BIO1103 U5

Which of these are two major sources of nitrate pollution in rivers? Animal wastes and the burning of fossil fuels by factories The burning of fossil fuels by factories and cars Animal waste and fertilizers Animal waste and the burning of fossil fuels by cars Fertilizer runoff and the burning of fossil fuels by cars

Animal waste and fertilizers

Why are changes in the global carbon cycle important? Carbon can be recycled only a limited number of times. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, and increasing atmospheric concentrations could alter Earth's climate. Global carbon availability is directly related to the water cycle. Carbon is the chief source of food, and burning it reduces available food for primary consumers.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, and increasing atmospheric concentrations could alter Earth's climate.

Considering the global nitrogen cycle, how are humans altering this cycle? Nitrogen lost to the atmosphere Industrial nitrogen fixation Reduction of nitrogen fixation by bacteria Reduction of nitrogen available to terrestrial ecosystems

Nitrogen lost to the atmosphere

In nitrogen-limited ecosystems, legumes often dominate over other plants because they: Can use symbiotic bacteria to fix atmospheric nitrogen. do not need nitrogen at all. Have long taproots that can extract nitrogen from deeper down in the soil. Inhibit the growth of denitrifying bacteria around their roots, keeping more nitrate in the soil. Obtain supplemental nitrogen by trapping insects and other prey.

can use symbiotic bacteria to fix atmospheric nitrogen. do not need nitrogen at all.

Disturbances of the ________ cycle are most likely contributing to global warming. phosphorus sulfur hydrologic carbon nitrogen

carbon

Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome of mismanaging forest resources? selective harvesting regional climate change habitat loss more water runoff soil loss

selective harvesting

Where do the inorganic nutrients, such as phosphate and nitrogen, that are required for photosynthesis come from? sugars atmosphere (air) soil carbon dioxide oxygen

soil

What is the estimated value ecosystems provide to humans each year? 46 trillion 64 billion 46 million 76 billion

46 trillion

Plants acquire nitrogen from: A) Ammonium (NH4+) from bacteria B) Nitrogen gas in the atmosphere (N2) C) Ammonium (NH4+) from fertilizers D) A and C E) A, B, and C

A and C

Farmers often include legumes as part of their normal crop rotation. This increases the overall production of their crops by Adding phosphorus to the soil. Encouraging the growth of weeds. Adding nitrogen to the soil. Removing water from wet soils. Making the soil less acidic.

Adding nitrogen to the soil.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the nitrogen cycle? In a balanced ecosystem, denitrification occurs more often than nitrogen fixation. Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used by living organisms because the molecule is held tightly together by a triple covalent bond. Plants rely on animals for their source of usable nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation results in the conversion of nitrogen Once nitrogen is "fixed," it must then be converted to nitrogen gas before it can be used by living organisms.

Atmospheric nitrogen cannot be used by living organisms because the molecule is held tightly together by a triple covalent bond.

Despite the widely publicized controversy, most climate experts and scientists believe that global warming is occurring at an alarming rate and that it is due to excessive levels of carbon released into the atmosphere by human activities (such as the burning of fossil fuels). Glaciers and ice caps are melting, hurricanes and other severe weather events are increasing in frequency, and some animal and plant populations are being negatively affected. Why does the burning of fossil fuels dramatically increase the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, but respiration from humans and other animals does not? The carbon waste products of burning fossil fuels cannot be utilized by producers, but the carbon waste products from respiration can be utilized. Carbon dioxide from respiration never rises far above Earth's surface, whereas carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels rises rapidly into the atmosphere. Burning fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, but respiration releases only carbon dioxide. Cellular respiration does not produce the same kind of carbon waste products as the burning of fossil fuels does. The carbon in fossil fuels has been stored underground (in oil or coal) for millions of years, while the carbon released from respiration was, until recently, contained in producers that captured an equal amount of atmospheric carbon during their lifetime.

Burning fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, but respiration releases only carbon dioxide.

Put the following steps in order to trace the path of nitrogen into a protein you eat in a tuna salad sandwich: Phytoplankton are eaten by zooplankton which are eaten by smaller fish Tuna eat smaller fish Nitrates and ammonia in the water are absorbed by phytoplankton Cyanobacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen

Cyanobacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen = 1 Nitrates and ammonia in the water are absorbed by phytoplankton = 2 Phytoplankton are eaten by zooplankton which are eaten by smaller fish = 3 Tuna eat smaller fish. = 4

The washing of fertilizer into bodies of water can lead to all of the following EXCEPT: Increased growth of aquatic microorganisms Higher concentrations of nitrogen in the water Decreased numbers of aquatic animals Decreased oxygen levels in the water Higher concentrations of nitrogen in the atmosphere

Higher concentrations of nitrogen in the atmosphere

Select all of the ways you could have acquired nitrogen that is now in your proteins, DNA, and RNA: From animals that breathed in nitrogen and fixed it through a mutualistic relationship with bacteria in their lungs From animals that ate plants that took up ammonia from the soil From plants that acquired nitrogen from a mutualistic relationship with bacteria From plants that acquired nitrogen directly from the atmosphere

From animals that ate plants that took up ammonia from the soil From plants that acquired nitrogen from a mutualistic relationship with bacteria

Which of the following statements about the carbon cycle is TRUE? A) Due to changes since the industrial revolution, the amount of carbon found in the atmosphere is beginning to equal the amount found in the oceans and in living organisms. B) Growing more plants is an excellent way to reduce atmospheric carbon because plants take carbon dioxide out of the air. But to calculate the total change in C one also has to include the amount of carbon that they release back into the atmosphere during respiration. C) Animals take in carbon as food rather than from the atmosphere, and that carbon is only returned to the atmosphere when they die and decompose. D) Photosyntetic organisms like algae absorb carbon from minerals in the water.

Growing more plants is an excellent way to reduce atmospheric carbon because plants take carbon dioxide out of the air. But to calculate the total change in C one also has to include the amount of carbon that they release back into the atmosphere during respiration.

What are the two greatest causes of land degradation? Industry and mining. Energy production and pollution. Overgrazing and deforestation. Crop growing and wood collection.

Overgrazing and deforestation.

Extinction is more likely in a population of a species with which of the following characteristics? Wide geographic distribution Small populations of dispersed individuals Large populations of relatively high density Generalist

Small populations of dispersed individuals

Which of these is NOT an indirect value of biodiversity? Participation in biogeochemical Cycles Runoff from natural ecosystems pollutes sources of fresh water Regulation of the climate Prevention of soil erosion

Runoff from natural ecosystems pollutes sources of fresh water

Which of the following is NOT a cause of the destruction of habitats by humans? Exploitation of resources Subsistence farming Global extinction Deforestation

Subsistence farming

Nitrogen fixation is The conversion of ammonia to nitrate. The conversion of nitrate to ammonia. Accumulation of nitrogen in dead organic matter. The synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen gas. Undertaken by denitrifying bacteria.

The synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen gas.

All of the following are ways in which human activity has jeopardized freshwater supplies except Using no-till farming practices Excessive water use Deforestation and removal of Vegetation Water pollution

Using no-till farming practices

Put the following steps in order to trace the path of nitrogen into a protein in the turkey you ate for Thanksgiving: The turkey acquires nitrogen by eating a decomposer_ Lightning strikes, forming ammonia and nitrates Worms feed on decaying plant matter Usable forms of nitrogen are absorbed from soil by plants

__1__Lightning strikes, forming ammonia and nitrates __2__Usable forms of nitrogen are absorbed from soil by plants _3__Worms feed on decaying plant matter __4__The turkey acquires nitrogen by eating a decomposer

Considering the global carbon cycle, where are humans having a large impact? A) terrestrial ecosystems B) oceans C) atmosphere D) beneath the surface of the Earth E) Both A and C

both A and C

Which of the following would NOT be an expected result of global warming? changes in forest composition acidified lakes rise in ocean levels changes in rainfall patterns agricultural disruption

acidified lakes

Which of these removes carbon from the atmosphere? rabbits logging trees burning fossil fuels, such as oil algae bobcats

algae

Carbon is vital to which of the following macromolecules? A) proteins B) lipids C) carbohydrates D) all of the above

all of the above

Possible consequences of climate change include ___. A) Rise in sea-levels B) Shifts in temperature and rainfall pattern C) Alteration of range and species composition of forests D) Changes in the number of extremely hot days with temperatures over 90° in some areas. E) All of the above

all of the above

The majority of nitrogen on earth is found: Rocks Atmosphere Land Ocean

atmosphere

Considering the global carbon cycle, where are humans having a large impact? (More than one can be selected.) oceans atmosphere terrestrial ecosystems beneath the surface of the Earth

atmosphere terrestrial ecosystems

The following organisms can incorporate nitrogen directly from the atmosphere into their bodies: Bacteria Animals Phytoplankton Plants Cyanobacteria

bacteria and cyanobacteria

Carbon is removed from the atmosphere by all of the following, EXCEPT ___. A) animals breathing B) marine algae performing photosynthesis C) plant photosynthesis D) burning fossil fuels E) both a. and d.

both A and D

An important (and often overlooked) group of organisms that releases nutrients from decaying matter to the environment is the: animals cyanobacteria decomposers plants phytoplankton

decomposers

Forests clearing by humans or natural causes is classified as localization urbanization deforestation deplantation

deforestation

When vegetation is removed during clear cutting which of the following increases? Biodiversity Precipitation Infiltration Desertification

desertification

In the United States the cause of most species' extinctions is: alien species disease habitat loss pollution

habitat loss

Considering the global carbon cycle, where is the largest reservoir of carbon? A) soil B) terrestrial ecosystems C) atmosphere D) oceans

oceans

In a 1981 speech, US President Ronald Reagan claimed that trees cause more pollution than cars. This was exaggeration, but plants do release the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in all of the following ways, EXCEPT: A) photosynthesis. B) cellular respiration in the tree's cells C) animal respiration when the plant is eaten by termites, for example. D) decompostion of dead leaves in the soil.

photosynthesis

Which of the following does NOT release carbon into the atmosphere? cellular respiration burning fossil fuels the ocean photosynthesis decomposition

photosynthesis

One of the proposed solutions to climate change is to grow a large number of trees. This could be effective because: A) plant carbon is effectively recycled through biodegradation by organisms, leaving little to no residue. B) plant biomass is a storage pool of C. C) plant NPP is stored as reduced C on the surface of the earth, taking it out of the atmosphere. D) plants are the base of all ecological food chains. E) plant GPP is stored as reduced C on the surface of the earth, taking it out of the atmosphere.

plant biomass is a storage pool of C

Plants incorporate nitrogen into all the following except: nucleic acids polysaccharides proteins amino acids vitamins

polysaccharides

One of the proposed solutions to climate change is to replace gasoline with ethanol produced from plants. The rationale behind this is that: A) the O2 gas produced by these plants during photsynthesis would help counteract the greenhouse effect of CO2. B) ethanol is a more efficient fuel, so you can drive further on less ethanol than you could on gasoline, so less CO2 is released by cars. C) the more plants on earth's surface, the more solar radiation will be absorbed rather than re-radiated back into the atmosphere. D) plant carbon is effectively recycled through biodegradation by organisms, leaving little to no residue. E) the CO2 released when ethanol is burned was taken up as CO2 during photosynthesis a few months earlier, so less net CO2 is released per year compared to burning gasoline.

the CO2 released when ethanol is burned was taken up as CO2 during photosynthesis a few months earlier, so less net CO2 is released per year compared to burning gasoline.

A major ecological concern, the Greenhouse Effect, is caused by ___. A) overuse of fertilizers in farming B) industrial toxins released into the water supply C) the release of carbon dioxide from the burning of wood, coal, and oil D) the release of heat energy from burning fossil fuels E) the destruction of ozone in the upper atmosphere

the release of carbon dioxide from the burning of wood, coal, and oil

Carbon is introduced into the atmosphere by all of the following, EXCEPT ___. A) gases escaping from plant respiration. B) wind erosion C) animals breathing D) decomposition of dead organisms

wind erosion