Bio exam 2

As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ______ ATPs. 4 2 0 36 1

2

Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells? 4 64 16 32 8

32

What is a karyotype? The set of unique physical characteristics that define an individual A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape The collection of all the mutations present within the genome of an individual A system of classifying cell nuclei The combination of chromosomes found in a gamete

A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape

Zinc, an essential trace element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. The zinc most likely functions as a(n) A.) cofactor necessary for enzyme activity. B.) coenzyme derived from a vitamin. C.) noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme. D.)competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. E.) allosteric activator of the enzyme.

A.) cofactor necessary for enzyme activity.

An enzyme's function is dependent on its ______. A.) shape B.)size C.) pH D.)temperature E.) weight

A.) shape

Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? A.)It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. B.)Its terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than the other two. C.)Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions. D.)Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases free energy. E.)It is one of the four building blocks for DNA synthesis.

A.)It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.

The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are ______. ATP and NADP+ ATP and NADPH ATP and NADH ATP and NAD+ RuBP and O2

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? ADP, i, and NADP+ CO2 and glucose H2O and O2 electrons and H+ ATP and NADPH

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following is (are) required for motor proteins to function in the movement of chromosomes toward the poles of the mitotic spindle? a kinetochore attached to the metaphase plate an MTOC (microtubule organizing center) ATP as an energy source intact centromeres synthesis of cohesin

ATP as an energy source

Which of these statements is false? In humans, each of the 22 maternal autosomes has a homologous paternal chromosome. Single, haploid (n) sets of chromosomes in ovum and sperm unite during fertilization, forming a diploid (2n), single-celled zygote. At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis. Sexual life cycles differ with respect to the relative timing of meiosis and fertilization. In humans, the 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, determines whether the person is female (XX) or male (XY).

At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis.

Which component of the following reaction is the enzyme? lactose + lactase + water → lactase + glucose + fructose A.) fructose B.) lactase C.) water D.)lactose E.)glucose

B.) Lactase

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy? A.) light flashes emitted by a firefly B.)a molecule of glucose C.)the flight of an insect foraging for food D.)the muscle contractions of a person mowing grass E.)water rushing over Niagara Falls

B.) a molecule of glucose

Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? A.)Enzymes are permanently altered by the reactions they catalyze. B.)Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction. C.) Enzymes change the direction of chemical reactions. D.) Enzymes prevent changes in substrate concentrations. E.) Enzymes decrease the free energy change of a reaction.

B.)Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction.

A solution of starch at room temperature does not readily decompose to form a solution of simple sugars because A.) the starch solution has less free energy than the sugar solution. B.)the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted. C.)starch hydrolysis is nonspontaneous. D.)the hydrolysis of starch to sugar is endergonic. E.)starch cannot be hydrolyzed in the presence of so much water.

B.)the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted.

What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor? Benign tumors are composed of cancer cells; malignant tumors are not. Benign tumors cannot kill you; malignant tumors can. Benign tumors are not the result of a failure of a cell cycle control system; malignant tumors are. Benign tumors are classified as sarcomas; malignant tumors are leukemias. Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do.

Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do.

The active site of an enzyme is the region that A.) is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor. B.) binds the products of the catalytic reaction. C.) is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme. D.) binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme.

C.) is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme.

What is energy? A.) a measure of calories B.) a measure of disorder C.)the capacity to do work D.) metabolism E.)the capacity to cause movement

C.)the capacity to do work

Which of the following is a protein maintained at constant levels throughout the cell cycle that requires cyclin to become catalytically active? protein kinase PDGF MPF cyclin Cdk

Cdk

Chiasmata are what we see under a microscope that let us know which of the following is occurring? Separation of homologs Crossing over Asexual reproduction Anaphase II Meiosis II

Crossing over

Usually, enzymes are ______. A.) monosaccharides B.) fats C.)steroids D.) proteins E.) phospholipids

D.) proteins

In the reaction A → B + C + heat, ______. A.) there is a net input of energy B.)the potential energy of the products is greater than that of the reactant C.)entropy has decreased D.)the potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant E.)the potential energy of the products is the same as that of the reactant

D.)the potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant

Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's A.) equilibrium point. B.)entropy. C.)endothermic level. D.) free-energy content. E.)activation energy.

E.) activation energy

What form of energy is ATP? A.)ionic B.) kinetic C.) motion D.) work E.) potential

E.) potential

Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions? A.)The reaction goes only in a forward direction: all reactants will be converted to products, but no products will be converted to reactants. B.)The reactions are rapid. C.)The products have more total energy than the reactants. D.)A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed. E.)The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

E.)The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16? During the S phase of the cell cycle there will be 32 separate chromosomes. Each cell has eight homologous pairs. The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell. The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell. A gamete from this species has four chromosomes.

Each cell has eight homologous pairs.

Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics? Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter. The entropy of the universe is decreasing. The entropy of the universe is constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the free energy of the universe. enthalpy of the universe. entropy of the universe. entropy of the system. free energy of the system.

Entropy of the universe

Which of the following are primarily responsible for cytokinesis in plant cells but not in animal cells? centrioles and centromeres kinetochores Golgi-derived vesicles cyclin-dependent kinases actin and myosin

Golgi-derived vesicles

Which of the following is the source of electrons for the light reactions? C6H12O6 H2O NADPH CO2 NADH

H2O

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle H2O → photosystem I → photosystem II NADPH → O2 → CO2 H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What purpose does this serve (if any) in the cell? It can be added to water and excreted as a liquid. It can only be used to regenerate more ATP. It can be added to other molecules in order to activate them. It is released as an excretory waste. It can enter the nucleus to affect gene expression.

It can be added to other molecules in order to activate them.

If a cell has completed the first meiotic division and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its contents? It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the originating cell. It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis. It has the same number of chromosomes but each of them has different alleles than another cell from the same meiosis. It is identical in content to another cell from the same meiosis. It has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the originating cell.

It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.

A gene's location along a chromosome is known as which of the following? Allele Locus Trait Sequence Variant

Locus

Which of the following statements describes NAD+? NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. NAD+ is oxidized by the action of hydrogenases. In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function.

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.

Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? Chromosome replication Production of daughter cells Condensation of chromatin Synapsis of chromosomes Alignment of chromosomes at the equator

Synapsis of chromosomes

You have in your possession a microscope slide with meiotic cells on it and a light microscope. What would you look for if you wanted to identify metaphase I cells on the slide? A visible nuclear envelope A synaptonemal complex Separated sister chromatids at each pole of the cell Tetrads lined up at the center of the cell A cleavage furrow

Tetrads lined up at the center of the cell

How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle? The daughter cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of DNA. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA. The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.

The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA.

Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, i, and NADP+ to the light reactions. There is no relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2 to produce sugars, and the Calvin cycle supplies the light reactions with sugars to produce ATP. The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with oxygen for electron flow, and the Calvin cycle provides the light reactions with water to split. The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the carbon fixation step of the Calvin cycle, and the cycle provides water and electrons to the light reactions.

The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, i, and NADP+ to the light reactions.

How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that have replicated their DNA and are just about to begin meiosis? They have twice the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of DNA. They have half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA. They have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA. They have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. They have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.

They have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy? a food molecule made up of energy-rich macromolecules water rushing over Niagara Falls an insect foraging for food a boy mowing grass a firefly using light flashes to attract a mate

a food molecule made up of energy-rich macromolecules

The formation of a cell plate is beginning across the middle of a cell and nuclei are re-forming at opposite ends of the cell. What kind of cell is this? an animal cell in telophase an animal cell in metaphase a plant cell undergoing cytokinesis an animal cell undergoing cytokinesis a plant cell in metaphase

a plant cell undergoing cytokinesis

In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by transferring electrons from organic molecules to pyruvate. a proton gradient across a membrane. converting oxygen to ATP. high energy phosphate bonds in organic molecules. generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain.

a proton gradient across a membrane.

a human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is a zygote. an egg. a sperm. a somatic cell of a male. a somatic cell of a female.

a sperm.

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? the citric acid cycle accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP glycolysis the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA glycolysis the citric acid cycle accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle? NADH ethyl alcohol lactic acid citric acid acetyl CoA

acetyl CoA

Which term describes centromeres uncoupling, sister chromatids separating, and the two new chromosomes moving to opposite poles of the cell? telophase metaphase prophase prometaphase anaphase

anaphase

Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called ______. polysomes sister chromatids autosomes transposons centromeres

autosomes

If a plant appears blue to us, what wavelength of light is being reflected? orange blue yellow red green

blue

Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? dehydration anabolism catalysis metabolism catabolism

catabolism

In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This will result in cells lacking nuclei. cells that are unusually small. destruction of chromosomes. cells with more than one nucleus. cell cycles lacking an S phase.

cells with more than one nucleus.

Where do the microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in both plant and animal cells? centriole centromere kinetochore chromatid centrosome

centrosome

Photosynthesis is carried out by ______. chloroplasts the nucleus ribosomes mitochondria peroxisomes

chloroplasts

During metaphase ______. the nuclear envelope breaks up centromeres divide tetrads form chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell cytokinesis occurs

chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell

Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH? Calvin cycle electron transport chain citric acid cycle glycolysis hydrogenation

citric acid cycle

Which of the following is a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that associates with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex? protein kinase cyclin Cdk MPF PDGF

cyclin

Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of microtubules, its effectiveness must be related to myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation. disruption of mitotic spindle formation. suppression of cyclin production. inhibition of regulatory protein phosphorylation. inhibition of DNA synthesis.

disruption of mitotic spindle formation.

Which reaction of cellular respiration is analogous to the light reactions of photosynthesis? citric acid cycle electron transport chain glycolysis lactic acid fermentation Calvin cycle

electron transport chain

During redox reactions, ______. the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized none of the above

electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance

A chemical reaction that has a positive G is correctly described as enthalpic. endothermic. exothermic. spontaneous. endergonic.

endergonic

During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence? glucose → ATP → electron transport chain → NADH food → glycolysis → citric acid cycle → NADH → ATP food → citric acid cycle → ATP → NAD+ glucose → pyruvate → ATP → oxygen food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

During which phases of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids? from interphase through anaphase from G2 of interphase through metaphase from anaphase through telophase from metaphase through telophase from G1 of interphase through metaphase

from G2 of interphase through metaphase

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? glycolysis the citric acid cycle the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA chemiosmosis oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis and fermentation fermentation and chemiosmosis citric acid cycle oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

glycolysis and fermentation

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration? glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain electron transport chain, glycolysis, citric acid cycle citric acid cycle, glycolysis, electron transport chain electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, glycolysis citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid. diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids. tetraploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

If you were able to stop the process of cellular respiration after completion of electron transport but prior to chemiosmosis, you would find the pH of a mitochondrion to be at its lowest ______. on the outer membrane on the inner membrane in the cytoplasm in the intermembrane space in the mitochondrial matrix

in the intermembrane space

The light reactions of photosynthesis take place ______. in the cytosol in the inner membrane on the cristae in the stroma in the thylakoid membrane

in the thylakoid membrane

The human X and Y chromosomes include genes that determine an individual's sex. include only genes that govern sex determination. are of approximately equal size and number of genes. are both present in every somatic cell of males and females alike. are almost entirely homologous, despite their different names.

include genes that determine an individual's sex.

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction loses electrons and loses potential energy. gains electrons and gains potential energy. loses electrons and gains potential energy. neither gains nor loses electrons, but gains or loses potential energy. gains electrons and loses potential energy.

loses electrons and loses potential energy.

Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during mitosis. binary fission. meiosis II. fertilization. meiosis I.

meiosis I.

Imagine looking through a microscope at a squashed onion root tip. The chromosomes of many of the cells are plainly visible. In some cells, replicated chromosomes are aligned along the center (equator) of the cell. These particular cells are in which stage of mitosis? metaphase anaphase telophase prophase prometaphase

metaphase

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondrial intermembrane space mitochondrial inner membrane cytosol mitochondrial matrix

mitochondrial inner membrane

In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to the Calvin cycle. reduction of NADP+. substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. carbon fixation. oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.

oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to oxidize NADH to NAD+. reduce NAD+ to NADH. reduce FADH2 to FAD+. reduce FAD+ to FADH2. do none of the above.

oxidize NADH to NAD+.

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes hydrogenated. an oxidizing agent. reduced. dehydrogenated. oxidized

oxidized

What name is given to a discrete packet of light? wavelength quantum phaser photon spectrum

photon

Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents elongation of microtubules. prevents attachment of the microtubules to the kinetochore. increases cyclin concentrations. prevents shortening of microtubules. reduces cyclin concentrations.

prevents shortening of microtubules.

Chromosomes first become visible during which phase of mitosis? prophase anaphase prometaphase telophase metaphase

prophase

The correct sequence of stages of mitosis is ______. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase anaphase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase metaphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase telophase, prophase, interphase, anaphase, metaphase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes hydrogenated. a reducing agent. reduced. redoxed. oxidized.

reduced.

Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? release of oxygen carbon fixation oxidation of NADPH consumption of ATP regeneration of the CO2 acceptor

release of oxygen

During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is retained in the two pyruvates. used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose 6-phosphate. transferred directly to ATP. transferred to ADP, forming ATP. stored in the NADH produced.

retained in the two pyruvates.

The centromere is a region in which sister chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase. metaphase chromosomes become aligned at the metaphase plate. new spindle microtubules form at either end. chromosomes are grouped during telophase. the nucleus is located prior to mitosis.

sister chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase.

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that DNA replicates before the division. the chromosome number is reduced. sister chromatids separate during anaphase. homologous chromosomes synapse. the daughter cells are diploid.

sister chromatids separate during anaphase

The light reactions of photosynthesis convert ______ energy to ______ energy. electrical . . . solar solar . . . chemical chemical . . . electrical ATP . . . NADPH proton gradient . . . chemical

solar . . . chemical

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following? reducing NADP+ splitting the water molecules the electron transfer system of photosystem I the electron transfer system of photosystem II chemiosmosis

splitting the water molecules

Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? thylakoid membranes stroma of the chloroplast electron transport chain outer membrane of the chloroplast thylakoid space

stroma of the chloroplast

Where does the Calvin cycle take place? thylakoid membrane interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space) stroma of the chloroplast cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast outer membrane of the chloroplast

stroma of the chloroplast

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by chemiosmosis. electron transport. photophosphorylation. oxidation of NADH to NAD+. substrate-level phosphorylation.

substrate-level phosphorylation.

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? use NADPH to release carbon dioxide synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide use ATP to release carbon dioxide transport RuBP out of the chloroplast split water and release oxygen

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that in anaphase II ______ and in mitotic anaphase ______. the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate . . . the cells are diploid and sister chromatids separate crossing over occurs . . . crossing over does not occur chromosomes line up double file on the midline of the cell . . . chromosomes line up single file on the midline of the cell the cells are diploid . . . the cells are haploid tetrads do not form . . . tetrads form

the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate . . . the cells are diploid and sister chromatids separate

Genetic variation is accomplished by all but one of the following. Which is it? crossing over random fertilization the events of prophase I independent assortment the events of anaphase II

the events of anaphase II

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II. the random nature of the fertilization of ova by sperm. the relatively small degree of homology shared by the X and Y chromosomes. the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I. All of the above

the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.

Where are photosystems located? chlorophyll thylakoid membrane cristae inner chloroplast membrane stroma

thylakoid membrane

In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located? thylakoid membrane only plasma membrane only thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane inner mitochondrial membrane only thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

What name is given to the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast? stroma cristae vesicles reaction centers thylakoids

thylakoids

Why do chromosomes coil and condense during mitosis? to allow the sister chromatids to remain attached to allow the chromosomes to move without becoming entangled and breaking to provide for the structure of the centromere to increase their potential energy to allow the chromosomes to fit within the nuclear envelope

to allow the chromosomes to move without becoming entangled and breaking

A tetrad includes which of the following sets of DNA strands? eight sets of sister chromatids two sets of sister chromatids that have synapsed four sets of sister chromatids two single-stranded chromosomes that have synapsed four sets of unique chromosomes

two sets of sister chromatids that have synapsed

In animals, meiosis results in gametes, and fertilization results in zygotes. spores. sporophytes. gametophytes. clones.

zygotes.