Bio Exam 3

Which of the following statements differentiates spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Both processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis occurs through meiosis. The outcome is the production of four sperm, in spermatogenesis, and one egg in oogenesis.

Red blood cells are responsible for __________

Gas exchange throughout the body

Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?

Genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA

What conclusions resulted from the Hershey-Chase experiments?

Hershey and Chase concluded that phage were injecting DNA into bacteria and that it was the injected DNA that coded for the manufacturing of new viruses

Which event (or events) occur in the anaphase I phase of meiosis I?

Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles

In the human life cycle, gametes are formed through the process of ______, and all other cells are formed through the process of ______.

Meiosis; Mitosis

The role of vectors in gene therapy is to

The role of vectors in gene therapy is to increase gene expression of the newly delivered gene. replace the mutated gene with the correct gene in the cells of interest.

You are given an assignment to identify a pair of human sex chromosomes from a karotype. How would you differentiate the sex chromosomes from the autosomal chromosomes?

The sex chromosomes will be labeled XX or XY.

Which of the following best explains the role of transcription in a cell?

To produce a mRNA molecule to deliver the genetic instructions outside the nucleus

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Oswald Avery contribute?

Transformation of bacteria did not occur with the addition of DNase enzyme, suggesting DNA is the genetic material

What type of cells are used to collect DNA for genetic testing?

WBC

The susceptibility for a certain disease may be determined with a genetic marker test. This technique looks for

a different banding pattern of DNA that has been cut with restriction enzymes to observe changes.

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using an RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA

The pedigree shown displays the inheritance of a recessive genetic disease. In the fourth generation, what is the likelihood that the next child of the two heterozygous parents will be impacted by the disease?

25%

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs?

A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamic acid amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended

The decreased blood flow in the circulatory system can impact the immune and lymphatic systems. A decrease in function of these systems can cause an individual with sickle-cell disease to be more prone to __________.

Bacterial and viral infections

Which event (or events) occur in the prophase I phase of meiosis I?

Condensing of the chromosomes, homologous chromosomes form tetrads, crossing over occurs

PCR mimics DNA replication. Which of the following steps of PCR corresponds with the extension process in DNA replication?

DNA polymerase synthesizing a daughter strand of DNA

A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamic acid amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended.

DNA strand, nucleosomes, chromosomes

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?

Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.

Which of the following is an example of a human phenotype determined by epistatic interaction?

Eye color

Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?

Eye color

To transcribe something is to make an identical copy, i.e., if the original is DNA, the transcribed copy is also DNA.

False

There are two main forms of non-Mendelian dominance. In ______, as observed in familial hypercholesterolemia, the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele. In ______, as observed in AB blood type, two dominant alleles are expressed for the same phenotype

Incomplete dominance; codominance

Images of unreplicated chromosomes that allow researchers to organize and identify each chromosome, as well as missing or extra chromosomes are called __________.

Karyotypes

Which event (or events) occur in the metaphase II phase of meiosis II?

Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate

Which event (or events) occur in the metaphase I phase of meiosis I?

Tetrads align along the metaphase plate

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Erwin Chargaff contribute?

The percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of guanine is equal to the percent of cytosine

Which of the following plays the role of interpreting the genetic information, from the mRNA, into a structural protein that is used by the cell?

Translation

Recall that with two heterozygous parents, the probability of producing an offspring with a homozygous recessive genotype is 25% and is independent of previous outcomes. Thus, the likelihood of producing a child in generation IV that is impacted by the disease (homozygous recessive) is 25%.

Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally.

Gene therapy can involve the replacement of a defective gene. Which type of vector is used to replace the defective gene in ex vivo gene therapy and not used in in vivo gene therapy?

Virus

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Rosalind Franklin contribute?

X-ray crystallography was used to show DNA is a repeating helical structure

The oxygen exchange between the red blood cells and the alveoli is driven by diffusion. This diffusion is due to the

lower amount of oxygen found in the RBC

Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in ______ cells and carries ______ to all cells of the body.

red blood; oxygen

What is/are the main goal(s) for obtaining and testing DNA?

- To test for the presence of alleles associated with genetic diseases before birth - To determine if the exact alleles for a disease are present in an individual - To study the number of alleles that are present in an unborn child

Sickle crisis requires immediate medical attention. This medical condition is characterized by __________.

- anemia - chest pain and shortness of breath - a decrease in gas exchange between the aveoli and the capillaries

DNA is packaged into chromosomes to

- compact the large amount of DNA into each cell. - keep the DNA organized and accessible to the cell. - fit within the nucleus of the cell

PCR is important because it allows scientists to

- mimic DNA replication to copy a specific segment of DNA to study. - track ancestry of organisms. - identify criminals in forensic studies

Hemoglobin is not a good carrier of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is converted into ______ before it is transported to the alveoli.

Carbonic Acid

The hemoglobin molecule is a __________.

Protein