BIO132 Unit 2 midterm practice

Which of the following explains why folate is critical to the health of a newly conceived embryo?

Folate is needed for proper cell division.

________ is a chemical pathway that enables muscle cells and liver to store glucose as glycogen.

Glycogenesis

Which of the following cells of the large intestine secrete mucus?

Goblet cells

Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers?

H. pylori

Which of the following substances carries cholesterol away from tissues?

HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)

The greatest storage site for potential energy in the average healthy adult is ________.

adipose cell triglycerides

Consuming too much protein or excess amino acids can contribute to ________.

dehydration

________ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function.

denaturation

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information?

dietsnomore4u.com

Adding a small amount of ________ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain.

olive oil

The lining of the small intestine is covered with ________, tiny, finger-like structures that absorb nutrients from food.

villi

Kevin is a bodybuilder who takes a variety of vitamin supplements. He often has diarrhea, and last week he was diagnosed with a kidney stone. Based on this information, which of his supplements is most likely contributing to his current health problems?

vitamin C

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body?

vitamin D

April wants to add ________ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats.

walnuts

The AMDRs do NOT include estimates for intake of ________.

water

Vitamin B-12 RDA is?

2.4 micrograms/day

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said,

"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven to cure cancer."

Max wants to increase his intake of vitamin C without taking a dietary supplement. When he shops for food, he reads Nutrition Facts labels. Which of the following kinds of information will help him choose foods that are the richest sources of vitamin C?

%DV's

Which of the following standards can help you compare nutritional contents of packaged foods to make more healthful choices?

%DVs

Ketoacidosis is a condition that occurs when the blood's pH drops due to ________. Check all that apply.

1 excess of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate excess of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate 2 uncontrolled blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus 3 excessive fat catabolism

Which of the following alcohol-containing beverages contains approximately the same amount of alcohol that is in two 12-ounce bottles of beer?

10 ounces of red wine

A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 mL water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies

117 kcals

What is the RDA for vitamin D?

15 ug/day

Derek wants to eat enough salad greens in one meal to equal 1 cup of vegetables. How much of the greens should he eat?

2 cups

According to MyPlate, Erika should consume 3 cups of milk daily. She prefers eating plain yogurt to drinking milk. How much plain yogurt can she eat to meet her plan's recommendation for milk and milk products?

3 cups

MyPlate groups foods into ________ major categories.

5

The RDA for vitamin C is?

90 mg/day for men, 75 mg/day for women

Which of the following statements is true? A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings. Since 1995, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and determined their functions. The results of one study are usually enough to convince the majority of nutrition scientists to adopt new ideas about nutrition-related topics. Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one well-respected team of nutrition researchers.

A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings.

Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle?

Acetyl CoA

Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?

Boiling in a saucepan of water

________ is necessary to assist in the passing of fatty acids through the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of beta-oxidation.

Carnitine

Which of the followings statements is true? Trans fatty acids are naturally in many foods. A saturated fatty acid has one double bond within its hydrocarbon chain. The human body can convert simple carbohydrates into alpha-linolenic acid. Certain fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

Certain fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

Which of the following statements is true? Protein is the primary energy source for the human body. All hormones are proteins. Correct Answer Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream. You Answered Proteins are a major component of starch molecules.

Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream.

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract?

Chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth

________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage.

Cirrhosis of the liver

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when investigating whether cigarette smoking influences weight gain?

Cohort

Fai was recently diagnosed with lactose-intolerance. She knows that consuming enough vitamin D and calcium is important for those with lactose intolerance. With that in mind, which of the following do you recommend?

Consume lactose-free milk.

Which catabolic hormone is made in the adrenal glands and is often called the "stress hormone?"

Cortisol

________ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function.

Denaturation

Which of the following chemical pathways of glucose catabolism produces the highest amount of ATP molecules?

Electron chain transport

Which of the following does NOT affect nutrient needs?

Ethnicity

The ________ is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications.

FDA

Which of the following statements is true? Heartburn often results when the cardiac sphincter fails to close properly. Cystic fibrosis is an infectious disease that causes the muscles that control swallowing to malfunction. A thin layer of chyme protects the lining of the digestive tract from being broken down by enzymes. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) begins the partial digestion of fats in the small intestine.

Heartburn often results when the cardiac sphincter fails to close properly.

Which of the following characteristics or conditions increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Hypertension

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?

In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A megadose is an amount of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount of the nutrient. Dietary supplements include fish oil, glucosamine, echinacea, and flaxseed oil. In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 allows manufacturers to classify dietary supplements as foods.

In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health.

Which of the following statements describes lactic acid?

Lactic acid is made under anaerobic conditions.

________ acid is an omega-6 fatty acid.

Linoleic

According to research if people want to reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease, they would want to subscribe to which dietary food pyramid?

Mediterranean Diet.

________ are water-soluble vitamins.

Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

Which of the following statements is true? Headaches are a common sign of a mineral deficiency disease. Nutrient-deficiency diseases develop when diets lack essential nutrients. Skin rashes are always a symptom of vitamin deficiency diseases. Most phytochemicals are classified as essential nutrients.

Nutrient-deficiency diseases develop when diets lack essential nutrients.

________ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bones.

Osteomalacia

________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes.

Phospholipids

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use to identify lifestyle factors that may be related to the development of liver cancer in an adult population?

Retrospective study

Which of the following sweeteners provides 4 kcal/g?

Sucrose

Due to a respiratory bacterial infection, Amanda had to take a large spectrum antibiotic for a period of 7 days. At the end of the regimen, her respiratory problem was gone; however, she informed her doctor that she now has diarrhea and other digestive problems. What do you think the doctor will recommend to Amanda to relieve her diarrhea and digestive problems?

Take probiotics to restore the population of beneficial bacteria she lost due to the antibiotic she was taking

During beta-oxidation, fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon molecules that are converted into ________.

acetyl CoA

Which of the following statements is true? Medicinal herbs must undergo testing for safety and effectiveness by the FDA before they can be marketed. Most dietary supplements have been thoroughly researched and critically evaluated by scientists. The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful. The EPA regulates the labeling of dietary supplements.

The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful.

Which of the following statements is false? The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed. Websites with .edu in their addresses often provide reliable nutrition information. When evaluating claims for dietary supplements that appear at a website, be wary of products that include promises for quick remedies. In general, personal websites, such as blogs, are not reliable sources of nutrition information.

The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed.

Which of the following statements is true? VLDLs transport most cholesterol in blood to the liver for disposal. Hydrolyzed HDL is a toxic lipoprotein that contributes to cardiovascular disease. All forms of LDL cholesterol are considered unhealthy, because they increase the risk of diabetes. The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque.

The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque.

A medical researcher reads an article in Today's Health-Conscious Woman magazine about the benefits of using the phytochemical capsaicin to treat knee pain. She asks 10 people with arthritic knees to rub a cream that contains the phytochemical on their knee joints for 2 weeks. At the end of the 2 weeks, the researcher asks the subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the treatment period. After collecting responses from the people, the researcher reports the results of her study during a popular TV show that is hosted by a doctor. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?

The researcher did not divide the subjects of her study into control and treatment groups.

Which of the following statements is true? The traditional Asian diet contains high amounts of milk and milk products. According to Mormon dietary laws, pork and pork by-products are forbidden as food. The traditional Mediterranean diet supplies more olive oil and fish than the traditional American diet. Jewish dietary laws forbid the use of alcohol.

The traditional Mediterranean diet supplies more olive oil and fish than the traditional American diet.

The coenzyme form of thiamine is

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP).

Which of the following characteristics increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Type 2 diabetes

Dorothy is a 65-year-old woman with pernicious anemia. What treatment would her doctor recommend?

Vitamin B-12 injections

________ is a component of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).

Vitamin B-6

Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb ________.

Vitamin B12

________ are fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins K, D, and A

Which of the following observations is an example of a negative correlation?

When a group of older adults increases their intake of high-fiber foods, the percentage of people in the group who develop intestinal cancer decreases.

To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add ________ of the nutrient to its EAR.

a "margin of safety" amount

The professional football star Andro "The Man" McGraw claims the dietary supplement AminoProFix helped him build muscle mass quickly and safely. His endorsement of the product is an example of ________.

a testimonial

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true? Kwashiorkor results from consuming adequate energy, but insufficient high-quality protein. Kwashiorkor often develops in toddlers when their mother gives birth to another child. Kwashiorkor is most common in developing countries. All of the choices are correct

all choices are correct

Under the current law on nutrition labeling, the Nutrition Facts panel must include which of the following? amount from saturated fat serving size amount from added sugar total calories All of the above

all of the above

Folate in foods can be destroyed by ultraviolet light oxidation food processing and preparation all of these choices are accurate

all of these choices are accurate

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet. His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(n) ________.

anecdote

Mia lacks sufficient amounts of intrinsic factor. As such, she is at risk for ________.

anemia

________ prevent or limit the ability of free radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells.

antioxidants

In the body, lipids ________.

are necessary for the absorption of dietary fiber

Omega-3 fatty acids ________.

are polyunsaturated fatty acids

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

avocado

Bill would like to follow recommendations that would reduce his risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Based on this information, Bill should ________.

become more physically active

The liver recycles bile salts to make new ________.

bile

The liver uses cholesterol to make ________.

bile

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of phytochemicals?

blueberries

Energy-yielding nutrients include ________.

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

The breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules is an example of ________.

catabolism

When Thompson was 5 years of age, he began to complain that his stomach hurt, especially after eating meals and snacks. He also experienced chronic diarrhea. His parents noticed that he could eat poultry, meat, dairy foods, fruits, and vegetables without developing any intestinal problems, but he would get a "tummy ache" soon after eating sandwiches, cookies, crackers, or pancakes. Based on this information, Thompson's parents should have him evaluated for ________.

celiac disease

Which of the following statements is true? Protein is the primary energy source for the human body. All hormones are proteins. Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream. You Answered Proteins are a major component of starch molecules.

certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream

The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called ________.

coenzymes

Having a control group enables researchers to

compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group.

A ________ reaction is one in which the nitrogen-containing group of one amino acid is transferred to another substance (such as a Kreb's Cycle intermediate) to make a nonessential amino acid.

condensation

Dorothy is an 85-year-old woman who is having difficulty swallowing. Food seems to enter her stomach too slowly. Based on this information, Dorothy probably has a(n)

condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning.

Which of the following practices is associated with an increased risk of cancer?

consuming a diet high in processed meats

Scientists conduct a study in which 100 adults with chronic diarrhea are divided into 2 groups with 50 people per group. One group is given a supply of yogurt that contains a certain kind of bacteria, and the other group is given yogurt that is bacteria-free. The study's participants and researchers do not know which group of subjects has the bacteria in the yogurt and which group does not. The scientists instruct the participants to eat the entire 8 ounces of yogurt once a day for a month and record their bowel habits. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

double-blind

Fred is a lactovegetarian. Which of the following foods does he eat?

eggs

Which of the following is NOT a biological or physiological factor that influences a person's food choices?

emotional stress level

Fructose is primarily absorbed from the small intestine via

facilitated diffusion.

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving?

fat-free milk

A chylomicron is a type of ________.

fatty acid

Most lipids have ________ in their chemical structures.

fatty acids

Kristan uses %DVs to help plan nutritious menus with various packaged foods. She should try to obtain at least 100% of the Daily Value for which of the following nutrients?

fiber

What is the primary symptom of niacin toxicity?

flushing of skin

Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D?

fortified dairy products

Strawberries are naturally a source of which monosaccharide?

fructose

Jillian drinks a couple of beers and smokes over a pack of cigarettes daily. Even though she's about 40 pounds overweight, she likes to wear tight-fitting clothes. Based on this information, Jillian has a high risk of developing

gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Katie is pregnant. She has type 1 diabetes and often has difficulty controlling her blood glucose level. Based on this information, Katie is more likely to

give birth to a baby that has birth defects.

Max wants to restrict the added sugar intake of his 5-year-old son. He should

give the child low-fat milk with meals and snacks instead of regular soft drinks.

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors including glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and most amino acids is called ________.

gluconeogenesis

Following the release of lactate into the bloodstream, liver cells remove the lactate from the bloodstream and recycle it into ________ through the Cori Cycle.

glucose

Nervous system cells burn mostly ________ for energy.

glucose

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as

glycogen

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K?

green leafy vegetables

Which of the following is the best source of beta-carotene?

grilled sweet potatoes

Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of vitamin E?

ground beef

Libby was born without salivary glands. As a result of this condition, she

has trouble tasting food.

Albert is a healthy, 23-year-old college student. He would like to know more about his risk of cardiovascular disease, so he can take preventive measures, if they are necessary. Albert should ________.

have a lipoprotein profile performed on a sample of his blood

The leading cause of nutrition-related death in the United States is ________.

heart disease

insulin

helps glucose enter cells

Charcoal-broiled meats may be a source of ________.

heterocyclic amines

Parietal cells secrete ions that form ________ in the stomach.

hydrochloric acid

The consequences of insulin resistance include which of the following? Check all that apply. A) Hyperglycemia B) Excess of fatty acids circulating in blood C) Nonalcoholic fatty acid liver D) Inhibition of lipolysis in the adipocytes

hyperglycemia excess of fatty acids inhibition of lipolysis in the adipocytes

Julian ate a baked potato as a side with his dinner. The starch in the baked potato will begin to be digested

in the mouth.

The main function of vitamins is to ________.

involved in regulation of body processes

Which of the following is a micronutrient?

iron

________ is the formation of ketone bodies in liver cells from the excess of acetyl CoA produced.

ketogenesis

"The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1000 grams of water one degree Celsius" is the definition of ________.

kilocalorie

The ________ helps form feces by absorbing excess water and some minerals from chyme.

large intestine

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving? Refined grains Grape drink Leafy greens French fries

leafy greens

The ________ is an accessory organ of the digestive system.

liver

The ________ sphincter closes after a bolus has been swallowed and enters the stomach. This sphincter is essential to prevent the contents of the stomach reentering the esophagus.

lower esophageal

In the body, vitamin A helps ________.

maintain epithelial cells

The enzyme ________ is necessary for digesting the disaccharide that contains two molecules of glucose.

maltase

The ________ cells of the gastric glands are important to protect the lining of the stomach from damage.

mucous

Goblet cells produce

mucus.

An essential nutrient

must be supplied by the diet

Bernard has been suffering from a viral infection for over a week. As a result of the illness, he has a fever and has lost his appetite. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance.

negative

Georgiana is 75 years old. She is very healthy and the only medication she takes is a prescription drug that reduces her stomach's acid production. Her diet includes a variety of foods from all food groups. Based on this information, Georgiana is at risk of developing ________.

never damage

________ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.

niacin

Adding a small amount of _____ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain

oil

The first symptom of scurvy is

pinpoint hemorrhages around hair follicles

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects, and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are

placebos

The most nutrient-dense sources of vitamin E are

plant oils

Jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance.

positive

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.

prospective

According to MyPlate, two to six ounces of is the serving size for this food group.

protein

The ________ is the most commonly used tool to measure protein quality. Protein quality is determined based on both the amino acid composition score and the digestibility of the protein in the food source.

protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

Beta-carotene is also called

provitamin A

An online magazine article about weight-loss diets includes false information about the process of digestion that uses scientific-sounding terms to make it seem factual. The faulty information is an example of

pseudoscience.

High-fiber diets are associated with all of the following EXCEPT

reduced absorption of some minerals.

To reduce her intake of added sugar, Isabelle should

replace regular soft drinks with plain water.

________ is the most biologically active form of vitamin A in the body.

retinol

The sweetener found in Sweet'N Low is

saccharin

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons bonded together. All of the carbon atoms in the chain are connected by single bonds. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) ________ fatty acid.

saturated

An important function of carbohydrates is to ________.

supply energy

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing the herbal supplement Hoodia for weight loss. Lotta Talent describes her own weight-loss successes with the supplement. Her endorsement is an example of a(n) ________.

testimonial

________ is a component of coenzyme A.

thiamin

A ________ reaction is one in which the nitrogen-containing group of one amino acid is transferred to another substance (such as a Kreb's Cycle intermediate) to make a nonessential amino acid.

transamination

Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of thiamin?

whole milk