Bio 231 Chapter 16
Which are true of rods?
- They function well in dim light. - There are more than 100 million rod cells per eye.
Place the structures of the vascular tunic in order from anterior to posterior.
1. iris 2. ciliary body 3. choroid
Match the special sense with its anatomical name. Instructions 1. Gustation 2. Olfaction 3. Vision 4. Equilibrium 5. Audition
1. taste 2. smell 3. sight 4. balance 5. hearing
Using the image of neural layers of the eye, match the letter with the eye structure.
A - choroid B - retina C - ganglion cells D - photoreceptor cells
Match the three distinct regions of the ear with the letter on the left using the image as your guide.
A - external ear B - middle ear C - inner ear
Using the image of the eye, match the letter and structure.
A - eyelashes B - lacrimal caruncle C - medial palpebral commissure D - eyeball
Using the given picture of the middle ear, match the letter with the structure.
A - malleus B - incus C - stapes
Match the letter and structure in the image of the visual pathway.
A - projection fibers B - the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus C - primary visual cortex
Match the letter and structure in the given figure of the visual pathway.
A - retina B - optic nerve C - optic chiasm D - superior colliculus
Using the image of the middle ear, match the letter with the structure.
A - stapedius B - tensor tympani C - round window
Which type of receptor detects color?
B
Gustatory information travels through which cranial nerves?
CN VII CN IX
Transducers ______.
Devices that convert one kind of energy into another
Which are true of conjunctiva?
It does not cover the cornea. It contains goblet cells. It is vascular.
Receptors that exhibit rapid adaption to a constant stimulus are ____ receptors.
Phasic
True or false: It is the utricle and saccule that inform your brain that your head is upright.
TRUE
Hearing and equilibrium are transmitted along which cranial nerve?
VIII
A feature common to all receptors is ______.
ability to respond to a stimulus
What are the functions of the auditory ossicles?
amplify sound transmit sounds waves to inner ear
What chamber is between the iris and cornea?
anterior chamber
Sound waves are funneled into the ear by the ______.
auricle
Which type of receptor detects pressure changes?
baroreceptors
The spiral organ rests on the ______.
basilar membrane
When the _____ membrane moves, the _____ on the spiral organ hair cells distort because they are anchored by the tectorial membrane.
basilar; stereocilia
In the light, _____ cells are no longer inhibited and therefore release the neurotransmitter glutamate.
bipolar
The process is called the bleaching reaction because rhodopsin goes from a ______ color to ______.
bluish-purple; colorless
Receptors initiate sensory input to the ______.
central nervous system
What structure is filled with pigment from melanocytes?
choroid
Which structure of the eye absorbs light to prevent it from scattering within the eye?
choroid
What is the name of the "snail-shaped" structure of the inner ear?
cochlea
What type of photoreceptors detects color?
cones
The sphincter pupillae ______ the pupil.
constricts
A _____ shaped lens is used to treat hyperopia and a _____ shaped lens is used to treat myopia.
convex; concave
The optic disc is associated with ______.
cranial nerve II
The receptors for the special senses are found within the ______.
cranium
When elevated levels of cGMP are present, Na+ channels in the photoreceptor membrane are kept open and Na+ enters the photoreceptor. This is called the ____ ____
dark current
Light rays are refracted or bent when they pass through two media of different ______.
densities
Photoreceptors are _____ when it is completely dark.
depolarized
Which is an accessory structure of the eye?
eyebrow
The outmost layer of the eye is called the ______ tunic.
fibrous
The term equilibrium refers to our awareness and monitoring of our ____ position.
head
Endolymph has a ______ potassium concentration.
high
Light causes the photoreceptor plasma membranes to ______.
hyperpolarize
Where are photoreceptors located?
in the neural layer of the retina
Where is the cochlea located?
inner ear
Gustatory sensations travel to the ______ of the brain.
insula
Perilymph is similar to ______ and endolymph is similar to ______.
interstitial fluid; intracellular fluid
What structure is the dividing line between the anterior and posterior chambers?
iris
Pacinian corpuscles are also called ______.
lamellated corpuscles
What type of receptors detects deep pressure and vibration?
lamellated corpuscles
The palpebral conjunctiva ______.
lines the internal surface of the eyelid
Tactile receptors are a type of ______.
mechanoreceptor
Accommodation is the process of making the lens ______.
more spherical
The vibration of the tympanic membrane causes ______.
movement of the ossicles
Gustatory cells within the taste buds are a specialized type of epithelial cells called ______ cells.
neuroepithelial
We use the sense of ______ to sample our environment for information about the food we will eat, the presence of other individuals in the room, or potential danger.
olfaction
Olfactory hairs house receptor proteins for detecting ______ specific odorant molecule(s).
one
Ganglion axons of the retina converge to form the ____ nerve.
optic
A lack of photoreceptors in this structure creates the "blind spot"?
optic disc
Place the structures of CN II in order from anterior to posterior. Instructions
optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract
Which structures contain exteroceptors?
oral cavity and skin
The fat surrounding the eye is called ______ fat.
orbital
Free nerve endings are usually found in the ______.
papillary layer of the dermis
Accommodation is controlled by the ______ division of the nervous system.
parasympathetic
The sphincter pupillae is controlled by the ______ division of the nervous system.
parasympathetic
The external ear is located mostly on the outside of the body, while the middle and inner ear areas are housed within the ____ part of the temporal bone.
petrous
What type of receptor can undergo adaptation?
phasic
In phototransduction, the _____ responds to light stimulation by changing its resting membrane potential, resulting in a change in the neurotransmitter it releases.
photoreceptor
The process by which photoreceptors become activated when the photopigments are altered by light entering the eye is ______.
phototransduction
What type of receptor monitors changes in body position?
proprioception
The types of the receptor that include only the somatic sensory receptors within joints, muscles, and tendons are called
proprioceptors
Which type of receptor is found in skeletal muscles, tendons, and joint capsules?
proprioceptors
Most of the eye is ______ the orbit of the skull.
receded into
The area that a receptor cell gathers information from is called the ______.
receptive field
Gustatory cells are found in taste
receptors
Some individuals experience pain in their left shoulder during a heart attack. This is an example of ______.
referred pain
The apparent distortion of the spoon in the water glass is due to the phenomenon called
refraction
The dissociation of ____ into its two components is called the bleaching reaction.
rhodopsin
Which chamber is most superior?
scala vestibuli
What structure makes up the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous tunic?
sclera
Which are a part of the fibrous tunic?
sclera cornea
In hyperopia, the eyeball is too ____ and in myopia, the eyeball is too .
short; long
Localization and sensitivity are easily determined in a ______ receptive field.
small
Taste buds are found on the tongue and ______.
soft palate
Which auditory ossicle contacts the oval window?
stapes
Mechanoreceptors located in the skin and mucous membranes are called ______ receptors.
tactile
The dendritic ending of each gustatory cell is formed by a slender gustatory microvillus, also called a ______.
taste hair
Which membrane is gelatinous?
tectorial membrane
What lobe of the brain processes auditory information?
temporal lobe
Neurons in the olfactory bulb travel through the olfactory ____ to the brain.
tract
True or false: Unlike other sensory information, olfactory pathways do not project to the thalamus.
true
The vascular tunic of the eye is also called the ______.
uvea
The conjunctiva is ______.
vascular
The roof of the cochlear duct is formed by the
vestibular membrane
Hearing and our sense of balance comes from the stimulation of which cranial nerve?
vestibulocochlear