BIO Exam 2 Study Guide

An animal has 26 chromosomes in all of their somatic cells, how many chromatids will be in one of those cells as it begins meiosis?

52 (26*2)

________ requires energy to move molecules from an area of *lower* concentration to an area of *higher* concentration.

Active transport

While studying an abandoned chemical factory, you discover what appears to be a slimy layer of *microbial growth* in one of the pools used to collect industrial waste. You know for a fact that the pool is too acidic for most living organisms. If the slimy growth is in fact alive, what kind of organism would it most likely be?

Archaean

__________ and ____________, which make up more than 2/3 of all species on earth, contain a plasma membrane, surrounded by a protective *cell wall*.

Bacteria and Archaea

Substances that *cannot* cross the plasma membrane are

CA+, sugar, and K+.

Review isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic situations

In a hypertonic solution, a cell *loses water*; in a hypotonic solution, a cell *gains water*; in an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water, meaning a cell gains and loses water *at the same rate*.

What are the products in the light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

Light-dependent: oxygen; Light-independent: glucose

Smooth ER function

Makes lipids, detoxifies poisons

Rough ER function

Makes proteins

What are the 4 main tissue types?

Nervoud, connective, muscle, epithelial

For roughly the first billion years of life on Earth, there was very little oxygen in the atmosphere. _______ organisms used *glycolysis* to survive.

Non-photosynthetic

Mitochondria function

Powerhouse of the cell

What structure do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

Ribosomes DNA plasma membrane

Nucleus function:

The control center of the eukaryotic cell, containing all of the cell's DNA and occupying up to 10 percent of the space inside the cell.

Through meditation and breathing techniques, humans are able to *affect their hormone levels* and their *immune response*.

True statement

Know the parts of the Cell Theory:

all cells come from preexisting cells, all living cells are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of life.

When Rob Dunn's researchers collected specimens from the belly buttons of volunteers, they noticed that _______ tended to be found *deep in the belly* button while _______ tended to *near the opening* because the anaerobes were deeper and there is less ______.

anaerobes, aerobes, oxygen

All _______ are considered *microbes and prokaryotes*.

bacteria

Prokaryotes reproduce by _______.

binary fission

Chloroplast function

captures energy from sunlight and creates food in the process of photosynthesis

*Chemoautotrophs* are microbes that can use light as a source of energy but require organic ________ for carbon.

carbon dioxide

*Citizen science* is science projects in which the public participates by:

collecting data, analyzing data, or participating as subjects

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

An _____ is released from the ovary in females. If *sperm are present*, fertilization of the egg may occur in the _______. The fertilized egg travels to the *uterus*, where the embryo implants and continues to develop.

egg, oviduct

*Hormones* are signaling molecules produced by the _______ system that send *messages* to other cells telling them what to do.

endocrine

Organisms that live at low pH (acidophiles) have to maintain a ________ of a pH-neutral cytoplasm by *moving protons* from the inside to outside of the cell where there is already a *high concentration* of ____. This is _______ transport.

homeostasis, protons, active

A *cell* is dropped into a _______ solution. The water moves out of the cell.

hypertonic

To end the COVID-19 pandemic, several vaccines were approved and administered. Vaccines work by stimulating a response from the ______ system, which enables the body to remember the virus and respond to it without the individual getting sick.

immune

In the absence of oxygen, our *muscle cells* produce what chemical during a *fermentation process*?

lactic acid

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. One in five individuals will be diagnosed with skin cancer by age 70. ________ is the most serious type of skin cancer and occurs when the cells that give your *skin color* become cancerous. This type of cancer occurs in *epithelial tissue*, which is part of the _______ organ system.

melanoma, integumentary

Golgi apparatus function

modifies, packages, stores, and transports lipids made by Smooth ER

After about an hour of basking in the sun, the body temperature of the marine iguana reaches 37° C. Then it dives into the water to feed. Once in the water, its body temperature *rapidly drops* and the iguana must return to the rocks to warm up. This process is an example of ________.

negative feedback

All of the following are qualities of living things:

obtain energy from the environment, composed of cells, reproduce using DNA

Although algae produce _______, algal blooms typically lead to _____ (low oxygen) conditions in water. This (same as _____) is probably due to microorganisms feeding on dying algae and carrying out aerobic respiration.

oxygen, hypoxic

Substances *move in and out of the cells*, while crossing the _______ membrane.

plasma

*Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria* are called _________ they produce glucose, through the process of photosynthesis. Other organisms, like animals, called _________ must consume food, which is converted to *glucose*, through digestion. Organisms must convert glucose (food energy) to *ATP* (useable energy for the cell/s), through a process known as *cellular respiration*. Besides ATP, what else is created during the process of cellular respiration?

producers, consumers, carbon dioxide

In which phase of *meiosis* does crossing-over occur?

prophase I

*Ribosomes* are very small non-membranous structures that can either exist freely in the cytoplasm or be embedded in the Rough ER of a cell. They are associated with the synthesis of _______.

proteins

During flu season, *influenza virus* infects many members of the population. (During infection), the virus *binds to proteins* on the outside of a cell and tricks that cell into bringing in the virus. (Once inside), the virus *infects the cell* and forces the cell to make more viruses that can then go on to infect more cells. This is __________ transport.

receptor mediated

Hormones act on ______ target cells.

specific

*Enzymes* are molecules that __________ chemical reactions.

speed up

By what mechanism do most hormones travel through the organism that produces them?

travels in circulatory system, produced by endocrine

Vacuoles function

water storage