Bio Beyond - Cellular Replication
What are the outcomes of meiosis II?
4
The fourth and final phase of mitosis is called telophase. What appears to be occurring in telophase in the image at right? Select all that apply.
A new nucleus has formed on either end of the cell
the result of both binary fission and mitosis is two genetically identical cells, called daughter cells. Why might this create a problem for a species' adaptation and survival?
Adaptation requires genetic variation, and these processes do not introduce any variation
How do they replicate?
Binary Fission
You learned about symbiotic relationships during your exploration of the Galapagos. Which of the following is a good description of a mutualistic relationship?
Both organisms benefit
Can you remember them?
Chloroplast Mitochondria
Shown at right is a diagram of a cell in the second phase of mitosis, metaphase. What has happened in metaphase? Select all that apply:
Chromosomes are lining up in the middle of the cell The chromosomes have connected to something on either end of the cell The nucleus has dissolved
Prokaryotes, being smaller and less complex than eukaryotes, replicate using a simple process called binary fission. Listed below are a few steps which must happen during the process and a few that don't. See if you can identify which steps should occur in binary fission below:
DNA is copied in place Cell wall and membrane pinch closed DNA migrates to either side of cell Two genetically identical cells are present
In order for each parent to contribute half of the genome of the child, what has to happen?
Each parent needs to produce a cell with half of the information of their own genome
What is the scientific theory that describes why they replicate separately?
Endosymbiosis
Mitosis is used by:
Eukaryotes
Mitosis
Eukaryotes 2 Identical Normal
Meiosis
Eukaryotes 4 Different Half
Eukaryotes (plants, animals, and fungi) reproduce differently than prokaryotes on a cellular level. Which of the following do you think contributes most to this different process?
Eukaryotes generally have larger genomes
To illustrate the outcome of meiosis, think back to genetics - what do you know about your genome?
Half comes from your father, half from your mother
What benefit does the cell get from the mitochondria or chloroplast?
Increased energy
what differences do you see?
Meiosis mixes genetic material during cell division Meiosis doesn't split chromatids
Shown on the right is an enlarged version of the diagram of the cell after prophase, in which X-shaped structures called chromosomes have condensed from chromatin. Do you think chromosomes would always be shaped like an X? Why or why not?
No - other organisms might have differently shaped chromosomes
You might think of how parents look like their children. Their shared characterisitecs are coded in the DNA passed down by the parent. This DNA is in all cells, which copies itself as one cells divides into two. Do you think this process is the same for all cells?
No, because prokaryotic cells would need more complex processes due to the cell wall
How much genetic information is in each cell at the end of mitosis?
Normal
What benefits does the mitochondria or chloroplast get from the cell? Select all that apply
Nutrients Defense
What is present on either end of the cell at the end of anaphase?
One complete set of genetic information
Binary fission is used by:
Prokaryotes
binary fission
Prokaryotes 2 Identical Normal
Thinking back to what you learned about cell types, how are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes? Select all that apply:
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes Prokaryotes usually have less DNA than eukaryotes Prokaryotes do not have organelles
After mitosis, one final process remains, called cytokinesis. What happens in cytokinesis? Select all that apply.
The cell has divided The cytoplasm has been sealed between the two new cells
The third phase of mitosis is called anaphase. What do you see happening in anaphase? Select all that apply.
The chromosomes have split in half The chromosomes are moving to either end of the cell
REPLICATION Interphase (G1/S/G2) - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase - Cytokinesis The first stage of mitosis is called prophase. The images to the right show a cell both before and after prophase. What appears different?
The genetic material has condensed
Normally, the cell is in a state called interphase, which has three stages - G1, S, and G2, shown to the right. In interphase, the cell is performing its normal functions, but toward the end some changes begin happening. What do you see happening in the images to the right?
The genetic material is being copied
What do you recall is the outcome of meiosis I, which is different to the outcome of mitosis?
Two genetically different cells
And produces:
Two genetically identical cells
What does the makeup of your genome mean about your genes?
You have one copy each from both your father and mother
Genome size of cells:
half
Genome size of cells:
identical
Shown at right is a diagram of a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion (singular for mitochondria). Which of these traits of prokaryotes do you also see in the diagram of the mitochondria? Select all that apply:
no nue no org overal
