BIO TEST 2

What is endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endo = into the cell Exo = out of the cell

____ is the signaling protein for G1

P53

What is chromatin?

a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

What is an antigen?

a foreign substance that triggers an adaptive immunity response

what does the cell plate formation do?

a line forms

what is a cytochrome?

a protein that transfers electrons

+In order to initiate the reactions of glycolysis _____ is added, thus focerlating (?) it and continuing the process. a. ATP b. NADH c. ADP d. citric acid

a. ATP

+_____ ions flow along their concentration gradient through the enzyme embedded in the christae which converse ADP into ATP. a. hydrogen b. ATP synthase c. water d. FADH2

a. hydrogen

what is the prepatory step?

it's after glycolysis and is when pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria

what is the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis?

make sugar molecules and oxygen

what are the characteristics of a cancer cell?

-Lacks differentiation -Abnormal nuclei (enlarged) - forms tumors -no apoptosis

What is a haploid?

1 set of chromosomes (1n = 23)

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

What is a diploid?

2 sets of chromosomes (2n = 46)

+Glycolysis allows for the production of a. ADP b. NADH c. electrons d. coenzyme A

? b. NADH

what are the products of the citric acid cycle?

ATP, NADH, FADH2

telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off

what is an autotroph?

An organism that makes its own food

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What is a chromosome?

DNA molecules wrapped around various types of proteins

prophase

DNA now visible as chromosomes; nuclear membrane breaking down and spindle fibers appear.

what are the stages of interphase?

G1, S, G2

what is passive transport?

The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using energy

Mitotic stage in which the chromatids line up at the middle (equator) of the cell and spindle fibers firmly attach to kinetochores: a. metaphase b. anaphase c. prophase d. telophase

a. metaphase

Which of the following techniques should you employ to make the plants grow more lush and vigirous? a. shine purple light on the plant since this is the wavelength of light that is most effectively absorbed b. shine green light on the plant so it can be thoroughly absorbed c. irradiate the soil with ultraviolet light to improve wavelength absorption d. grow the plants in soil which contains a 10% NaCl solution added daily

a. shine purple light on the plant since this is the wavelength of light that is most effectively absorbed

Cells placed in a hypotonic solution would be expected to a. swell and explode b. lose water and shrivel c. show no change

a. swell and explode

what role does O2 have in the electron transport system?

accepts the electrons

The major function of the electron transport chain is the production of a. electrons b. ATP c. cristae d. electron carriers

b. ATP

+In a recurring and continuous set of reactions, example the citric acid cycle, enzymes ________ a. ensure all chemicals remain inside the mitochondria b. cause each reaction to occur and move the cycle forward c. have no function d. none of the above

b. cause each reaction to occur and move the cycle forward

How can a cell be 2N and give rise to two daughter cells that are also 2N? a. impossible to accomplish b. interphase replicates DNA c. chromosomes reduce by half

b. interphase replicates DNA

Which of the following events directly leads to the production of G3P? a. production of ADP b. regeneration of RuBP c. reduction of CO2

b. regeneration of RuBP

Identify the phase which is characterized by the chromosomes arriving at the opposite poles of the cell, nuclear membrane reformation, decondensing of chromosomes and cytokinesis a. metaphase b. telophase c. phophase d. anaphase

b. telophase

What is the function of accessory pigments in chloroplasts? a. Absorb violet/indigo wavelength of light b. Absorb red/orange wavelength of light c. Allow for more photosynthesis

c. Allow for more photosynthesis

The ultimate goal of the Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reaction) is the production of _____ which the cell uses in various ways. a. light b. heat c. G3P d. ATP

c. G3P

At specific checkpoints in the cell cycle, the P53 gene may activate to a. turn on a gene which stops the cell cycle b. proof read and correct damaged DNA c. all of these are correct d. destroy the cell if DNA repair cannot be made

c. all of these are correct

The copy process of DNA during the cell cycle is completed in a. metaphase b. telophase c. interphase d. anaphase

c. interphase

Calvin Cycle Steps and where it takes place

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of RuBP takes place in the stroma

What is the difference in the construction of a cell membrane and a cell wall?

cell membrane = is semipermeable cell wall = outer protective layer of cell membrane

what are examples of accessory pigments?

chlorophyll a & b and carotenoids

anaphase

chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

What is a heterotroph?

consumes food does not make

Immunotoxins

created by proteins that target toxins through endocytosis

Light energy enters photosystem II and I which allows for the production of a. NADPH b. ATP c. ETC d. both A and B

d. both A and B

+Plants algae and some bacteria are efficient in converting solar energy into _____ energy during photosynthesis. a. atomic b. heat c. light d. carbohydrate

d. carbohydrate

____________________ is the movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is established. a. active transport b. photosynthesis c. Brownian movement d. diffusion

d. diffusion

Cancer cells are typically without a specialized form and fail to conduct beneficial functions for the organism. Which of the following characteristics exemplifies this aspect of a cancer cell? a. possesses abnormally shaped nucleus b. can undergo metastasis c. can divide endlessly d. lacks differentiation

d. lacks differentiation

Cells can be considered to be fatty bags of water with dissolved chemicals because ______ a. they contain organelles b. they obey the Second Law of Thermodynamics c. quarks are found within the protons and neutrons d. the cell membrane is composed of phospholipids

d. the cell membrane is composed of phospholipids

what role does NADH and FADH2 have in the electron transport system?

donates electrons

What are the products of photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

cell membrane arrangement

i

What is cyclin?

internal signaling proteins that must be present for the cell to proceed through the cell cycle

what is active transport?

movement of molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gradient and requires energy from the cell

What does semipermeable mean?

only certain substances can go through

What are the components of the cell membrane?

phospholipids and proteins

What does the cleavage furrow do?

pinches apart cytoplasm to form two cells

what are the steps of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

RB protein

protein is responsible for interpreting growth signals and determining if proper nutrient is available

what are the products of the prepatory step?

pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) is broken down into a 2-carbon acetyl group, and a 1-carbon CO2 molecule is released.

plants must conduct _______ in addition to photosynthesis

respiration

light-dependent reaction

set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

Chemiosmosis

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient

How does NAD+ function during fermentation?

through electron transport chain