bio nutrition unit

Explain why we need carbohydrates and how our cells use it.

We need carbs to get and store energy. Our cells break down glucose to get ATP during cellular respiration, we store excess sugar as glycogen in liver and muscle cells

polysaccharides

a complex carbohydrate formed by joining many monosaccharides together into a long chain starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

disaccharides

a double sugar formed by joining two monosaccharides through a dehydration synthesis reaction Ex: glucose + fructose -> sucrose Lactose, maltose

Define a chemical reaction and explain how it changes the composition of matter.

a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance

Explain what happens to the amino acids in the protein we consume

amino acids are released into your bloodstream, which takes them to cells in other parts of your body so they can start repairing tissue and building muscle

Identify the structural hierarchy of mammals

atom, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Relate the concept of food calories to cellular respiration and the generation of ATP.

calories is the amount of energy from the food. Cellular respiration turns these foods into ATP

Identify the four classes of organic macronutrients

carbohydrates, lipids, and protein, nucleic acid

Carbohydrates

cellulose (forms much of the structure of a plant) glucose (energy source for living things)

lipids

coconut oil (serves as an important dietary staple in much of the tropical world), cholesterol (circulates in the bloodstream and acts as a molecular ingredient to make steroid hormones)

Describe different classes of lipids, what types of foods contain the different classes of lipids, and describe the differences between HDL and LDL

confused

Explain the need for certain classes of lipids

confused

Describe what the statement Form follow Function means.

describes relationship of anatomy and physiology anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism's body parts (form) Physiology: study of the functions of those parts

Identify and Describe the three functions of the urinary system, and describe what could happen if the system is unable to carry out its function.

huh

Describe plasma membrane structure, and explain how the various transport processes account for the directional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane.

it is a phospholipid bilayer and has cholesterol and proteins imbedded in it. Transport proteins move substances across their concentration gradient

Evaluate caloric makeup of a typical daily meal and, using data representations, compare their own typical diet to a recommended caloric intake for their demographic

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Find detailed and relevant nutritional information about specific amino acids in food

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Differentiate between the different types of carbohydrates. (saccharide mono-, di-, and polysaccharide, simple and complex carbohydrates)

mhm

Describe the best sources for micronutrients

micronutrients are trace minerals and vitamins, come from many different goods.

Explain how nutrients are absorbed by the process of diffusion/osmosis and how a detox can affect your body

osmosis allows your body to absorb nutrients into the intestines and individual cells. detox eliminates toxins from your body

Explain how proteins are made up of individual amino acids and how that relates to shape and function of a protein

protein polymers are made by joining many amino acid monomers together Peptide bonds: bonds between amino acids, formed through dehydration synthesis different amino acid sequences create different polypeptide chains

simple v complex carbs

simple sugars have one or two sugar molecules and are found in table sugar and syrup, complex sugars have three or more molecules and are found in breads

Monosaccharides

the building blocks of carbohydrates, the smallest kind of sugar molecule (single unit sugar) fructose and glucose

Describe the building blocks of cells, and why they are the fundamental units of life.

the consist of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and gluons. They hold our DNA and build tissues.

exocytosis

the export of large quantities of material from the cell, vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, dumping contents into the environment around the cell

Identify homeostasis and describe how is it maintained

the maintenance if a stable internal environment, maintained through positive and negative feedback and other various mechanisms

endocytosis

the transport of large substances into the cell, they are ingested and packaged into vesicles-bubbles surrounded by membrane- that bud inward from the plasma membrane

Distinguish between matter, mass, elements, and compounds. Give examples of each.

-matter is anything that occupies space and has mass and matter is found on Earth is 3 physical states: solid, liquid, and gas -mass: The quantity of matter in an object -chemical elements are substances that cannot be broken down into other substances, there are 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth; examples: carbon, oxygen, gold -compounds are substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio; examples: table salt and water

Define the difference between Active Processes and Passive Processes of membrane transport.

Active goes against concentration gradient, passive goes with it

Define diffusion (including simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis), osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, and explain whether it is an Active Process or a Passive Process of membrane transport.

Active processes: -exocytosis -endocytosis Passive: -diffusion -osmosis -facilitated diffusion

Describe the importance of chemical elements to living organisms.

Chemicalsmake up the bodies of living organisms, all require H20, cells consist of 75% water. Organisms are made of matter (composed of chemical elements). ... An element that is essential for life but required in small amounts.

nucleic acids

DNA (nucleic acid that serves as the hereditary material of all life on Earth) RNA (nucleic acid that acts as a messenger between DNA and other parts of the cell)

Describe how carbohydrate consumption is related to diabetes (insulin signaling).

Diabetes: breakdown of homeostasis A person with type 1 diabetes either fails to produce enough insulin or target cells do not respond normally to the insulin that is produced. Thus the cells cannot get enough glucose from the blood.

Describe the three stages of cellular respiration, including the molecules that act as the inputs and outputs of each stage, and the structures involved.

Glycolysis: (cytoplasm) Input: glucose Output: 2 pyruvic acid molecules, NADH, ATP Citric acid cycle: (mitochondria) Input: 2 pyruvic acid Output: NADH and FADH2 (hydrogen or protons) that are being taken to the ETS , CO2, ATP ETS: (mitochondria) Input: NADH and FADH2, O2 Output: Water, ATP

Distinguish between ionic, hydrogen, and covalent bonds.

Ionic: an attraction between two ions with opposite electrical charges. The electrical attraction of the opposite charges holds the ions together Transfer of electrons The atom that receives the electron becomes negatively charged, the atom that donates the electron is positively charged, now they are both ions hydrogen: a type of weak chemical bond formed when a partially positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule covalent: an attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons Single bond: a single covalent bond; the sharing of one pair of electrons by two atoms Double bond: the sharing of two pairs of electrons by two atoms Nonpolar bond: electrons shared equally, the resulting bond does not have a positive and negative pole Polar bond: the shared electrons are pulled closer to one atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive

Describe how the process of fermentation produces energy in different species.

Lactic acid fermentation by bacteria: some bacteria can break down glucose without oxygen and produce lactic acid Alcohol fermentation by yeast Yeast will ferment sugars producing CO2 and alcohol

Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane, and relate it to membrane functions.

Phospholipid bilayer: a double layer of phospholipid molecules (each molecule consisting of a phosphate group bonded to two fatty acids) that is the primary component of all cellular membranes Cholesterol provides additional flexibility within the membrane Fluid mosaic: a description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipid molecules

Describe and give examples of the difference between Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy and Thermal Energy.

Potentnial energy: stored energy (raised weight, water behind a dam) Kintetic energy: energy of motion (airplane, ball moving) Thermal energy: energy from fast moving heated up molecules (baking in an oven, warmth of sun)

Describe the many functions of proteins

Structure: keratin is an important component of hair, skin, nails, and fur Enzymes: lactase breaks down the milk sugar lactose Movement: actin is one of the proteins that enables muscles to contract Transport: hemoglobin: found within red blood cells, carries oxygen through the body via the bloodstream Defense: antibodies are proteins that bind to foreign invaders marking them for destruction

Explain the need for varied amino acid sources, and compare and contrast the pros and cons of different protein sources

every food has different levels and different types of amino acids, in order to get all of them and the required amount you need to get them from different food sources. Complete proteins: animal sources and plant sources, also can use multiple sources that have different amino acids

Describe how fats can be stored and broken down for energy

fats can be stored as glycogen in the liver, if there is excess fat in your diet is is stored as body fat and will be burned when you need energy. It is broken down during cellular respiration to get ATP from the glucose in fat.

Identify the type of energy found in food, ATP, muscle contraction.

food energy is the energy released from carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and other organic compounds, ATP is energy produced from food and is used during muscle contraction

Identify the food groups and describe the macromolecules and micronutrients that would be primarily found in each food group

fruits: grains: Vegetables: proteins: IDK

protein

hexokinase (enzyme that helps drive a chemical reaction, found in most living cells) keratin (structural protein found in hair, nails, and skin)

Explain the formation of compounds.

two or more elements are chemically joined. ... When the elements are joined, the atoms lose their individual properties and have different properties from the elements they are composed of

Define and describe the process of cellular respiration

uses O2 to harvest chemical energy from molecules of sugar. Some of the energy is stored in ATP which can then be used to power many other cellular processes Three stages: Glycolysis: takes place in cytoplasm, involves splitting of one molecule of glucose into two pyruvate acid. Produces ATP and high energy electrons carried by NADH CItric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): takes place in the fluid in the mitochondria, completes the burning of glucose breaking down pyruvic acid to CO2. ATP is produced along with more high energy electrons carried by NADH and also FADH2- Electron Transport Chain: series of protein molecules within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, final stage of cellular respiration. HIgh energy electrons (carried by NADH and FADH2-) are moved through the proteins. ATP is synthesized from ADP and phosphate. Electrons are combined with O2 to form H2O. produces the most atp of all three stages