BIO350-Final review

______________, is a term used to describe a condition of someone who is born with both ovarian and testicular tissue. This term is a stigmatizing and misleading word. There is growing momentum to eliminate the word from medical literature and to use the word "intersex" in its place. While some intersex people do reclaim the word with pride to reference themselves (like words such as "dyke" and "queer" have been reclaimed by LGBT people), it should be generally avoided except under specific circumstances.

*****Hermaphrodite

According to Freud, women experienced two types of orgasms:

*****mature vaginal orgasm and immature clitoral orgasm

From our lecture we learned that certain hormones and enzymes are involved with the development of male external genitalia. The presence of the enzyme _______________ is required in order for testosterone to be converted to _______________ . This hormone is necessary for the development of the _______________ .

****5-alpha reductase; dihydrotestosterone; male external genitalia

What is consent?

. All people involved must be fully conscious and actively communicate their consent. B. Give permission and agree to by free will based on choice. C. Consent to some form of sexual activity, does not necessarily imply consent to other forms of sexual activity.

From the two films about human sexual response, we learned that:

.A sex flush may appear during the excitement phase, usually on the cheeks of the face or the chest. B. Penile ejaculation occurs in several spurts, the first or second spurt is typically the largest and can contain 40 percent or more of the total ejaculate volume. C. The release of oxytocin during the orgasmic phase can cause mild to moderate mydriasis, which is the dilation of the pupils.

What stage is excitement?

1

organsim...

1) is not always essential for a pleasurable and fulfilling sexual experience 2) involves rhythmic contractions that includes the myometrium of the uterus 3) is often accompanied by penile ejaculation which occurs in two stages; emission and expulsion.

About how many people identify as trans in the U.S.?

1.4 million

According to the Intersex Society of North America, the total number of people whose bodies differ from typical male or female is about...

1/1000

What week in pregnancy does external genitalia begin to develop?

10 weeks

About how long does the average orgasm last?

10-20 seconds

Perpetrators of sexual violence most often abuse people in the ages of?

18-34 years of age.

What stage is plateau?

2

What year did the Supreme Court rule that same-sex marriage be legalized?

2015

The end result of oogenesis is one mature egg cell and three polar bodies. How many chromosomes are in the mature egg?

23

What stage is orgasmic?

3

What stage is resolution?

4

What week in pregnancy does internal genitalia begin to develop?

8 weeks

What is a hypospadias?

A birth defect of the urethra where the urinary opening is not at the usual location on the head of the penis.

What is the plateau phase?

A highly pleasurable response involving the feeling of physiological and psychological release from maximum levels of sexual excitement. The sympathetic part of the nervous system is most dominant in this phase.

What is Androgyny?

A set of attributes and gender performativity that are socially constructed and culturally bound, made up of both socially defined and biologically created factors associated with a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.

What is Masculinity?

A set of attributes and gender performativity that are socially constructed and culturally bound, made up of both socially defined and biologically created factors associated with boys and men.

What is feminity?

A set of attributes and gender performativity that are socially constructed and culturally bound, made up of both socially defined and biologically created factors associated with girls and women.

What is compulsory heterosexuality?

A term popularized by poet Adrienne Rich, that explains a cultural phenomena related to heteronormativity. It describes the domination of culture by those in heterosexual relationships and the social expectations tied to the belief that heterosexuality is the norm and all other sexual orientations are deviant.

What are common side-effects of having received medical treatment for an intersex condition under usual protocols?

A. A need for further surgeries to address the complications of an earlier surgery. B. Pain and/or reduced or eliminated sexual sensation in the genital region. C. Shame at apparently having been so unacceptable that one needed multiple and secretive treatments in order to be "normal".

During the 16-20th week of development, an ultrasound can be performed to check the health of the fetus and the quality of the fetal environment. What are some things that can be reveled by this specific ultrasounds at this point in the pregnancy?

A. Assess the amount of amniotic fluid in the uterus. B. Check the location of the placenta. C. Measure the size of the fetus' head, stomach, and heart. D. Check that important organs such as, the head, neck, chest, heart, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder, arms, legs, and umbilical cord are all developing properly.

What are some reasons as to why sexual violence and abuse is so grossly underreported?

A. Feelings of guilt, shame, self-blame, and a worry about what will happen to abuser if a report is made, are often reasons as to why reports of sexual violence and abuse are not made. B. Since 4 out 5 people who have experienced some form of sexual violence knows the person who abused them, it is often challenging to report someone you have some sort of relationship to. C. An unawareness of what the process of reporting sexual violence and abuse entails. If I say anything about what has happened to my teacher, school counselor, or even a friend, then they might report and it will become a police investigation.

Defining who is male and who is female may be a complex process, since gender can be viewed from multiple perspectives including...

A. Internal feelings of being male, female or androgynous B. Chromosomal makeup C. Physiology D. Genetic makeup E. Anatomy

The experience of an orgasm can be triggered by stimulation of the:

A. anus B. clitoris C. Intimate kissing and touching D. penile glans E. vagina

Possible erogenous zones include (but are not limited to)?

A. ears B. inner thighs C. genitals D. anus E. feet F. mouth G. breasts

Which of the following researchers developed a scale that measured sexual behavior?

Alfred Kinsey

What is the difference in definition between a transgender person and an intersex person?

An intersex person has XY and XX biological characteristics, and a trans person has a felt sense of identity that is incongruous with the identity attributed to them based on their sex assignment.

When you suspect someone might be transgender/genderqueer identified, how do you know which pronoun to use?

Ask the person what pronoun(s) they prefer.

During the Nature v. Nurture debate that was particularly prominent in the 1960s and 1970s, what researcher challenged the supposed impact of nurture by suggesting that nature (referring to our human biology) was a crucial part of our sexual identity?

Biologists, Dr. Milton Diamond

What does discourse mean?

Certain ways of thinking.. The use of specific language. C. Ways of constituting knowledge. D. Describes relations between different forms of power.

What causes miscarriage?

Chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo.

Emotional violence are common in relationships. What are some warning signs of emotional abuse by your partner?

Constantly checks up on you, and monitors where you go, who you call and who you spend time with. B. Accuses you of cheating and is often jealous of your outside relationships. C. When you argue, they humiliate or yell, call you names, and intentionally insults you to put you down. D. Refuses to trust you and acts jealous or possessive. E. Damages your property when they're angry (throwing objects, punching walls, kicking doors, etc.)

What is the resolution phase?

Detumescence occurs, pulse, heart and respiratory rates drop and muscles to relax. A deep sense of bodily satisfaction occurs. The parasympathetic part of the nervous system is most dominant in this phase.

If someone does not physically resist, then it is not sexual assault. True or False

False

The term intersex refers to variation in the experience of gender identity. True or False

False

What is one of the most common reasons given in support of intersex surgeries on ambiguous genitalia?

Fueled by heteronormativity, it is thought that if you can create genitals that look more typical male or female, you are improving the development of a "normal" gender identity and sexual orientation (i.e., cisgender and heterosexuality).

What is internalized homophobia?

Happens when LGBQ individuals are subjected to society's negative perceptions, intolerance and stigmas towards LGBQ people, and as a result, turn those ideas inward believing they are true.

Masters & Johnson published their findings in a book that was released in 1966, what was their book about?

Human sexual response

Which of the following is NOT a common challenge faced by gay, lesbian, bisexual, queer, and questioning youth?

Increased risk of committing crimes.

What is gender role?

Is a set of social and behavioral norms that dictate how we should think, speak,dress, and interact within the context of society.

What is sexual orientation?

Is the preferred term used when referring to an individual's physical and/or emotional attraction to the same and/or opposite gender.

The effective ingredient in Viagra is called, sildenafil citrate, what does this ingredient do?

It blocks PDE5

What happens when the cremasteric reflex is triggered?

It causes the cremaster muscle to contract and elevate the testis.

What is heterosexism?

It is the presumption that everyone is heterosexual and that opposite sex attractions are the norm.

What does LGBTQ stand for?

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer

Is transgender same as intersex?

No, intersex refers to biological variation in terms of sex, whereas transgender refers to gender identity irrespective of biological sex.

hooks (2000) defines feminism as a movement. And this movement is struggling to end what?

Oppression C. Sexist exploitation D. Sexism

What condition did the Remier twins have that required them to have surgery?

Phimosis

The Skene's glands are homologous to what tissue?

Prostate gland

What is Gender identity?

Refers to a person's individual and internal sense and subjective experience of their own gender irrespective of sex assigned at birth.

What is 5-a reductase deficiency(5RD)?

Someone with a chromosomal make-up of XY but who lacks the enzyme 5-α reductase and can therefore not convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

What is Androgen insensitivity syndrome?

Someone with a chromosomal make-up of XY where the cells has a partial or complete inability to respond to androgens.

What is the turner syndrome?

Someone with a genetic variation resulting in having only one X chromosome instead of two sex chromosomes.

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Someone with an overproduction of androgens in the adrenal glands that can affect both chromosomal make-ups of, XX and XY.

What is an example of homophobic expression?

Suggesting that you are accepting of lesbians and gays, but you don't think that they should be allowed to get married or have children.

What is heteronormativity?

The assumption that heterosexuality is the "standard" sexual orientation and that all other orientations deviate from this norm, normalizes behaviors, values, and cultural aspects that relate to and reinforce presumed heterosexuality.

In terms of research, what was a key contributor that made the Reimer case so interesting?

The fact that there were identical twin boys involved.

What is tumescence?

The normal engorgement with blood (vascular congestion) of the erectile tissues, marking sexual excitation and possible readiness for sexual activity.

What is an amniocentesis?

The sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.

What does the term objectification mean?

The treatment of a person primarily in terms of how they look, or how they appear to the senses B. The treatment of a person as a tool for the objectifier's purposes C. Seeing and/or treating a person, usually a woman, as an object. D. The treatment of a person as lacking in agency, and perhaps also in activity

What happens during the tenting effect?

The vagina widens, The uterus pulls up, The vagina lengthens

What is the orgasmic phase?

There is an increase in pulse, respiratory and hear rates, and the testes elevates closer to the body and there is an increased tenting effect. The sympathetic part of the nervous system is most dominant in this phase.

Check the following terms that are often offensive to the LGBTQI community?

Transvestite, Trannie, Homosexual, Hermaphrodite

Abuse is a learned behavior. Domestic violence and abuse stem from a desire to gain and maintain power and control over an intimate partner. Abusive people believe they have the right to control and restrict their partners, and they may enjoy the feeling that exerting power gives them. They often believe that their own feelings and needs should be the priority in their relationships, so they use abusive tactics to dismantle equality and make their partners feel less valuable and deserving of respect in the relationship. True or False

True

According to the Intersex Society of North American, the term intersex is used for a variety of conditions when a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male. True or false

True

According to the nonprofit InterACT, about 1.5 percent of the population is intersex, making the condition as common as natural born redheads. True or false

True

Anyone can be affected by domestic violence and abuse, but people with disabilities are more likely to experience abuse than people without disabilities. Because abuse is about power and control, people with disabilities may face unique challenges and barriers to accessing support. True or False

True

Recent findings in a study from GLAAD, formerly known as the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (2017) reveal that 20% of millennials identify as LGBTQ. True otr False

True

The refractory period is the recovery phase that is often associated with penile ejaculation. During this time it is physiologically impossible for penile erection and ejaculation to occur. The length of the refractory period will increase with age. True or False

True

When engaging in penetrative behaviors, it is important to remember that it often takes longer for the vagina and/or anus to reach the state where penetration is comfortable and pleasurable in comparison to the relatively short time it takes for the penis to become erect and ready for penetration. Communication is essential in this process making sure that sufficient levels of arousal and excitement have been reached before penetration begins to ensure that both the receiver and the inserter derives pleasure from the penetration. True or False

True

What is the excitement phase?

Tumescence begins causing the penis to become erect and the vagina begins to widen and lengthen. The parasympathetic part of the nervous system tends to be most dominant, particularly in the early stages of this phase.

What is sexual assault?

Unwanted, non-consensual touching of a sexual and physical nature.

What is sexual harrassment?

Unwanted, verbal/physical behaviors that interfere with one's academic performance or living, working environment.

What is domestic/dating violence?

When one partner in an intimate relationship uses abusive tactics to control the other.

When a society exerts homophobic oppression and compulsory heterosexuality...

a) people tend to fear expressions of same sex desires and behaviors, resulting in a conformity of behaviors that reflect heteronormativity. b) same-sex desires and lives are not treated with the same acceptance and guaranteed rights and representations as heterosexual desires and lives. c)people who step out of the stereotypical expressions of male and female may experience social ostracization and forms of discrimination.

A genderqueer individual is typically defined as:

a)A gender-nonconforming person who identifies outside a gender binary. b) A person of any gender who has a political agenda to challenge a gender binary.

Someone who identifies with the sex they were assigned at birth may be referred to as ____________. Someone who does not identify with the sex they were assigned at birth may be referred to as __________. Someone who does not identify with a specific gender at all regardless their sex of assignment may be referred to as __________.

cisgender; transgender; agender

Which of the following organs have the sole purpose of producing pleasure?

clitoris

Helen Singer Kaplan criticized Masters and Johnson's four stage model of sexual response and stated that humans have what she refers to as a "brain appetite" for sex. To illustrate this, she developed a tri-phasic model of sexual response that included a phase this brain appetite, what is the name of this phase?

desire

Due to lowers levels of __________ that are common after menopause or for some people on hormonal contraception, the vaginal walls tend to get dry and sometimes itchy.

estrogen

Rev. Jerry Falwell expressed concern over the British TV show Teletubbies. He claimed that Tinky Winky embraced and promoted a "gay lifestyle". However, after learning about sexual identity, it is clear that Rev. Falwell made assumptions about Tinky Winky's presumed sexual orientation based on stereotypical beliefs about his:

gender role.

What is the kinsley scale?

measure of heterosexuality and homosexulality

Ejaculation from the Skene's Gland:

not urine, expelled through urethra, and stimulate by g-spot

What are the two largest sex organs in the body?

skin and brain

From the film, Intersexion we learned about David Reimer. Dr John Money was a key figure in Reimer's early life and he believed that the most important aspect of someone's gender had to do with:

socialization.

Vaginal penetration may be uncomfortable or painful if the ________ has not yet occurred as this allows the vagina to widen and lengthen.

tenting effect

In class we learned that male gonads are known as __________, and female gonads are known as __________ .

testes; ovaries

According to Masters and Johnson, during the excitement phase of the sexual response cycle...

the clitoris engorges with blood and becomes erect; most tumescence in females occurs internally. B. vaginal lubrication occurs due to vasocongestion. C. the penis becomes erect due to vasocongestion.

In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), leading to changes in the broader cultural beliefs about homosexuality and culminating in the contemporary civil rights quest for marriage equality. T or F?

true

Sexual differentiation depends upon the sex chromosomes, X and Y. Sexual determination involves the specification of the gonads to become either testes or ovaries. If the embryo has a chromosomal make-up of XY, the presence of the SRY gene will direct the gonads to develop as testes. In the absence of a Y chromosome and the SRY gene, the gonads develop to become ovaries, XX. True or False

true

The demographics of sexual orientation and gender identity in the U.S. have been studied in the social sciences in recent decades. Findings from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) reported in July 2014 that at least 3 percent of Americans identify as gay or lesbian, and 0.7 percent identify as bisexual. T or F?

true

Penile ejaculation occurs in how many stages?

two

Sex offenders against children tend to be:

under 30