BIO FINAL
List the aspects of the male reproductive system
- Bladder - Vas deferens - Urethra - Penis - Epididymis - Testis - Scrotum - Seminal vesicle - Prostate gland - Rectum - Bulbourethral gland - Stem-Producing tubes
List the structures of a flower
- Carpal/pistol - Stigma - Style - Ovary - Stamen - Filament - Anther - Petal - Sepal - Calyx - Stem
List aspects of amniotic egg
- Egg shell - Fluid filled amnion - Embryo - Amnion - Chorion - Blood vessels - Air space - Yolk - Albumin - Egg shell - CO2 - O2 - Allantois - Chorion and allantois
Describe Estrogen
- Estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken - Estrogen causes the endometrium to become vascular and glandular - Estrogen causes a positive feedback on the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH - Estrogen causes a negative feedback on the anterior pituitary gland
Levels of pituitary hormones during the Menstrual cycle
- FSH increases and then decreases to increase again -LH stagnates with a sharp increase then decrease to stagnate again
What is true about reproduction
- Gametes are produced by meiosis and may be specialized as eggs or sperm - Hydras may reproduce asexually by budding new individuals from the parent - A hermaphrodite produces both male and female gametes in different specialized gonads - A starfish can be cut into several pieces, and each piece will regenerate all the other parts of the individual
Describe HCG
- HCG stimulates the anterior pituitary gland - HCG stimulates the corpus luteum - HCG helps to maintain estrogen and progesterone levels in the blood - HCG is used in pregnancy testing
Trace the negative feedback system in Females
- Hypothalamus releases GnRH - Anterior pituitary sends FSH and LH through hormonal pathway to ovaries - In the Ovary, FSH stimulates follicle growth which produces estrogen and ovulation, LH stimulates the Corpus Luteum to create progesterone and some estrogen - Estrogen inhibits FSH production in the Anterior pituitary but Increased estrogen at mid cycle stimulates LH secretion in anterior pituitary - Progesterone and some estrogen from LH increase after ovulation and inhibit FSH and LH secretion in the anterior pituitary and Hypothalamus
ICSH stimulates the ___ of the testis to produce ___
- Interstitial cells - Testosterone
What is true about asexual reproduction
- It occurs with only one parent - It is less commonly used by vertebrates - It can occur by budding or by division and regeneration - A large number of offspring can be produced in this way in a short time
What is the menstrual cycle
- LH is produced by the pituitary in response to GmRH from the hypothalamus - Birth control pills that contain estrogen and progesterone would inhibit the secretion of FSH by the pituitary - The phase of menstruation at which pregnancy is most likely to occur is the secretory phase - FSH and estrogen production are highest during days 25-28 of the menstrual cycle
What is part of the human female external genitalia
- Mons pubis - Clitoris - Labia minora - Labia majora
What is true about fertilization
- Most terrestrial animals practice internal fertilization - Many terrestrial males have a copulatory organ for sperm transfer - Internal fertilization is required for the production shelled eggs - Most aquatic animals practice external fertilization, releasing gametes into the water
What is human oogenesis
- One ovum is produced by each parent cell - Primary oocytes can sit halted in prophase I for years - After puberty begins, one primary oocyte, on average, re-enters meiosis every 28 days
List the aspects of the Female reproductive system
- Oviduct - Ovary - Uterus - Cervix - Vagina - Rectum - Urethra - Ligament - Bladder - Bone
What is the placenta
- Oxygenated blood flows to the fetus via the umbilical cord - Fetal blood flows to maternal blood via umbilical artery - Oxygen and nutrients go to fetus from maternal circulatory system - The placenta produces progesterone and estrogen
List aspects of fertilization
- Pathway of sperm - Uterus - Cervix - Oviduct - Implantation - Pathway of egg - Blastocyst - Egg - Ovary - Fertilization
The substances found in semen are produced by what
- Prostate - Bulbourethral glands - Seminal vesicles - Testes
List the aspects of germination of a bean seed
- Radicle - Hypocotyl - Cotyledon - Seed coat - Primary root - Epicotyl - Withered cotyledons - Coyledon - Withered cotyledons - Secondary roots
What is true about reproductive timing
- Reproductive cycles in invertebrates are associated with changes in day length - Many temperate zone mammals mate in the fall and produce offspring in the spring - Animals determine the timing of their reproductive behavior by temperature changes - Melatonin production in the pineal gland is related to the timing of reproductive behavior
The male reproductive system includes
- Testes - Epididymis - Penis - Prostrate
Semen production involves the
- Testes - Prostate gland - Seminal vesicle - Cowper's gland
What are three aspect associations concerning structures in the human
- Testes-produce sperm - Prostate gland- seminal fluid - Urethra-conducts sperm
What are homeotic genes
- They have been found in almost all eukaryotic organisms - They are the master genes that control all the other genes in the organism - They are sequentially arranged on the chromosome in the same sequence they are activated during development of the embryo in Drosophila -All homeotic genes are thought to be derived from an original DNA sequence that has been highly conserved in evolution because of its importance to animal development
What are the extraembryonic membranes
- chorion - amnion - yolk sac - allantois
What are barrier methods of birth control
- condom - cervical cap - diaphragm
What would result in infertility
- egg is fertilized but does not implant - egg is not fertilized due to low sperm count - endometriosis - egg is not ovulated
What are examples of chordate embryos
- lancelet - frog - human - chick
What structures would have developed from mesoderm
- muscle - heart - kidneys - bones
What is development
-Cells divide and get larger - Cell become specialized in structure and function - Body parts are shaped and patterned into a specific form
What is growth
-Cells divide and get larger - Cell become specialized in structure and function - Body parts are shaped and patterned into a specific form
Trace the path of the negative feedback system in males
-Hypothalamus releases hormone to -Anterior pituitary which releases - FSH and LH through hormonal pathways to the testicles - Testes use FSH to make sperm producing cells which regulate sperm production and LH for testosterone producing cells which make testosterone to also help sperm producing cells regulate sperm production - Testosterone then inhibits LH production in the Hypothalamus - Sperm producing cells then inhibit FSH production in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
List aspects of fetal development
-Placenta (Maternal potion of placenta, chorionic villi) - Allantois - Chorion - Uterine wall - Umbilical cord - Amnion - Amniotic fluid
During what stage of labor will the cervix be dilated? Stage ___
1
During a 28-day uterine cycle, ovulation usually occurs on the ___ day
14th
The structure that contains ___ artery(ies) and ___ vein(s), and forms after three months of development is the ___
2, 1, umbilical cord
How many days after the last menstrual period is birth of the fetus expected to occur
230
In the human female, the uterine cycle is on the average ___ days
28
Approximately how many mature egg cells are released by a woman during her fertile years
400
Retroviruses are responsible for
AIDS
What is parthenogenesis
An asexual means of reproduction by which unfertilized eggs develop into mature individuals
The order of structure in the vulva, from the frontal mons pubis to the anus, is
Clitoris-urethra-vagina
The role of the acrosome during fertilization process is to
Contain enzymes that help a sperm head digest its way into an egg
LH stimulates the
Corpus luteum to produce progesterone
The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle occurs, in a 28-day cycle, at about
Days 15-28
Describe the luteal phase of the uterine cycle
Decrease in LH, increase in progesterone, corpus luteum presents secretory uterine lining
Thickness of uterine lining and levels of ovarian hormones during the menstrual cycle
Decrease then increase with addition of estrogen and progesterone with its peak at ovulation and then slowly decrease to increase agains before starting over
Inhibin is a hormone that
Decreases sexual urges
A bluebird reproduced by laying eggs. What characteristic does the embryo of a bluebird have in common with a human embryo
Development within a watery environment inside an amnion
Sperm mature within
Epididymis
What hormone is best associated with maturation of the egg
FSH
Female birth control pills act by inhibiting the production of
FSH and LH
Stages of the menstrual cycle
Flow stage->Follicular stage->Luteal stage
The ovary during the menstrual cycle
Follicle->ovulation->corpus luteum
the energy source for sperm to swim comes from
Fructose sugar in the surrounding seminal fluids added by the seminal vesicles
The structure from which an egg is released during ovulation is called
Graafian follicle
A pregnancy test is based on the production of ___ by the ___
HCG, trophoblast
Fertilization in humans normally occurs in the
Oviducts or fallopian tubes
The clitoris in the female is homologous to the ___ in the male
Penis
Menstruation begins because
Progesterone and estrogen levels are both declining
A male accessory organ that often becomes enlarged, infected, or cancerous in older men
Prostate gland
The impotency drug Viagra acts by
Providing supplementary cGMP to stimulate artery dilation
Trace the correct path of the sperm during ejaculation
Seminiferous tubules-epididymis-vas deferens-urethra
Approximately how many sperm are produced each day in a healthy adult male
Several hundred million
The egg is propelled down the oviduct (fallopian tube) by
Suction from the uterine contractions
What is the function of the sustentacular cells in the male reproductive tract
Support and regulate the cells that produce sperm cells
Secondary sexual characteristics in the male are directly maintained by the hormone
Testosterone
What is the main sex hormone in the human male
Testosterone
Pregnancy occurs when
The developing embryo embeds itself in the endometrial lining
Why do testes shrink when male athletes take synthetic steroid testosterone hormones
The pituitary controls detect high levels of testosterone in the bloodstream and reduces FSH and LH
Normal human sperm and eggs are similar because
They have the same number of chromosomes in their nucleus
What is the last part of the male reproductive tract through which the semen passes
Urethra
Generally, only one sperm fertilizes an egg because
When the first sperm membrane fuses with the egg membrane, it separates the fertilization membrane and forms a barrier to any other sperm
Reptiles and bird eggs have
a plentiful and large yolk since it must support all early development
Morphogenesis is
a process by which tissues are shaped into organs
In human males, sperm cells are suspended in a fluid medium. The main advantage gained form this adaptation is that the fluid
acts as a transport medium for sperm
The sac that surrounds the fetus and usually ruptures just before childbirth is the (water breaking)
amnion
What membrane is filled with a clear watery fluid
amnion
During implantation, the outer layers of the blastocyst form the
amnion and chorion
During gastrulation in vertebrates, the pore created by invagination will become the
anus
Early stages of human development resemble those of the chick embryo because
birds, mammals, and reptiles are closely related and share this evolutionary feature
A modified blastula in which the cells enclose an internal cavity is called a
blastocyst
During the formation of an embryo, a solid ball of cells with a hollow cavity inside is termed a
blastula
In a chordate embryo, what stage occurs second
blastulation
What is morphogenesis
body parts are shaped and patterned into a specific form
The placenta develops from
both fetal and uterine tissue
What is differentiation
cells become specialized in structure and function
Menopause refers to
cessation of menstruation
The ___ develops into the fetal portion of the placenta
chorion
A fertilized egg undergoes cell division without further growth in the process called
cleavage
Forms the morula
cleavage
In a chordate embryo, what stage occurs first
cleavage
When an egg erupts from a follicle, the chamber that remains and secretes hormones is the
corpus luteum
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle
differentiates into the corpus luteum
Describe the process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
differentiation
The nervous system develops from what germ layer
ectoderm
In humans, the developing embryo tends to attach to this structure
endometrium
The lining of the uterus that is discharged during the menstrual phase is the
endometrium
How does a sperm penetrate an egg
enzymes in the acrosome dissolve the jelly coating
The uterine cycle at day 12 would primarily be under the influence of
estrogen
What is the main sex hormone of the female
estrogen
Pharyngeal slits develop from the embryo into what structures in humans
eustachian tubes
An embryo is called a ___ after eight weeks of development
fetus
The neural tube of vertebrates develops during morphogenesis of the nervous system by
folding of ectoderm tissue
In humans, sperm are produced by spermatogenesis and ova are produced by oogenesis. If both processes occur normally, what is the resulting number of each gamete formed
four sperm and one ovum
Begins the formation of the three primary germ layers
gastrulation
In a chordate embryo, what stage occurs third
gastrulation
The series of cellular divisions by which a one cell layered structure becomes a three layer embryo is known as
gastrulation
What process divides the developing embryo into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
gastrulation
What stage would show the development of the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers
gastrulation
What stage would show the development of the mesoderm germ layer
gastrulation
The allantois
gives rise to umbilical blood vessels in humans
During development, describe the correct sequence
growth-differentiation-morphogenesis
The human blastocyst
has three germ layers
The AIDS virus attacks
helper T lymphocytes
A liver damaging disease more likely to be contracted from sexual contact than AIDS is
hepatitis
A homeotic gene codes for a ___ protein, a sequence of 60 amino acids, sets of which determine pattern formation
homeodomain
Genes that determine how segments develop during morphogenesis are termed ___ genes
homeotic
The hormone produced by cells around the embryo that maintains the corpus luteum and the pregnancy is called
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Preparation for the implantation of the embryo was regulated by the
hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries
What part of the blastocyst will develop into the human embryo
inner cell mass
What structure gives rise to the placenta
inner cell mass
The phenomenon of apoptosis or cell death
is a mechanism present in every cell but is inhibited by a master protein; when the protein is inactivated the cell death process begins and is essential for normal development
LH is an abbreviation for luteinizing hormone which was described as a female hormone controlling the ovary. In the male, LH
is sometimes called ICSH and controls production of testosterone
A functional advantage of having human testes in the scrotum rather than in the abdomen is
lower temperature
At twenty four weeks, or about six months, a fetus has a chance of surviving, although it may have
lung difficulties
The process in which neighboring cells influence the development of each other, either by direct contact or by production of chemical signals, is
maternal determinants
Somites, which form segmental muscles and vertebrae, develop from what germ layer
mesoderm
What part if the sperm is lined with mitochondria and expends the energy needed to propel the sperm
middle piece
The formation of the lens of the vertebrate eye from a skin layer in contact with an outgrowth of the embryonic brain is an example of
morphogenesis
proteins that influence morphogenesis are
morphogens
Maternal determinants is the theory that
mother cell cytoplasm is distributed to various cells of the morula and determines which genes are turned on and off
What structure is derived from the ectoderm
nerves
What system develops first in an embryo
nervous
In a chordate embryo, what stage occurs last
neurulation
What stage would show the development of the notochord
neurulation
The archenteron is the
outermost layer formed during blastulation
In the human female, estrogen and progesterone exert feedback control over the
pituitary
What structure in humans produces FSH
pituitary
What structures control the cyclic nature of the menstrual cycle
pituitary and ovaries
The organ that exchanges molecules between fetal and maternal blood is the
placenta
The trophoblast formed during the early stages of human embryology eventually develops into the
placenta
What is the organ of exchange between the mother and fetus
placenta
The medication known as mifepristone or RU-486
prevents development of a uterine lining
What two hormones influence the development of the secondary sexual characteristics of the female
progesterone and estrogen
The hormone ___ from the ___ causes mammary lobules in the breast to contract causing milk to flow
prolactin, anterior pituitary
Days 6-13 of the uterine cycle are called the
proliferative phase
The time interval following ejaculation during which stimulation does not cause erection is called
refractory period
Implantation begins at the end of the
second week
In humans, spermatogenesis, the process of male gamete formation, occurs in
seminiferous tubules
In the human male sperm cells are produced in the
seminiferous tubules
If we cut a cross section through the testes, we would see
small tubules lined with developing sperm
The coelomic cavity is derived from the
splitting of the mesoderm
The primary function progesterone in the menstrual cycle is to
stimulate development of the endometrium
A function of the allantois is to
store or dispose of wastes from the developing embryo
The first thing to occur during labor is
the amniotic sac breaks
The navel (your belly button) is a scar left from the attachment of the
umbilical cord
In the human male, the tube used to carry both sperm and urine is the
urethra
Trace the path of the sperm through the female reproductive tract
vagina-cervix-uterus-oviduct
A placental mammal would be
viviparous
What serves as the site of the first production of blood cells in the embryo
yolk sac