Bio Final
Which of the following best describes what is being illustrated in the image?
Parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
Molecules that form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms are called __________ molecules.
polar
Steroid hormones bind to
protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell.
The drug in asthma inhalers binds to epinephrine receptors, stimulates the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the lung airways.
Agonist
Nicotinic
Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia
Muscarinic
Cells of all parasympathetic effectors and some sympathetic effectors
Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?
Contraction
What type of process conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body?
Dendrite
What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?
Epiphyseal plate
The peripheral nervous system includes the __________
cranial nerves
Terrance is told by his physician that he has lesions on one side of his spinal cord, which cut the lateral spinothalamic tract. Therefore, Terrance will have an inability to perceive
cutaneous sensations on the opposite side of his body below the level of injury.
The three arches of the foot
distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking.
If a single structure receives innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, it is called ________ innervation, and the effects of both divisions on that single structure usually result in __________ effects.
dual; opposite
A cell that forms fibrous connective tissue would be called a __________.
fibroblast
By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in __________.
immunity
Damage to a postsynaptic membrane would
interfere with the ability to respond to neurotransmitter.
The stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland is the __________.
infundibulum
Glaucoma can result from
inhibition of the circulation of aqueous humor.
Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a/an __________.
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Muscles that elevate the jaw and close the mouth include the __________.
masseter and medial pterygoid
The extracellular material of tissues is called __________.
matrix
All of the chemical reactions within a cell are known as cell __________.
metabolism
A bone fracture in which the two bone sections do not separate is a/an __________ fracture.
nondisplaced
Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly is called __________.
pronation
The opposite of supination is __________.
pronation
The ability to localize the position of body parts is called __________.
proprioception
Dual innervation means that an individual effector
receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The right cerebral hemisphere
receives sensory input from the left side of the body.
Depolarization of the plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of
sodium ions.
Slowly adapting proprioceptors that would let you know the position of your thumb without looking at it are known as __________ receptors.
tonic
The sagittal suture is located between the
two parietal bones.
Hormonal stimulus
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone prevents the release of additional growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
In the following reaction, what is/are the product(s)? CO2 + H2O ---> H2CO3
H2CO3
the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.
Have the patient look superiorly and inferiorly
Humoral stimulus
High blood Na+ (and a subsequent increase in blood pressure) stimulates the release of atrial natriuretic hormone from the heart.
Which type of cell breaks down bone tissue?
Osteoclast
The delivery of a radioactive compound to the body to study the metabolism of tissues is called __________.
PET
Which type of muscle tissue would cause flexion and extension of the arm?
Skeletal muscle
Autocrine chemical messengers
Stimulates the cell that originally secreted it
Which of the following muscles is named for its shape?
Trapezius
Endocrine chemical messengers
Travel through general circulation to act on target tissues
Which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light?
Vitamin D
Water-soluble hormones ___________ pass through the cell membrane.
cannot
The wrist is composed of eight bones called __________.
carpal bones
The flexion of the elbow represents a __________.
class III lever system
The collar bone is the __________.
clavicle
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors respond to NE.
false
Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have __________.
muscarinic receptors
The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the __________.
muscle spindle
When the arrector pili muscles contract,
"goose bumps" form on the skin.
What is the building block molecule of a protein?
Amino acid
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur: 1. The ligand binds to its receptor. 2. The alpha subunit and GTP bind to the calcium ion channel. 3. Calcium ion channels open.
1, 2, 3
Paracrine chemical messengers
Act on nearby cells
Which of the following correctly describes myoglobin's special function in muscle tissue?
Acts as a reservoir for O2
A drug prevents platelet aggregation by binding to epinephrine receptors on platelets and inhibits their normal action.
Antagonist
LouAnn is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that target neurons deep within the brain. Which glial cell must be bypassed by this drug in order for it to be effective?
Astrocyte
Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Autonomic nervous system
Involuntarily controlled
Autonomic nervous system
Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
Autonomic nervous system
Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum?
Balance impairment
Marilyn has been diagnosed with a fractured dens or odontoid process. Which specific bone is affected?
C2
The primary mineral in bone is __________.
Calcium
This is a lateral view of the brain. What does "E" represent?
Cerebellum
Identify the type of synapse that includes a presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell.
Chemical
Which of the following events occurs during anaphase?
Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell
Neural stimulus
Decreased sympathetic stimulation leads to reduced secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
Example of exocrine secretion
Digestive enzymes
Which of the following is not a parasympathetic effect?
Dilation of air passageways
Acute hormone secretion
Epinephrine levels spike during a stressful event.
From which germ layer does the nervous system form?
Ectoderm
Which type of connective tissue is found in the external ears?
Elastic cartilage
If you ask someone a question and they do not know the answer, which type of nonverbal expression are you likely to get from that person?
Elevation of the clavicles and scapulae
Which of the following organelles may or may not have ribosomes attached?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Hydrocephaly is a condition whereby cerebrospinal fluid accumulates around the brain. Which supportive cells continue CSF production despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space?
Ependymal cells
Which type of tissue forms linings or coverings?
Epithelial tissue
Episodic hormone secretion
Estrogen and progesterone levels change cyclically and predictably every month.
During brain surgery, the superior portion of the postcentral gyrus of a patient is stimulated. What do you expect the patient to do?
Feel pressure on his toes
A cut along which plane would result in the anterior perspective of the body appearing normal, with no evident cuts?
Frontal
This is a lateral view of the brain. What does "B" represent?
Frontal lobe
Which of the following is associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone?
Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
A coroner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractured. Which bone is this?
Hyoid
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?
Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane
Which of the following is an example of adaptation of sensory receptors?
Ignoring the presence of clothes
Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?
Immunity
Which portion of the ear contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance?
Inner ear
Axillary nerve
Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles
Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?
Interneuron
Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata?
It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter.
Which of the following is an ascending pathway in the spinal cord?
Lateral spinothalamic tract
____________ hormones bind to receptors usually found in the nucleus, whereas _____________ hormones bind to membrane-bound receptors.
Lipid-soluble; water-soluble
Which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging?
Loss of subcutaneous tissue contributes to sagging of the skin.
Humoral stimulus
Low blood glucose levels directly stimulate pancreatic alpha cells to release glucagon
Which type of membrane proteins allow cells to identify one another?
Marker molecules
The __________ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involved in __________ touch.
Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination
Which organelle produces most of the cell's energy?
Mitochondrion
Adrenergic
Most sympathetic effectors
__________ receptors on cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland cells respond to acetylcholine.
Muscarinic
Of the four primary classes of tissues, the tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is __________.
Muscle tissue
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following?
Muscles of the arm and forearm
Which of the following nerves is part of the brachial plexus?
Musculocutaneous
Which type of tissue contains cells called neurons?
Nervous tissue
Which of the following nerves is associated with the lumbosacral plexus?
Obturator
A person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones?
Occipital
This is a lateral view of the brain. What does "D" represent?
Occipital lobe
Of the following muscles of the head, which one wraps around the orbits?
Orbicularis oculi
Hirschsprung disease is a condition involving functional obstruction in the lower colon and rectum that inhibits peristaltic contractions, leading to accumulation of feces in the affected area. Based on this, predict which component of the nervous system is not sufficiently stimulating motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
Parasympathetic nervous system
This is a lateral view of the brain. What does "C" represent?
Parietal lobe
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
Provides oxygen to CNS tissue
In __________, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed.
Regeneration
Raul's father tells him not to slouch, and to put his shoulders back. What specifically must Raul do to improve his posture?
Retract his scapulae
Which of the following are associated with the retina?
Rods and cones
Which of the following is not considered a type of skin gland?
Salivary glands
Theresa has been diagnosed with a disease that demyelinates the somatic motor neurons. This disease is destroying the __________ associated with neurons that control __________.
Schwann cells; skeletal muscle
Neurotransmitters
Secreted by neurons into a synaptic cleft
Endocrine system
Secretions travel in the bloodstream
Exocrine system
Secretions travel through ducts
Which of the following is not an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
Skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle tissue causes vasoconstriction?
Smooth muscle
A single neuron extends from the CNS to muscle
Somatic nervous system
Consciously controlled movements
Somatic nervous system
Innervates skeletal muscle
Somatic nervous system
Chronic hormone secretion
Stable levels of thyroid hormone are maintained over a long period of time
Hank was involved in a car accident during which a flat bone in the anterior region of his thorax was fractured. Which bone is most likely the one that was fractured?
Sternum
Hyperhidrosis is a condition involving excessive sweating due to exaggerated stimulation to sweat glands. Which of the following divisions of the nervous system is at fault?
Sympathetic nervous system
The radial muscle of the iris causes the pupils to dilate. Therefore, which branch of the ANS controls the radial muscles?
Sympathetic nervous system
Neural stimulus
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons stimulate epinephrine release from cells of the adrenal medulla
This is a lateral view of the brain. What does "A" represent?
Temporal lobe
Example of endocrine secretion
Testosterone
What is found in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord?
The cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
What occurs when hormones reach their target cells?
The hormone binds to an appropriate receptor on or in the target cell.
Which of the following is not a reason why some hormones need assistance to travel in the blood?
They cannot dissolve in the blood because they are water-soluble.
Hormonal stimulus
Thyroid-stimulating hormone induces thyroid hormone formation from follicular cells of the thyroid gland.
Which nerve is involved when a dancer points his/her toes?
Tibial
Which of the following hair colors is the result of a decrease in melanin?
White
Which of the following would the sympathetic portion of the ANS influence?
Your heart rate during an exam
A tissue is a
a group of cells with similar structure and function
An anion is
a negatively charged ion.
Distribution
ability to reach target cells at a distance asst. from binding protiens bound and free hormones
Synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain
acetylcholine.
The active sites to which cross-bridges attach are found on the
actin myofilaments.
The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient is called __________.
active transport
Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. To limit the amount of leaking through your hands, this action would most likely require __________.
adduction of the fingers
Stretch reflexes
aid in maintaining proper posture.
The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are __________ waves.
alpha
The two classes of adrenergic receptors are __________.
alpha and beta
Due to ____________, a single hormone can set off a cascade-like response due to its activation of second messengers.
amplification
Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that
an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.
When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+,
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result.
Reflexes
are homeostatic.
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both
are under involuntary control.
A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will
become pale.
Brain waves associated with information processing or problem solving are __________ waves.
beta
Of the following muscles of the thigh, the ___________ is on the posterior side.
biceps femoris
he ventral root of a spinal nerve contains __________.
both sensory and motor fibers
The cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located either within the ________ or the ________.
brainstem; lateral horns of the sacral spinal cord
Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they
can be used to help locate nerve damage.
Active transport
can move substances along their concentration gradient.
Joints joined together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage would be classified as __________ joints.
cartilaginous
A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: (1) Inability to maintain balance while walking(2) Normal intelligence(3) Can initiate voluntary movements, although they are somewhat uncoordinated(4) Decreased tone in the skeletal musclesThe patient is probably suffering from a condition that affected the __________.
cerebellum
The __________ region of the vertebral column is located in the neck.
cervical
Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen, and hydrogen are detected by __________.
chemoreceptors
the pectoral region is the
chest area
Failure of the palatine processes of the maxilla to fuse properly during development results in a __________.
cleft palate
The radiologist informs Matthew that his fracture has not penetrated the skin, meaning Matthew has a/an __________ fracture.
closed
In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into
columns and the gray matter into horns.
A condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations between contractions is called
complete tetanus.
A primary function of the cerebellum is to __________.
coordinate movement
The lacrimal glands
constantly produce a fluid called tears.
An individual is running in a race. All of the following effects are due to the sympathetic nervous system, except
constriction of pupils.
The epidermis
contains no blood vessels.
The optic disc
contains no photoreceptor cells
The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as
contractility.
If Na+ cannot enter a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus,
contraction cannot occur
Pacinian corpuscles respond to
deep cutaneous pressure and vibration.
Metabolic water refers to the water molecules produced during normal cellular metabolism. Which types of metabolic reactions are important for the production of metabolic water?
dehydration reactions
Communication
delivery of a message to a specific target cell regulation of particular cellular pathways
The cutaneous sensory distribution of a spinal nerve can be mapped as a __________.
dermatome
Decreasing the number of receptor sites on a target cell results in ________________.
desensitization
The major movement produced during quiet breathing is accomplished by the __________.
diaphragm
An x-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.
diaphysis
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called __________.
diffusion
Parasympathetic
digestiing defecation diuresis
Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving __________
digestion
Parasympathetic
digestive organ vasodilation liver glycogen synthesis airway constriction gastrointestinal motility bladder wall contraction
The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the __________.
digestive tract
The enteric nervous system is located in the __________.
digestive tract
An accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces is called __________.
edema
Muscles and glands that are capable of producing a response when stimulated by motor neurons are called __________.
effectors
Gap junctions are functionally __________ synapses.
electrical
Synapses in which gap junctions allow ions to diffuse quickly from cell to cell are called __________ synapses.
electrical
This is such a complex and important task which requires a lot of communication and direction. The ___________ system assists the nervous system with this function.
endocrine
Cells in the organs or glands of the __________ system secrete chemical substances that are collectively known as ___________. These chemicals diffuse into the bloodstream and direct or communicate with cells that are far away, called target cells.
endocrine;hormones
The ___________ regulates motility of esophagus, stomach, and intestines without input from brain or spinal cord.
enteric nervous system
The superficial layer of epithelium of the skin is called the __
epidermis
One example of a hormone that binds to membrane-bound receptors is __________________.
epinephrine
The four primary tissue types are
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
The auditory tube
equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.
In each of these examples, the chemical substance is secreted from a cell and delivered to another cell by way of bodily fluids. However, if the chemical substance is secreted into a duct to be delivered to a free surface, it is a type of ___________ secretion.
exocrine
When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints __________ to lift your body weight.
extend
The environment outside the plasma membrane is most appropriately referred to as __________.
extracellular
Paralysis on the right side of the face could result from damage to the right __________ nerve.
facial
Adrenergic receptors are located on postganglionic neurons.
false
Adrenergic receptors respond to ACh.
false
Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors are types of cholinergic receptors.
false
A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a __________ joint.
fibrous
A patient in a skiing accident is told that the lateral side of the ankle joint has been crushed. The bone that has been injured is the __________.
fibula
Sympathetic
fight or flight running excitement embarrasment
When you hold out your hands with the palms up, __________ your wrists will tip your palms toward you.
flexing
The spinal cord begins at the __________.
foramen magnum
The area of greatest visual acuity is the _________
fovea centralis
The area of greatest visual acuity is the __________.
fovea centralis
The central sulcus separates the __________.
frontal and parietal lobes
The support and protection of neurons are provided by __________.
glia
The sense of taste is called __________.
gustation
Betsy took a fall and broke her arm, which required that she wear a cast for a prolonged period of time. When she took the cast off, she was alarmed to see that her muscles
had undergone atroph
If the Broca area is damaged, the result is
hesitant and distorted speech
What is the microscopic study of tissues?
histology
Recall that the ability to maintain a stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external or internal environment is known as ___________.
homeostasis
Stability
hormone life span short vs. long half life
Endocrine glands secrete ___________ into the bloodstream, where they travel to specific sites called ___________.
hormones; target tissues
A dislocated shoulder involves separation of the ____________ from the scapula.
humerus
An example of a movement from a class I lever system is _____________.
hyperextension of the head
As an example of hormonal communication, when osmoreceptors of the _______________ detect dehydration, a signal to the posterior pituitary gland causes the release of _________________.
hypothalamus; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Target cells can ____________ their sensitivity to a hormone through up-regulation.
increase
Sympathetic
increased HR skeletal muslce vasodilation reduced urniary output increased sweat gland activity decreased digestive activity
The loss of height that occurs with aging is due to compression of the
intervertebral discs.
Nick is climbing a rope at his local gym. He uses his hands and his feet to move up the rope. To "hold" on to the rope with his feet requires __________.
inversion
The contractile structure that surrounds the pupil is the __________.
iris
Muscle tone
is a constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time.
Color vision
is a function of cone cells.
If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution
is hypotonic to the cell.
During the absolute refractory period, the cell
is insensitive to further stimulation.
As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called __________.
keratinization
The time between application of the stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of contraction is called the __________ phase.
latent or lag
Yolanda, a yoga instructor, tells her class to stretch the muscles of the side of the trunk by instructing them to perform __________.
lateral flexion
The preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic division of the ANS are located in the __________.
lateral horns of the spinal cord between the T1 and L2 vertebrae
The spinal cord
links the peripheral nervous system to the brain.
Transcription of mRNA is the result of the binding of _______- soluble hormones.
lipid
A neutral atom will become a cation if it
loses electrons
A red blood cell that is placed in a hypertonic solution
loses water.
The lumbar region is the
lower back.
Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to
manufacture blood cells.
A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the __________.
medulla oblongata
Water-soluble hormones bind to ___________ receptors.
membranebound
The thick fibrocartilage disks found in the knee joint are called __________.
menisci
In normal near vision, light is refracted __________ than in distant vision; thus the lens is __________.
more; rounded
The autonomic nervous system is part of the __________ division of the peripheral nervous system
motor
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of __________.
movement
Thyroid hormone inhibits its own secretion, which is an example of ___________ feedback. In contrast, __________ feedback occurs when oxytocin induces the production of more oxytocin, leading to an amplification effect.
negative; positive
Being able to respond to a constantly changing world is one of life's greatest challenges. The task of coordinating responses to sensory information is not the sole realm of the __________ or endocrine system.
nervous
The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called
neuromuscular junctions.
Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called __________.
nodes of Ranvier
Lipid-soluble hormones bind to _________ receptors.
nuclear
The "control center" of the cell is the __________.
nucleus
Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) of the left eye would be caused by damage to the __________ nerve.
oculomotor
The greater the concentration of a solution, the greater the
osmotic pressure of the solution.
The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the __________.
osteocyte
Cytoplasm is found
outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane.
Some substances, called ______________ secretions, travel in the interstitial fluid and affect neighboring cells. Other chemical secretions, called ___________ secretions, affect only the secreting cell.
paracrine; autocrine
Sam, an older man, has been diagnosed with osteoporosis, and his blood calcium levels are above normal. The pathologiste found cancer cells that were oversecreting __________ causing Sam's symptoms.
parathyroid hormone
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the __________ lobe.
parietal
The ___________ muscle of the chest has its insertion on the humerus.
pectoralis major
Vision is dependent upon __________.
photoreceptors
The joint between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is a __________ joint.
pivot
The age-associated changes that result in loss of accommodation of the eyes is called __________
presbyopia
Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the
presynaptic terminals
The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to
prevent the person from falling down.
Receptors that in general produce an action potential in response to a receptor potential are __________ receptors.
primary
Ribosomes are organelles responsible for
protein synthesis.
Water-Soluble Hormones
protiens peptides thyroid stimulating hormone
The shoulder is __________ to the elbow.
proximal
The orbicularis oris muscle
puckers the mouth for kissing.
A ________ is a protein on a cell that has a site to which a specific hormone can bind. When the target tissue decreases the number of these that are available to the hormone, this is called __________.
receptor; down-regulation
A hormone can only stimulate a cell that has ____________ for that hormone.
receptors
The abdominal muscle that has its origin at the pubic crest and symphysis pubis is the __________.
rectus abdominis
When an intramuscular injection is given in the anterior aspect of the thigh, the injection is in the __________.
rectus femoris
The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of __________.
replacement
Returning the thumb to the anatomical position after touching the little finger is __________.
reposition
A buffer will
resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions.
The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the __________.
rotator cuff
The pelvic splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ______ region of the spinal cord.
sacral
The muscle that is used to cross the legs is the __________.
sartorius
Another name for the shoulder blade is the __________.
scapula
The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the __________.
sclera
Receptors that in general do not produce an action potential, but can release neurotransmitters in response to a receptor potential are __________ receptors.
secondary
The release of chemicals from an endocrine or exocrine gland is referred to as ______.
secretion
Sensory receptors for balance are found in the __________.
semicircular canals
A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a/an __________.
sensory or afferent neuron
The ___________ muscle rotates and protracts the scapula, and elevates the ribs.
serratus anterior
Adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer
serves as a storage site for lipids, which can be used for energy
Due to a target cell's affinity for a specific hormone, a ___________ concentration of hormones is needed to achieve the desired result.
small
Substances dissolved in the liquid portion of a solution are called __________.
solutes
A receptor site on a cell exhibits ___________, meaning it allows only certain hormones to bind.
specificity
The utricle and saccule are involved in
static balance.
Lipid-Soluble Hormones
steriods fatty acid derivatives prostaglandins
The _____________ originates at the manubrium, inserts on the thyroid cartilage, and aids in singing low notes.
sternothyroid
The mode of action of steroid hormones involves
stimulation of mRNA transcription.
you go to the movies after a long day and you begin to nod off as soon as the movie starts. Your head starts to lower a little, but a reflex causes your head to rise. This is called the __________ reflex.
stretch
Structurally, the simplest reflex is the __________.
stretch reflex
Anatomy is
study of structure
A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the __________.
subcutaneous layer
Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly is called _________
supination
The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an
synapse
The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an __________.
synapse
The most movable joints are __________ joints.
synovial
Sensory structures that detect taste are __________.
taste buds
In the TMJ joint, the mandible articulates with the __________.
temporal bone
For distant vision,
the ciliary muscles are relaxed
The two divisions of the ANS have antagonistic effects on each of the following except
the diameter of the blood vessels in skeletal muscles.
The Roman numeral assigned to each cranial nerve reflect
the sequence from anterior to posterior in which they emerge from the brain.
The various types of epithelium are classified by
the shape of cells and number of cell layers.
An example of a long bone would be __________.
the tibia
A muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus when that stimulus reaches the __________ level.
threshold
In order for local potentials to trigger an action potential, the membrane must reach a level called the __________.
threshold
An example of a hormone that binds to a nuclear receptor is ____________.
thyroid hormone
The sciatic nerve is composed of the
tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve.
An increase in follicle-stimulating hormone causing an increase in luteinizing hormone receptors in ovary cells is an example of up-regulation.
true
Binding of ACh to nicotinic receptors has an excitatory effect.
true
Binding of NE to adrenergic receptors has an excitatory or inhibitory effect.
true
One way that the body can prevent down-regulation is through releasing brief pulses of a hormone at intervals. This ensures that the target cell will not become saturated with the hormone and decrease its response.
true
Separation of the alpha subunit from the remainder of the G protein can remain as long as the ligand is bound to the receptor.
true
The enteric nervous system can monitor and control digestive functions independently of the CNS.
true
The tendency for one hormone to bind to only one type of receptor is called specificity.
true
The external ear terminates at the __________.
tympanic membrane
The newest taste to be described is __________.
umami
Wernicke area is necessary for
understanding and formulating coherent speech.
A deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear after his gun exploded when he tried firing it. His hearing loss is the result of damage to the __________ nerve.
vestibulocochlear
The condition involving the development of white patches on the skin caused by the loss of melanocytes is __________.
vitiligo
Osmosis is the diffusion of __________ across a selectively permeable membrane.
water