BIO Exam 2

Oxygen, you need..

water

what's the role of the photosynthetic pigments?

A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption

Explain how the endomembrane system is involved with the production and secretion of proteins (ie. Milk, insulin, etc.). Don't forget to include how these larger molecules are released from the cell.

1) Nucleus -> inside there's DNA (genetic instructions for making proteins) nucleolus -> ribosomes DNA -> RNA this step is called TRANSCRIPTION. RNA will leave nucleus and hook up with ribosomes on 2) Rough ER (job is protein synthesis) where the ribosomes are RNA -> protein (this is called TRANSLATION) protein is produced in rough er and goes to 3) Smooth ER and there's going to be a phospholipid membrane surrounding the protein as the protein leaves when it leaves 4) Vesicle : protein leaves in a vesicle to 5) Golgi where protein gets finalized (it receives proteins, stores, modifies, then ships it) 6) then it goes into another vesicle and in the case of milk, milk will go to one of three: 7a) Cell membrane (protein leaves via exocytosis) example: milk, hormones, digestive enzymes, insulin glycogen or proteins stay in the cell membrane: 7b) Protein go into the cell membrane again and this time it's going to incorporate and stay at the cell membrane (examples: receptors, transport proteins, channels, cell adhesion, enzymes) 7c) Lysosome is "digestive" (it's an organelle) "digestive enzyme" becomes a lysosome and stays inside the cell

In the experiment with the 10& and 60% sucrose dialysis baggie solutions, which solution gained the most mass and why?

60%.. more hypertonic than the 10% enzymes works on substrates

Know how plants produce O2 & sugar.

Carbon Dioxide and water with light transform into sugar and oxygen

Briefly explain the difference between catabolism and anabolism. How does exergonic and endergonic relate to metabolism? Give an example of where each of these reactions takes place in your body.

Catabolism breaks down and releases energy. Anabolism builds up and requires energy. Exergonic is related to catabolism because it releases energy (cellular respiration) to give an example: digestion (complex to simple). Product contains less energy than reactants Endergonic is related to anabolism because it requires energy (photosynthesis) example: growth, repair/replace cells (simple to complex) Product contains more energy than reactants

Understand surface area to volume ratios and why cells are so small

Cells are small because they absorb things efficiently (smallest volume, largest SA/V ratio). If the surface area is larger, it will absorb MORE (smallest SA/V ratio)

Know the components of the plasma membrane, its structure and function

Components: phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol. Structure and function: surrounds the cell, contains the organelles, protects and separates the inside of the cell from the outside, allows and controls the passage of substances in/out of the cell

Know the difference between diffusion, osmosis, active and passive transport - which do or do not require energy.

Diffusion: movement of a fluid from high to low concentration. Osmosis: diffusion of water and allows water to cross plasma membranes [high] to [low]. Active transport: [lower] -> [higher] and requires energy and help Passive transport: [high] -> [low] and doesn't require energy.

know the factors that influence enzymatic activity including feedback regulation.

Environmental conditions and pH, cofactors: inorganic and coenzymes: organic. Feedback prevents unnecessary use of resources.

What are enzymes and how do they work?

Enzymes are biological catalysts - they are protein molecules made up of long chains of amino acids Enzymes work as a lock and a key - the protein chains have a special shape, which enables other molecules to fit into the enzyme

Explain how a eukaryotic cell benefits from its internal membranes and why they can be up to ten times larger than prokaryotes. Essentially explain why cells are so small. Understand how the experiment from lab with the three different sized agar blocks (SA, V & SA/V Ratio) Know formula

Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes with smaller compartments with specialized functions + things can diffuse more quickly. They help to make SA/V ratio higher. Cells are so small because they need to be able to get the nutrients in and the waste out quickly. They need to be small to be more efficient Smaller cells absorb efficiently (small volume, large SA/V ratio) Larger cells absorb MORE (large surface area, small SA/V ratio) SA = lxwx6 V = lxwxh SA/V = sa/v

Know the two laws of thermodynamics (Which laws are known as the conservation of energy?)

First: energy cannot be created nor destroyed so you're transferring or transforming. the energy of the universe is constant. Second: energy transformation is being inefficient (ENTROPY). ex. our car going into thermo. causes entropy (disorder) whenever we transfer this energy, we lose energy from things like heat

Which organisms have cell walls and how are the walls different?

Fungus cell walls are made of chitin Plant cell walls are made of cellulose

How can you use the following: canning (heating), freezing, pickling (acidic) and salting, to prevent microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi from spoiling your food

Heating: denatures. Freezing: slows down kinetic energy which slows down the enzyme reaction Pickling: uses acetic acid to decrease pH and ferment it, killing the bacteria. (denatures) Salting (ionic concentration) will diffuse and water will be coming out. Sugar: will dry the water out

Osmosis concept question, so understand isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. Understand how the aforementioned solutions affect cells

Isotonic solution is the equal/same [solute] and cells remain normal. Hypotonic solution means lower [solute] and more H2O meaning animal cells with burst and plant cells will become turgid. Hypertonic solution means higher [solute] and less H2O meaning animal cells will shrink

kinetic and potential (know examples of each)

Kinetic: energy of motion such as heart beating, breathing, etc. Potential: stored energy like food items stored in bonds or still water waiting to be drained

ATP - how it works

Last (third) phosphates come off and that provides energy to create a cellular activity (ATP)

What is metabolism? Catabolism? Anabolism?

Metabolism: all chemical reactions in cells. Catabolism: break down molecules. Anabolism: builds new molecules

Nucleus, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Phospholipid membrane, Vesicle, Golgi, Lysosome, Vacuoles, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, Chloroplast

Nucleus: stores our genetic instructions. DNA->RNA , Rough ER: RNA -> protein Smooth ER: phospholipid membrane surrounds protein as the protein leaves Vesicle: protein leaves in Golgi apparatus: protein finalized, then to cell membrane. Lysosome: digests damaged organelles Vacuoles: holds things like water, food, poison, Peroxisomes: destroy cell toxic waste Mitochondria: biggest source of energy Chloroplast: transforms light energy to chemical energy.

Draw and label the four major components of the cell membrane. Also give the functions of each of these components. Which are involved in cell-cell recognition?

Phospholipid bilayer: main boundary point helps regulate what comes across and not. Carbohydrates is responsible for cell ID and cell-cell recognition. Cholesterol maintains membrane fluidity and prevents packing. Proteins are responsible for many things such as transport, receptor, enzyme, joining cells together, and movement. Cell-cell is carbohydrates and protein receptors. - example: DNA (image)

Difference in photosynthesis and cellular respiration in an experiment

Photosynthesis = less CO2, raise pH (red, basic) CO2+H20 -> light -> C6H12O6 + O2 Cellular respiration = more CO2, decrease pH (yellow, acidic) C6H12O6 + O2 -> light -> CO2 + H20 +ATP

What captures light energy and what does it convert to?

Pigments capture light energy and converts to chemical energy

What colors of light are being absorbed/reflected by chlorophyll?

Red and Blue are absorbed and Green is reflected.

Reduction and Oxidation?

Reduction: gains electrons (follow H+) Oxidation: loses electrons

Compare and contrast chloroplasts and mitochondria. What general functions do they have in common? How are their functions different?

They both have a double membrane and their own DNA although mitochondria have one chromosome. They both reproduce on their own (mitosis). They are both prokaryote Chloroplast = undergo photosynthesis. Find them in thylakoids, plants. Captures sunlight and converts to chemical energy. CO2 + H20 -> Sugar + O2. Produces oxygen and sugar Mitochondria = undergo respiration. C6H12O6 +O2-> CO2+H20 + ATP. Uses oxygen and sugar. Inner membrane is where most energy is produced. Aerobic so needs oxygen

Why are many plants green?

They contain a pigment called chlorophyll that absorbed color.

Know the three types of animal cellular junctions and their function

Tight junction: doesn't let anything pass through the cells. ex: drink water and not bursting Anchoring (adhering) junction: link cells together (cell recognition) ex. when you warm up, you don't want to do it in cold weather b/c it will tear. Gap junction: allows communication between cells

What is an active site? What types of molecules bind there?

Where enzymes work on substrates. Substrates bind there

You're a new nurse/health care worker and you give your patient and IV that is hypotonic to their red blood cells, what would happen to the red blood cells?

burst

What do plants do with CO2 & H20? What's the function of sunlight with the chloroplasts.

chloroplasts absorb sunlight with water and co2 to produce sugar and oxygen

What shapes do bacterial cells have?

coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spiral (twisted)

Coenzymes and Cofactors

cofactors are inorganic ions (ex. minerals) coenzymes are organic (vitamins)

Know how large molecules move into and out of cells.

endocytosis (into) ex. phagocytosis cell eating like bacteria exocytosis (out of cells) example: ridding insulin

What's the function of cilia and flagellum(a)

flagellum: sperm or bacteria to swim through fluids. cilia: many and shorter helps with respiration in lungs.

From the potato experiment, which solution caused the potato to lose water, shrink, and lose mass?

hypertonic. potato is hypo so solution is hyper

where does photosynthesis take place, what's the fate of CO2 and H2O, know the products (sugar & O2)

it takes place in the chloroplast. 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light ----> Glucose + Oxygen). If CO2 goes up, pH levels go down, making plants more acidic (yellow).

If you increase the temperature, what effect would this have on diffusion (movement) of molecules?

it will decrease

Which red agar block from the experiment absorbed the MOST vinegar in 15 min and why?

largest... had a greater surface area (smallest SA/V ratio)

Make sure you can understand the figure from the lab which has the light reaction and Calvin cycle

light reaction = H20 -> O2 Calvin cycle = CO2 -> C6H12O6 (sugar)

Know the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

prokaryotic: has plasma membrane and no nucleus, no true organelles. eukaryotic: has nucleus and organelles

NaCi was able to pass through the dialysis membrane because it was?

small enough and in high concentration

In the experiment with the red agar blocks, the block with that was the most efficient at absorbing the vinegar in 15 min was the block with the:

smallest volume, largest SA/V ratio

What are accessory pigments and their function?

they absorb light that chlorophyll doesn't want to