Bio Chapter 4,6-9
Signal molecules that are water soluble _________.
have polar or charged components & bind to specific sites on receptor proteins in a membrane.
Which of the following is true of synaptic signaling and hormonal signaling? Check all that apply both nervous system signaling and hormone signaling work through gap junctions hormone signaling occurs over large distance both nervous signaling and hormone signaling act on target cells
hormone signaling occurs over large distance both nervous signaling and hormone signaling act on target cells
Refers to the inside of the cell
intracellular
feedback inhibition
involves the final product acting as an allosteric inhibitor is a way to regulate metabolic pathways allows the cell to save energy
Why is feedback inhibition important?
it prevents too much waste of a product, too much can harm the organism
what are the end products of each stage of aerobic cellular respiration.
low energy electrons that pass to oxygen along with protons
Eukaryotic cells
more complex type of cell with a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles, multicellular organisms (plants and animals)
How do distant cells communicate in multicellular organisms?
neurotransmitters may open or close channels in distant cells and hormones travel long distances the circulatory system
Which chemical messengers that pass through the plasma membrane of cells and have receptor molecules in the cytoplasm?
nitric oxide testosterone
What are cofactors?
nonprotein enzyme helpers
what is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration and what is produced when it accepts electrons.
o2 and water
You isolate a mutant plant that has abnormally weak adhesion between cells. This plant most likely has a problem __________.
producing middle lamella
A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a ___ binds to a receptor
signal molecule
A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a ___ binds to a receptor.
signal molecule
From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are
signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response.
Vacuole
storage space for food, water, and wastes ~ animal cells have more vacuoles than plant cells but smaller
what do protons do in redox reaction?
the proton functions as an electron acceptor
Endocytosis
the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.
Gap junctions and plasmodesmata are functionally similar in that __________.
they form channels between cells that allow diffusion of small molecules
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
this organelle produces other needed materials and breaks down toxins
The structure that stitches the cells together in animals is called
tight junction
The function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animals is __________.
to provide strength to organize cells and other body parts to provide structural support cell signaling
Chloroplast
Plant cell organelle bounded by a double membrane containing the enzymes and pigments that perform photosynthesis; occur only in eukaryotes.
stages of aerobic respiration
1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain
Organism that is unicellular and has organelles that contain magnetite for the detection of magnetic field
Prokaryote
Role of FAD and NAD in cellular respiration? When do each of the electron carriers become reduced? When do each of the electron carriers become oxidized?
1. Temporarily store energy as its released from glucose 2. in the citric acid cycle 3. chemiosmatic mechanism
intermediate filaments
A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification, and phosopholipid synthesis
Actin
A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
tight junctions
A junction where membranes of neighboring cells are actually fused forming continuous belts around cell to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid along a layer of epithelial cells.
Dynein
A large contractile protein forming the side-arms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella.
Kinesin
A large family of motor proteins that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move toward the plus end of a microtubule.
Label points
A. Nucleous B. Rough ER C. Smooth ER D. Bound ribosome to rough ER E. Free ribosomes
Which organelle would lead you to conclude that it was a plant cell
The vacuole
What could happen to the target cells that lack receptor proteins for water soluble ligands that signal for cell division?
They would not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells.
In a layer of cells in a multicellular organism, which of the following would prevent the movement of substances between cells?
Tight junctions
Flagella
Long, hairlike structure that extends from plasma membrane and moves the cell
chemiosmotic mechanism
ATP production is linked to the proton gradient established by the electron transport chain
Smallest cytoskeleton element that maintains cell shape and assists in muscle contraction
Actin
Cytoskeleton responsible for mutation in a motor proteins involved in muscle contraction and is one of the smallest cytoskeletal elements
Actin filaments
Cytosol
Medium composed of water and dissolved solute; organelles are suspended in this
Which organisms have mitochondria
Animals, most plants and some protists
Desmosomes
Are also called anchoring junctions, fuction like rivets and fasten cells together into strong sheets. (Intermediate Filaments) made of keratin anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm.
Peroxisomes
Are membrane-walled, enzyme-containing sacs. They contain oxidase and catalase enzymes. Oxidases use oxygen to neutralize aggressively reactive substances called free radicals, by converting them to hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide, although reactive and dangerous, it is converted to oxygen and water by catalases which break down poisons like alcohol, phenol and formaldehydes that have entered the body. Liver and kidney have many.
Compare animal cell to plant cell
Both have membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, rough and smooth endorectiulum, Golgi apparatus, and Perioxomes. Plant cells have no centrioles no Celia, glyoxysomes, no lysosomes, plastids, plasmodestmata, and large vacuole, rigid cell wall of cellulose, have angular shape, autotroph produce on food, photosynthesis to sugar to broken in mitochondria, larger synthesize all amino acids Animal cells have centrioles, cilia, no glyoxysome, lysosomes, no plastids, no plasmodesta, many small vacuoles, round and irregular, heterotroph (ingests food), consumes plants to sugar to broken in mitochondria, smaller, only 10 amino acids can be produced naturally
______ribosomes are connected to the rough ER
Bound
Nucleus
Cell organelle that houses cells DNA and directs ribosome and protein synthesis
Relate abnormal cell signaling to disorders and diseases
Cells have to signal to a second source so if that signal dies, it does not transmite information and can stop working
Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae make their cell walls of what
Cellulose
Nucleoid
Central part of prokaryotic cells, central part ehere chromosome is located
gap junctions
Channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions and nutrients and low molecular weight to pass between cells allowing communication
Plasmodesmata
Channel that passes between adjacent plant cells cell walls, connects cytoplasm, and allows transporting of materials
Prokaryotic Cell
Describes a cell that does not have a nucleus or anyother membrane-covered organelles; also called bacteria or archaea.
What's an example of quorum sensing?
Dinoflagellates combine 2 chemicals that catalyze a light reaction. This may happen so certain species can find food.
The diagram below shows the activity of different enzymes (A, B, C) at different pH. From this, you can deduce that..
Enzyme A works at low pH when there is a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)
How do enzymes function?
Enzymes are macromolecules that work as catalysts-chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. They help break down large molecules into smaller pieces for easier absoroptions and bind 2 molecules together to produce a new molecule.
Golgi apparatus
Eukaryotic organelle comprismised of stacked membranes; sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution
Ribosomes connected to the rough ER usually make proteins for ______
Exocytosis
Which process allows for a substance to leave the cell also known as secretion
Exocytosis
______ribosomes float in the cytoplasm
Free
This Nuclear proteins that are synthesized in which type of ribosomes
Free ribosomes
Compare free ribosomes to bound ribosomes
Free: makes proteins for the cell Bound: makes proteins for exportation
Organelle responsible for glycosylation of protein
Golgi apparatus
Organelle responsible for trafficking proteins is
Golgi apparatus
Microtubules
Hollow tubes of the cytoskeleton, consists of 13 columns of tubulin molecules, are useful in cell motility(Flagella and Cillia), maintance of cell shape(resist compression), chromosome movements during cell division, and organelle movements. largest in terms of size (10-25 nm). Grow out of the centrostome.
Free ribosomes usually make proteins for what
Interior of the cell
Which cytoskeleton protein is not involved in movement only In structure
Intermediate filament
nuclear envelope
Is a DOUBLE membrane(lipid bilayer) which are continous with each other and have certain proteins which is perforated by pores that encloses the nucleus and seperates it from the plasma membrane. Regulated by the "pore complex". Lined by the nuclear lamina.
Describe how the Endo membrane system functions and will organelles are involved with each step what is the purpose of the system
It manufactures, ships and recycles cargo One: proteins made in rough ER Two: transferred to Golgi apparatus for processing Three: travel to Correct destination
How does feedback inhibition work?
It stops an enzyme from producing more end product than it needs by the end product attaching to the original enzyme in the series, shutting down the metabolic pathway.
compare a protein kinase to a phosphatase
Kinase: an enzyme that attaches a phosphate group to a protein Phosphotase: enzyme that removes phosphate group from a protein
Mutations in different proteins that result in disorder but increasing evidence has shown dysfunction of the molecular proteins that work in trafficking and movement of vesicles and organelles across the cell along the microtubules what is this protein called
Kinesin and dynein
Largest cytoskeleton element that also maintains cell shape but otherwise aids in the movement of chromosomes during cell division
Microtubules
This cytoskeleton element is involved in movement, formation of Celia, and trafficking these are large cytoskeletal elements
Microtubules
Which cytoskeletal element is involved with mutation
Microtubules
Organelle where energy is produced in animals and plants is called:
Mitochondria
Ribosomes are produced in what
Nucleolus
Relate cellular organelle's to different cellular functions
Nucleus: contains DNA, nucleoproteins, RNA Mitochondria: make energy out of food Ribosomes: make proteins Golgi apparatus: process and package proteins Lysosome: contains digestive enzymes to help break down food ER: transporting items around cell Vacuole: storage usually food and water Chloroplasts: uses sunlight to create food Cell wall: for support
plasma membrane
One of the basic things ALL cells have in common, , thin flexible barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell; composed of two layers of lipids, whitin it is the cytosol. Fuctions as a selective barrier that allows sufficent passage of oxygen nutrients, and wastes that service qthe entire volume if the cell.
What are redox reactions?
Oxidation-reduction reactions. Electrons are transferred from one molecule to another
What do enzymes bind to?
Peptide bonds
Organelle responsible for breaking down long chain fatty acids
Peroxisome
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells most have cell walls, smaller, no nucleus, free-floating DNA, no membrane bound organelles, arechea, bacteria, a nucleoid region, may have organelles but most don't. Eukaryotic cells some cell walls but not animal cells, larger, nucleus, DNA in nucleus, membrane, fungi, animals, protests, plants. All cells fall into one of these categories, both carry DNA, have ribosomes, cytoplasm and cell membrane
Ribosomes make what
Proteins
What are enzymes made of?
Proteins which are made up of chains of amino acids that creates the unique shapes
Organelle involved in production of secreted proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Protein is synthesized in the What
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Define quorum sensing
Single celled organisms release species-specific signaling molecules when their number reach a specific threshold.
Organelle responsible for the release of calcium
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following eukaryotic organelles is associated with the synthesis of lipids
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Prokaryotic's ______ have organelles while your eurkaryotic ______ have organelles
Sometimes Always
cell wall
Strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some BACTERIA. Protects the plant cell, maintain its shape and prevent exessive uptake of water, and at the organismal uphold the plant from the force of gravity. Is made of miscrofibrilsmade up of the polysaccharide celluloseand protein. Have two parts:Primary and Secondary.
Phosphofructokinase role and what regulates its function?
The enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1-6-bisphosphate in the third step of glycolysis. This is the main regulatory step of glycolysis. PFK is feedback-inhibited by ATP.
Mitochondria
The organelle that breaks down food molecules to make ATP. (Cellular Respiration)
Trypsin is an enzyme located in the small intestine that breaks down the proteins we eat, continuing the process that started in the stomach. The optimal pH of this enzyme is 7.5-8.5. What would happen to trypsin if it is moved to the stomach where the pH is between 1.5 and 3.5?
Trypsin will denature because the pH of the stomach is more acidic (it has more concentration of hydrogen ions).
Organelle in plants that contain beautiful pigments to provide color to petals of flowers and fruits
Vacuole
transport vesicles
Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another.
1- Explain what happens to opioids when they find to opioid receptors. 2 - How does the inhibition of pain signaling happen? 3 - What is tolerance and why does it happen?
When opioids find opioid receptors, they promote potassium conductance, that makes a neuron less likely to fire an action potential. They also inhibit calcium conductance, which makes a neuron less likely to release neurotransmitters. Pain signaling happens when the opioid receptors on neurons in the spinal cord carry information about pain which inhibits the transmission of pain information to the brain. They also act on descending pain modulatory systems to reduce the pain. Tolerance can take place when the drug is taken too often and more is needed to produce the initial effect. Although not understood, they involve adaptive changes like a reduction in the number of functional receptors for the drug to act.
Secretion
a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.
A metabolic pathways is __________________.
a series of enzymatic reactions
Ethylene glycol is a component of antifreeze. If a pet or a person ingests antifreeze, the liver metabolizes the ethylene glycol into toxic compounds that could eventually kill the patient. Ethanol can be used as a treatment for this type of poisoning. Ethanol binds to the active site of the enzyme that metabolizes the ethylene glycol, and therefore the antifreeze cannot bind to that enzyme. This process is called ____________.
allosteric activation
You design a drug that binds to a site of an enzyme that is different from the active site of the enzyme. This allows the active site to bind to substrate easier. The drug you designed is ____________.
an allosteric activator
biofilms is a structure formed by a collection of microorganisms that grow on many different surfaces (e.g. catheters, the bowl of the toilet, our teeth) that allows these organisms to be more resistant to destruction by antimicrobials.
biofilms
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
by lowering the activation energy
facultative anaerobes
can live with or without oxygen
obligate anaerobes
carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2
You just ate a big peanut butter sandwich. The protein from the peanut butter is broken in your stomach by which type of reaction?
catabolic - hydrolysis - exergonic, spontaneous
compare catabolism and anabolism
catabolism: break down bio molecules, release energy anabolism: build up of bio molecules, use energy
Cilia
cilium- short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and functions to move an entire cell or move substances along the cell's outer surface
Vitamin C is an organic molecule that binds to a site different from the active site of different enzymes including lysyl hydroxylase that are required for the synthesis of collagen. This vitamin, therefore, is working as a...
coenzyme
Cytochrome oxidase is a key enzyme involved in cellular respiration. It binds to copper which activates the enzyme. This enzyme is present in all organisms from bacteria to humans. Copper is working as an essential _________ for this enzyme.
cofactor
A modification in the shape of a molecule that results when a signal binds to a protein receptor
conformation change
Arrhythmic cardiomyopathy is a disorder that shows in the right ventricular myocardium. It is caused by a defect in a structure that resists the pulling and shearing forces. These structures are called
desmosomes
Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of _______ in the _________ of the brain that helps to control movement. The best treatment is _________
dopamine neurons, substantia nigra, deep brain stimulation
Lysosome
enzyme digest and recycle worn out organelles and substances, found in animal cell
Refers to the outside of the cell
extracellular
what are the major components of the extracellular matrix
fibers and ground substance
Fimbriae
finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes
Connexins are proteins in animals that help form channels that communicate cells. These intercellular channels allow water, ions and small molecules to pass and are called
gap junctions
Requirements of aerobic respiration
glucose, pyruvate, citric acid, nad+, ADP, phosphate, oxygen, fadh
