olfaction 3. Vision 4. Equilibrium 5. Audition

1. taste 2. smell 3. sight 4. balance 5. hearing

Using the image of neural layers of the eye, match the letter with the eye structure.

A - choroid B - retina C - ganglion cells D - photoreceptor cells

Match the three distinct regions of the ear with the letter on the left using the image as your guide.

A - external ear B - middle ear C - inner ear

Using the image of the eye, match the letter and structure.

A - eyelashes B - lacrimal caruncle C - medial palpebral commissure D - eyeball

Using the given picture of the middle ear, match the letter with the structure.

A - malleus B - incus C - stapes

Match the letter and structure in the image of the visual pathway.

A - projection fibers B - the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus C - primary visual cortex

Match the letter and structure in the given figure of the visual pathway.

A - retina B - optic nerve C - optic chiasm D - superior colliculus

Using the image of the middle ear, match the letter with the structure.

A - stapedius B - tensor tympani C - round window

Which type of receptor detects color?

B

Gustatory information travels through which cranial nerves?

CN VII CN IX

Transducers ______.

Devices that convert one kind of energy into another

Which are true of conjunctiva?

It does not cover the cornea. It contains goblet cells. It is vascular.

Receptors that exhibit rapid adaption to a constant stimulus are ____ receptors.

Phasic

True or false: It is the utricle and saccule that inform your brain that your head is upright.

TRUE

Hearing and equilibrium are transmitted along which cranial nerve?

VIII

A feature common to all receptors is ______.

ability to respond to a stimulus

What are the functions of the auditory ossicles?

amplify sound transmit sounds waves to inner ear

What chamber is between the iris and cornea?

anterior chamber

Sound waves are funneled into the ear by the ______.

auricle

Which type of receptor detects pressure changes?

baroreceptors

The spiral organ rests on the ______.

basilar membrane

When the _____ membrane moves, the _____ on the spiral organ hair cells distort because they are anchored by the tectorial membrane.

basilar; stereocilia

In the light, _____ cells are no longer inhibited and therefore release the neurotransmitter glutamate.

bipolar

The process is called the bleaching reaction because rhodopsin goes from a ______ color to ______.

bluish-purple; colorless

Receptors initiate sensory input to the ______.

central nervous system

What structure is filled with pigment from melanocytes?

choroid

Which structure of the eye absorbs light to prevent it from scattering within the eye?

choroid

What is the name of the "snail-shaped" structure of the inner ear?

cochlea

What type of photoreceptors detects color?

cones

The sphincter pupillae ______ the pupil.

constricts

A _____ shaped lens is used to treat hyperopia and a _____ shaped lens is used to treat myopia.

convex; concave

The optic disc is associated with ______.

cranial nerve II

The receptors for the special senses are found within the ______.

cranium

When elevated levels of cGMP are present, Na+ channels in the photoreceptor membrane are kept open and Na+ enters the photoreceptor. This is called the ____ ____

dark current

Light rays are refracted or bent when they pass through two media of different ______.

densities

Photoreceptors are _____ when it is completely dark.

depolarized

Which is an accessory structure of the eye?

eyebrow

The outmost layer of the eye is called the ______ tunic.

fibrous

The term equilibrium refers to our awareness and monitoring of our ____ position.

head

Endolymph has a ______ potassium concentration.

high

Light causes the photoreceptor plasma membranes to ______.

hyperpolarize

Where are photoreceptors located?

in the neural layer of the retina

Where is the cochlea located?

inner ear

Gustatory sensations travel to the ______ of the brain.

insula

Perilymph is similar to ______ and endolymph is similar to ______.

interstitial fluid; intracellular fluid

What structure is the dividing line between the anterior and posterior chambers?

iris

Pacinian corpuscles are also called ______.

lamellated corpuscles

What type of receptors detects deep pressure and vibration?

lamellated corpuscles

The palpebral conjunctiva ______.

lines the internal surface of the eyelid

Tactile receptors are a type of ______.

mechanoreceptor

Accommodation is the process of making the lens ______.

more spherical

The vibration of the tympanic membrane causes ______.

movement of the ossicles

Gustatory cells within the taste buds are a specialized type of epithelial cells called ______ cells.

neuroepithelial

We use the sense of ______ to sample our environment for information about the food we will eat, the presence of other individuals in the room, or potential danger.

olfaction

Olfactory hairs house receptor proteins for detecting ______ specific odorant molecule(s).

one

Ganglion axons of the retina converge to form the ____ nerve.

optic

A lack of photoreceptors in this structure creates the "blind spot"?

optic disc

Place the structures of CN II in order from anterior to posterior. Instructions

optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract

Which structures contain exteroceptors?

oral cavity and skin

The fat surrounding the eye is called ______ fat.

orbital

Free nerve endings are usually found in the ______.

papillary layer of the dermis

Accommodation is controlled by the ______ division of the nervous system.

parasympathetic

The sphincter pupillae is controlled by the ______ division of the nervous system.

parasympathetic

The external ear is located mostly on the outside of the body, while the middle and inner ear areas are housed within the ____ part of the temporal bone.

petrous

What type of receptor can undergo adaptation?

phasic

In phototransduction, the _____ responds to light stimulation by changing its resting membrane potential, resulting in a change in the neurotransmitter it releases.

photoreceptor

The process by which photoreceptors become activated when the photopigments are altered by light entering the eye is ______.

phototransduction

What type of receptor monitors changes in body position?

proprioception

The types of the receptor that include only the somatic sensory receptors within joints, muscles, and tendons are called

proprioceptors

Which type of receptor is found in skeletal muscles, tendons, and joint capsules?

proprioceptors

Most of the eye is ______ the orbit of the skull.

receded into

The area that a receptor cell gathers information from is called the ______.

receptive field

Gustatory cells are found in taste

receptors

Some individuals experience pain in their left shoulder during a heart attack. This is an example of ______.

referred pain

The apparent distortion of the spoon in the water glass is due to the phenomenon called

refraction

The dissociation of ____ into its two components is called the bleaching reaction.

rhodopsin

Which chamber is most superior?

scala vestibuli

What structure makes up the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous tunic?

sclera

Which are a part of the fibrous tunic?

sclera cornea

In hyperopia, the eyeball is too ____ and in myopia, the eyeball is too .

short; long

Localization and sensitivity are easily determined in a ______ receptive field.

small

Taste buds are found on the tongue and ______.

soft palate

Which auditory ossicle contacts the oval window?

stapes

Mechanoreceptors located in the skin and mucous membranes are called ______ receptors.

tactile

The dendritic ending of each gustatory cell is formed by a slender gustatory microvillus, also called a ______.

taste hair

Which membrane is gelatinous?

tectorial membrane

What lobe of the brain processes auditory information?

temporal lobe

Neurons in the olfactory bulb travel through the olfactory ____ to the brain.

tract

True or false: Unlike other sensory information, olfactory pathways do not project to the thalamus.

true

The vascular tunic of the eye is also called the ______.

uvea

The conjunctiva is ______.

vascular

The roof of the cochlear duct is formed by the

vestibular membrane

Hearing and our sense of balance comes from the stimulation of which cranial nerve?

vestibulocochlear