BIO 277 Unit 5 Review:Cardiovascular Physiology
Normally acts as a paracrine signal and causes vasodilation.
Histamine
Increased hematocrit occurs in response to _________released from the________ in response to low ________.
EPO; kidney; low PO2 in the blood
Which statement best describes the homeostatic response to an interval of over hydration due to water consumption? a.ADH secretion will increase which will increase diuresis and dilate blood vessels. b.ANP secretion will increase which will increase diuresis and dilate blood vessels. c.ADH secretion will increase which will reduce diuresis and constrict blood vessels d.ANG II secretion will increase which will increase diuresis and have no effect on blood vessels. e.ANP secretion will increase which will reduce diuresis and constrict blood vessels.
b.ANP secretion will increase which will increase diuresis and dilate blood vessels.
Identify the factor increases peripheral resistance a.Systemic increase in histamine levels b.Elevated levels of epinephrine at alpha adrenergic receptors c.Increased levels of NO in the blood d.Abnormally decreased concentration of red blood cells e.Decreased levels of myosin kinase activity in smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels
b.Elevated levels of epinephrine at alpha adrenergic receptors
Which is true about events at the site of blood vessel damage? Check all that apply. a.Plasminogen is converted to plasmin by fibrin b.Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin c.Plasminogen is converted to plasmin by thrombin d.Plasminogen is converted to thrombin by plasmin e.Plasminogen is converted to fibrin by plasmin f.Plasminogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin
b.Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin c.Plasminogen is converted to plasmin by thrombin
For the guys drinking in the hot tub, what disturbance to MAP homeostasis is occurring? Check all that apply. a.high MAP due to increased blood volume b.decreased MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance c.High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance d.decreased MAP due to reduced blood volume e.No disturbance to MAP homeostasis
b.decreased MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance d.decreased MAP due to reduced blood volume
Decreased peripheral resistance can be caused by: a.arrival of epinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors b.factors that decrease the hematocrit c.growth of new capillaries associated with weight gain d.increased myosin kinase activity in smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels e.decreased levels of histamine in the blood
b.factors that decrease the hematocrit
The most immediate reflex response to orthostatic hypotension is to: a.decreased stroke volume b.increased heart rate c.decreased venous return d.decreased cardiac output e.increased vasodilation
b.increased heart rate
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the: a.level of oxygen at the tissue increases. b.level of oxygen at the tissue increases. c.[glucose] increases d.level of adenosine decreases
b.level of oxygen at the tissue increases.
An antagonist of adrenergic receptors applied to the heart would directly: a.increase force of contraction b.have no effect on the heart c.increase heart rate d.increase cardiac output e. decrease heart rate
e. decrease heart rate
For the old dude that took Viagra and angina pills at the same time, what disturbance to MAP homeostasis is occurring? Check all that apply. Note that angina pills cause an increase in the amount of nitric oxide around the coronary arterioles a.High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance b.High MAP due to increased blood volume c.low MAP due to reduced blood volume d.No disturbance to MAP homeostasis e.low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance
e. low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance
For the crazy polar plunge people, what disturbance to MAP homeostasis is occurring? Check all that apply. a.High MAP due to increased blood volume b.low MAP due to reduced blood volume c.low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance d.No disturbance to MAP homeostasis e.High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance
e.High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance
The most immediate reflex response to orthostatic hypertension is to: a.increased vasoconstriction b.increased cardiac output c.increased stroke volume d.increased venous return e.decreased heart rate
e.decreased heart rate
Increased entry of calcium ions into smooth muscle cells occurs: a.during increased levels of nitric oxide in the genital vasculature b.during decreased levels of norepinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors c.during decreased levels of angiotensin II in the kidney arterioles d.during decreased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide at beta-adrenergic receptors e.during increased levels of vasopressin at ADH receptors
e.during increased levels of vasopressin at ADH receptors
Increased calcium-calmodulin binding in smooth muscle cells results from: a.increased levels of nitric oxide around blood vessels. b.decreased levels of ANG II at ANG II receptors c.increased levels of vasopressin at histamine receptors. d.increased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide at beta-adrenergic receptors. e.increased levels of norepinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors
e.increased levels of norepinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors
In a healthy person, saturation of cardiac troponin occurs: a.upon waking in the morning b.at rest c.upon standing d.in every cardiac cycle e.only during maximal exertion
e.only during maximal exertion
Which of the following drugs would directly reduce heart rate when given to a patient with hypertension? Remember that "directly" means that the drug is interacting with a protein on the effector cell/ tissue. a.a diuretic b.Angiotensin II receptor blockers. c.Beta blockers d.ACE inhibitors
c.Beta blockers
Product of heart rate X stroke volume
cardiac output
Injury to a blood vessel immediately exposes ________ , thus activating the agglutination of ____________ .
collagen; platelets
Hypokalemia causes the resting membrane potential to be: a.More hyperpolarized (negative) than normal b.More positive than normal
a. More hyperpolarized (negative) than normal
This effector is under antagonistic control by the autonomic nervous system.
autorhythmic cells controlling heart rate
ANP is released in response to _____ ______ ________ and causes ________________ .
high blood volume; vasodilation
Which of the following is a direct effect of parasympathetic signaling when blood pressure is too high? Note that direct effect means that the tissue has receptors for acetylcholine. a.decrease force of contraction of the heart b.Induce relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle c.Reduce blood volume d.Decrease heart rate
d.Decrease heart rate
Increased entry of calcium ions into smooth muscle cells occurs: a.during decreased levels of norepinephrine at alpha-adrenergic receptors b.during increased levels of nitric oxide in the genital vasculature c.during decreased levels of angiotensin II in the kidney arterioles d.during increased levels of vasopressin at ADH receptors e.during decreased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide at beta-adrenergic receptors
d.during increased levels of vasopressin at ADH receptors
Blood flow to a tissue will decrease if the: a.level of adenosine increases b.level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases c.[glucose] decreases d.level of oxygen at the tissue increases
d.level of oxygen at the tissue increases
Which is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart? a.mitral valve → right ventricle → left atrium → pulmonary valve b.left ventricle → mitral valve → right atrium → aortic valve c.right ventricle → aortic valve → left ventricle → tricuspid valve d.right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve e.left atrium → aortic valve → left ventricle → pulmonary valve
d.right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve
In a patient with liver failure who has abnormally low levels of plasma proteins, a direct outcome of this condition would be: a.hypertension due to high stroke volume b.myocardial infarction due to hypotension c.hypotension due to low peripheral resistance d.systemic edema due to low colloid pressure e.anemia due to low levels of EPO
d.systemic edema due to low colloid pressure
Caused by sympathetic activation of myocardial pumping cells.
increased Ca++ATPase activity
Factor that increases total peripheral resistance that is NOT a hormone..
increased blood vessel length
Caused by sympathetic activation of autorhythmic cells.
increased permeability to calcium during pacemaker potential
Causes slowing of heart rate in autorhythmic cells
increased permeability to potassium
ADH is released in response to _________and causes_____________.
low MAP; vasoconstriction
This tissue is under tonic control by the autonomic nervous system
vascular circular smooth muscle
Team Assignment #7
Question #1
Unit 5b Homework
Question #1
Unit 5b Homework
Question #14
iRAT #5a
Question #2
Team Assignment #7
Question #3
iRAT #5a
Question #3
iRAT #5a
Questions #1
Which statement below describes the correct order of events for the excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle? a.Calcium enters the cytosol through a ligand-gated calcium channel and binds with calmodulin. The calcium-calmodulin complex activates myosin light chain kinase which phosphorylates the myosin head allowing myosin to bind with actin, and the cross-bridge cycle to proceed. For muscles to contract the amount of myosin kinase activity must exceed the amount of myosin phosphatase activity. b.A motor neuron releases acetylcholine which binds with a ligand-gated calcium channel, causing calcium to enter the cell and bind with calmodulin. The calcium-calmodulin complex activates myosin light chain kinase which phosphorylates the myosin head allowing myosin to bind with actin, and the cross-bridge cycle to proceed. For muscles to contract the amount of myosin kinase activity must exceed the amount of myosin phosphatase activity. c.Calcium enters the cytosol through a ligand-gated calcium channel and binds with troponin. The calcium-troponin complex activates myosin light chain kinase which phosphorylates the myosin head allowing myosin to bind with actin, and the cross-bridge cycle to proceed. For muscles to contract the amount of myosin kinase activity must exceed the amount of myosin phosphatase activity.
a.Calcium enters the cytosol through a ligand-gated calcium channel and binds with calmodulin. The calcium-calmodulin complex activates myosin light chain kinase which phosphorylates the myosin head allowing myosin to bind with actin, and the cross-bridge cycle to proceed. For muscles to contract the amount of myosin kinase activity must exceed the amount of myosin phosphatase activity.
Identify the factor increases peripheral resistance a.Increased levels of myosin kinase activity in smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels b.Elevated levels of epinephrine at beta adrenergic receptors c.Increased levels of NO in the blood d.Systemic increase in histamine levels e.Abnormally decreased concentration of red blood cells
a.Increased levels of myosin kinase activity in smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels
For the guy sitting in the bathtub that took Cialis, what disturbance to MAP homeostasis is occurring? Check all that apply. a.No disturbance to MAP homeostasis b.High MAP due to increased blood volume c.low MAP due to reduced blood volume d.low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance e.High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance
a.No disturbance to MAP homeostasis
Which of the following are likely to pass out due to low MAP based on your answers above? a.One of these guys drinking in the hot tub. b.One of these crazy polar plunge people. c.The guy sitting in the bathtub that took Cialis. d.This old dude after he takes his angina pills and his Viagra at the same time e.This person covered in bees.
a.One of these guys drinking in the hot tub. d.This old dude after he takes his angina pills and his Viagra at the same time e.This person covered in bees.
Which is true about events at the site of blood vessel damage? Check all that apply a.Thrombin promotes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. b.Plasmin promotes the conversion of plasminogen to thrombin c.Thrombin promotes the conversion of plasminogen to fibrin d.Thrombin promotes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin e.Plasmin promotes the conversion of plasminogen to fibrin f.Fibrin promotes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
a.Thrombin promotes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. d.Thrombin promotes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Which statement correctly describes a way that water is conserved during a period of abnormally low mean-arterial-pressure. a.Vasopressin (ADH) from the posterior pituitary reduces blood flow to the kidneys. b.Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart binds with receptors in the kidney. c.Epinephrine released from parasympathetic neurons reduces blood flow to the kidney. d.Aldosterone released from the adrenal medulla binds with receptors in the kidney to increase sodium and water reabsorption.
a.Vasopressin (ADH) from the posterior pituitary reduces blood flow to the kidneys.
Which is the correct relationship between calcium levels, myosin kinase activity and contraction of smooth muscle? a.increased Ca++leads to increased myosin kinase leads to increased contraction b.increased Ca++ leads to increased myosin phosphatase leads to increased contraction. c.decreased Ca++ leads to decreased myosin kinase leads to increased contraction d.decreased Ca++leads to increased myosin kinase leasds to increased contraction
a.increased Ca++leads to increased myosin kinase leads to increased contraction
For the guy doing the bee beard, what disturbance to MAP homeostasis is occurring? Assume he has an anaphylactic response! Check all that apply. a.low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance b.High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance c.low MAP due to reduced blood volume d.High MAP due to increased peripheral resistance e.No disturbance to MAP homeostasis
a.low MAP due to reduced peripheral resistance
In a healthy person, saturation of cardiac troponin occurs: a.only during maximal exertion b.upon waking in the morning c.in every cardiac cycle d.upon standing e.at rest
a.only during maximal exertion
When epinephrine binds with receptors on the sinoatrial node the following occurs. Check all that apply. a.permeability to calcium increases during the pacemaker potential b.heart rate increases c.permeability to calcium decreases during the pacemaker potential d. permeability to potassium increases during the pacemaker potential e.permeability to sodium increases during the pacemaker potential f. heart rate decreases
a.permeability to calcium increases during the pacemaker potential b.heart rate increases e.permeability to sodium increases during the pacemaker potential
Digitalis is a drug that disables the Na+/K+ATPase in all cells, including the myocardial pumping cells of the heart. How would treatment with digitalis affect force of contraction of the heart? a.Force of contraction will increase because without the Na+/K+ATPase operating, the sodium gradient will be lost, and primary active transport of calcium out of the cell will stop. Increased calcium in the cytosol causes increased force of contraction. b.Force of contraction will increase because without the Na+/K+ATPase operating, the sodium gradient will be lost, and secondary active transport of calcium out of the cell will stop. Increased calcium in the cytosol causes increased force of contraction. c.Force of contraction will decrease because without the Na+/K+ATPase operating, the sodium gradient will be stronger, and secondary active transport of calcium into the cell will remove so much calcium that contraction cannot occur. d.Force of contraction will decrease because without the Na+/K+ATPase operating, the sodium gradient will be lost, and secondary active transport of calcium into the cell will stop. Decreased calcium in the cytosol causes decreased force of contraction.
b.Force of contraction will increase because without the Na+/K+ATPase operating, the sodium gradient will be lost, and secondary active transport of calcium out of the cell will stop. Increased calcium in the cytosol causes increased force of contraction.
Which is the correct statement about factors affecting the state of contraction of vascular circular smooth muscle? a.Increased ANP causes an increase in myosin kinase activity. b.Increased CO2 and H+ causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity. c.Decreased histamine causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity. d.Increased antidiuretic hormone causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity
b.Increased CO2 and H+ causes a decrease in myosin kinase activity.
Which of the following is a direct consequence of sympathetic activation of myocardial pumping cells? a.Increased sodium entry and faster calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum b.Increased calcium entry and faster calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. c.Increased calcium entry and less calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum d.Decreased calcium entry and greater calcium-calmodulin binding.
b.Increased calcium entry and faster calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
When MAP is elevated due to ingestion of abnormally large amounts of fluid, which would be the correct hormonal response? a.Increased secretion of ANG II and decreased secretion of ADH b.Increased secretion of ANP and decreased secretion of renin. c.Increased secretion of ANP and epinephrine. d.Increased sympathetic output and decreased secretion of renin.
b.Increased secretion of ANP and decreased secretion of renin.
Which of the following statements describes a correct response to damaged blood vessels? a.Injury to the blood vessel exposes smooth muscle which activates the agglutination of platelets. b.Injury to the blood vessel exposes collagen which activates the agglutination of platelets c.Injury to the blood vessel exposes elastin which activates the agglutination of platelets. d.Injury to the blood vessel exposes collagen which activates the agglutination of erythrocytes.
b.Injury to the blood vessel exposes collagen which activates the agglutination of platelets
Which is the correct description of the RAAS pathway? a.Low renal blood pressure causes increased secretion of renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to ANG I. ANG I is converted to ANG II by ACE. ANG II has receptors in the adrenal medulla, where ANG II binding causes increased synthesis and release of aldosterone. b.Low renal blood pressure causes increased secretion of renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to ANG I. ANG I is converted to ANG II by ACE. ANG II has receptors in the adrenal cortex, where ANG II binding causes increased synthesis and release of aldosterone. c.Low renal blood pressure causes increased secretion of ACE. ACE converts angiotensinogen to ANG I. ANG I is converted to ANG II by renin. ANG II has receptors in the adrenal cortex, where ANG II binding causes increased synthesis and release of aldosterone. d.Low renal blood pressure causes decreased secretion of renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to ANG I. ANG I is converted to ANG II by ACE. ANG II has receptors in the adrenal cortex, where ANG II binding causes increased synthesis and release of aldosterone.
b.Low renal blood pressure causes increased secretion of renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen to ANG I. ANG I is converted to ANG II by ACE. ANG II has receptors in the adrenal cortex, where ANG II binding causes increased synthesis and release of aldosterone.
Which is true about autonomic effects on heart rate? a.Sympathetic activation increases heart rate because the autorhythmic cells get to threshold more slowly. b.Sympathetic activation increases heart rate because the autorhythmic cells get to threshold faster. c.Sympathetic activation decreases heart rate because the autorhythmic cells get to threshold more slowly. d.Sympathetic activation decreases heart rate because the autorhythmic cells get to threshold faster.
b.Sympathetic activation increases heart rate because the autorhythmic cells get to threshold faster.
The diagram shows a portion of a myocardial pumping cell. Which is the best description of how calcium is removed from the cytosol? a.The Na+/K+ATPase at "A" is a secondary active transporter that generates a sodium gradient. The Na+/Ca++ transporter at "B" removes calcium from the cytosol by primary active transport using the energy in the sodium gradient. b.The Na+/K+ATPase at "A" is a primary active transporter that generates a sodium gradient. The Na+/Ca++ transporter at "B" removes calcium from the cytosol by secondary active transport using the energy in the sodium gradient.
b.The Na+/K+ATPase at "A" is a primary active transporter that generates a sodium gradient. The Na+/Ca++ transporter at "B" removes calcium from the cytosol by secondary active transport using the energy in the sodium gradient.
Why can severe protein malnutrition cause edema? a.There are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis, so colloid pressure is too high in the plasma. This causes less water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries. b.There are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis, so colloid pressure is too low in the plasma. This causes less water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries. c.There are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis, so colloid pressure is too low in the plasma. This causes more water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries d.There are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis, so colloid pressure is too high in the plasma. This causes more water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries.
b.There are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis, so colloid pressure is too low in the plasma. This causes less water to be reabsorbed into the capillaries.
Which statement is correct about the effect of the autonomic nervous system on blood vessels? a.Blood vessels are under antagonistic control. Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction and acetylcholine causes vasodilation. b.Blood vessels are under tonic control and their response to epinephrine depends on whether they have alpha or beta adrenergic receptors. Increased epinephrine at beta adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation. c.Blood vessels are under tonic control and their response to epinephrine depends on whether they have alpha or beta adrenergic receptors. Increased epinephrine at alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and beta adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation.
c.Blood vessels are under tonic control and their response to epinephrine depends on whether they have alpha or beta adrenergic receptors. Increased epinephrine at alpha adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction and beta adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation.
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except one. Identify the exception. a.Gain of 6 pounds of muscle mass. b.Factors that cause increased hematocrit. c.Increased levels of ANP in the blood d.Elevated levels of epinephrine at alpha adrenergic receptors
c.Increased levels of ANP in the blood
Which of the following is a homeostatically controlled variable? a.Heart rate b.Stroke volume c.Mean arterial pressure (MAP) d.Peripheral resistance
c.Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Which is characteristic of cardiac muscle but not skeletal or smooth muscle? a.Regulated by calcium in the cytosol b.Influenced by the autonomic nervous system c.None of these characteristics are only found in cardiac muscle d.Gap junctions between adjacent cells e.Striated appearance
c.None of these characteristics are only found in cardiac muscle
When ligand- gated potassium channels open, what is the most likely consequence? a.Potassium leaves the cell a graded depolarization occurs b.Potassium enters the cell a graded hyperpolarization occurs. c.Potassium leaves the cell a graded hyperpolarization occurs. d.Potassium enters the cell and a graded depolarization occurs.
c.Potassium leaves the cell a graded hyperpolarization occurs.
Which is true about the effect of climbing to high altitude on a person's hematocrit? a.The hematocrit of a climber who has spent several weeks at high altitude will be lower than normal because of increased release of renin by the bone marrow. b.The hematocrit of a climber who has spent several weeks at high altitude will be lower than normal because of increased release of renin by the kidney. c.The hematocrit of a climber who has spent several weeks at high altitude will be higher than normal because of increased release of EPO by the kidney. d.The hematocrit of a climber who has spent several weeks at high altitude will be higher than normal because of increased release of EPO by the bone marrow.
c.The hematocrit of a climber who has spent several weeks at high altitude will be higher than normal because of increased release of EPO by the kidney.
An agonist of adrenergic receptors applied to the heart would directly: a.have no effect on the heart b.decrease cardiac output c.increase heart rate d.decrease force of contraction e.decrease heart rate
c.increase heart rate
Increased calcium-calmodulin binding in smooth muscle cells results from: a.increased levels of norepinephrine at beta-adrenergic receptors b.increased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide at beta-adrenergic receptors c.increased levels of ANG II at ANG II receptors d.increased levels of nitric oxide around blood vessels e.increased levels of vasopressin at histamine receptors
c.increased levels of ANG II at ANG II receptors
Aspirin can be taken by people that are at risk for a heart attack or stroke in order to: a.dilate the coronary arterioles b.dissovle fibrin clots c.reduce platelet agglutination d.increase Ca++-troponin interactions
c.reduce platelet agglutination