BIOL 1002 Lab Final

Natural Selection

A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals that do not have those traits.

Operculum

A protective flap that covers the gills of fishes

Tropical forests

A terrestrial biome characterized by high levels of precipitation and warm temperatures year-round.

Pathogenic

An agent, such as a virus, bacteria, or fungus, that causes disease

Deforestation

Destruction of forests

Ecology

The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

Saprobes

organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter

Cuticle

(1) In animals, a tough, nonliving outer layer of the skin. (2) In plants, a waxy coating on the surface of stems and leaves that helps retain water.

List 5 characteristics of echinoderms

- 3 tissues - Closed circulatory system - Motility via tube feet - No nerve cord- no brain - Bilateral as larvae, radial as adults

Which of the following statements about bacteria is true?

- Bacteria are used in industry to produce many products - Bacteria constitute an overwhelming percentage of the earth's total biomass - Bacteria live in diverse environments

List the 4 hallmark characteristics of chordates

- Dorsal hollow nerve cord - Pharyngeal slits or clefts - Muscular post- anal tail - Notochord

Which of the following statements about sponges is true?

- They are filter feeding invertebrates - Their skeletal structure consists of spicules and/or spongin - They produce both eggs and sperm

Which of the following statements about cnidarians is true?

- They sting their prey with nematocysts on their tentacles - They are radially symmetrical - They have two body forms: Medusa and polyps

Which of the following is true of flatworms?

-They have bilateral symmetry - They have anterior and posterior ends - They can be parasitic

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Exoskeleton

A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection

Biomes

A community of living organisms of a single major ecological region.

Spermatophore

A gelatinous package of sperm cells that is produced by males of species that have internal fertilization without copulation.

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Annuals

A plant that complete its life cycle in a single year or growing season.

Biennials

A plant that completes its life cycle in two years.

Perennials

A plant that lives for many years.

Chitin

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Raduala

A toothed, rasping organ used to scrape up or shred food; found in many molluscs.

Shell

A tough, multilayered structure secreted by the mantle, generally used for protection, but sometimes for body support

Batesian Mimicry

A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

Biotic factors

All the living organisms that inhabit an environment

Savanna

An area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes

Organism

An individual living thing

Adaptation

An inherited character that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Chemoautotrophism

An organism that obtains both energy and carbon from inorganic chemicals.

Chemoheterotrophism

An organism that obtains both energy and carbon from organic compounds.

Photoautotrophism

An organism that obtains energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2 by photosynthesis.

A medusa is often described as _________________

An umbrella-shaped body with tentacles that hang down

Where does gas exchange occur in turbellarians?

Anus

What is the function of the scolex in a tapeworm?

Attachment to the host

Rod-shaped bacteria are known as ____________________

Bacilli

Describe the 3 major shapes of bacteria

Bacilli- rod-shaped Cocci- spherical-shaped Spirilli- spiral-shaped

Which of the following has sexual spores borne externally on a club-shaped structure?

Basidiomycota

Taiga

Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw

Terrestrial biomes

Biomes on land (forests, taiga, tundra, etc.)

Maxillae

Bones of the upper jaw

Setae

Bristles on the segments of an earthworm that helps the earthworm pull itself along the ground.

Gram stain is a laboratory technique used to distinguish between various kinds of bacteria based on the characteristics of the ______________

Cell wall

__________________ acquire energy and carbon from organic molecules

Chemoheterotrophs

Fungi have cell walls composed of ______________

Chitin

Which of the following has flagellated spores?

Chytridiomycota

What type of structures aid in movement of protist?

Cilia Flagella Pseudopods

Which of the following cnidarians exist in a polyp form?

Corals and Sea anemones

Evolution

Descent with modification

Antibiotics

Drugs that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

How do turbellarians, such as planar, rid themselves of digestive waste products?

Eject wastes through the mouth and diffuse across the surface of the body

Transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

Mullerian mimicry

Evolution of two species, both of which are unpalatable and, have poisonous stingers or some other defense mechanism, to resemble each other

Parapodia

Fleshy appendages

A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between ____________

Fungus and photosynthetic algae

What are two major differences in gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

Gram positive turns purple and tells you if you have more peptidgylcogen. Gram negative turns pink and tells you if you have less peptidglycogen.

Dioecious

Having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals

Mantle

In a mollusc, the outgrowth of the body surface that drapes over the animal.

Foot

In an invertebrate animal, a structure used for locomotion or attachment, such as the muscular organ extending from the ventral side of a mollusc.

Amnion

Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus

Ecdysozoan

Member of a group of animal phyla identified as a clade by molecular evidence. Many ecdysozoans are molting animals.

Cnidarians have all the following expect _________________

Mesoderm

Gram Stain

Microbiological technique to identify the cell wall composition of bacteria. Results categorize bacteria as gram-positive or gram-negative.

Compare and contrast monocot and dicots

Monocots have one cotyledon and dicots have 2

Difference between monocots and dicots are ________________________

Monocots have one cotyledon and dicots have two

Cnidarians have _________________ between the epidermis and the gastrodermis

Nematocysts

While swimming in the ocean, you feel a sting on your leg from a Portuguese man-of-war. The sting was caused by ___________________

Nematocysts

Abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

Bacteria that require oxygen for survival are known as ________________

Obligate aerobes

Clostridium Botulinum is a bacteria that can't live in oxygen. It is described as a/an _____________________

Obligate anaerobe

Mandibles

One of a pair of jaw-like feeding appendages found in myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans.

Hyphae

One of many filaments making up the body of a fungus

Why do protists present a unique problem for taxonomist?

Originally, protists were all classified as a single kingdom. They have been divided into plant-like, animal-like, and fungal-like protist. The taxonomy of protists is still changing.

Chorion

Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta.

_____________ Capture energy from sunlight

Phototrophs

Gram-positive bacteria stain __________________

Purple

Which of the following is a characteristic of jellyfish?

Radial symmetry and incomplete digestive tract

Cutting a planarian in half results in the subsequent formation of two fully formed individuals. What is this process called?

Regeneration

In a sponge with an asconoid canal system, water is filtered and exits via the ________________

Spicules

The central cavity of a sponge, the ______________ is lined with ______________

Spongocoel, choanocysts

Segmentation

Subdivision along the length of an animal body into a series of repeated parts called segments.

Which of the following are acoelomates?

Tapeworms, flukes, and free-living planarians

Water Cycle

The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back

Sporophyte

The multicellular diploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; results from a union of gametes and meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.

Gametophyte

The multicellular haploid form in the life cycle of organisms undergoing alternation of generations; mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.

Xylem

The nonliving portion of a plant's vascular system that provides support and conveys xylem sap from the roots to the rest of the plant. Xylem is made up of vessel elements and/or tracheids, water-conducting cells. Primary xylem is derived from the procambium. Secondary xylem is derived from the vascular cambium in plants exhibiting secondary growth.

Phloem

The portion of a plant's vascular tissue system that transports sugars and other organic nutrients from leaves or storage tissues to other parts of the plant.

What factors may account for the ubiquitous occurrence and great structural diversity of unicellular organisms?

Their size and adaptability. Protists can function as heterotrophs, autotrophs, and decomposers, and there are photosynthetic protist. Some protist also produce oxygen, and have different type of pigments.

Why is Euglenas called a mixotroph?

They produce their own food through photosynthesis and they are heterotrophic because they absorb food.

Deserts

a barren region with little or no rainfall, usually sandy and without trees..

Learned Avoidance

a behavior in which predators quickly learn to recognize poisonous or distasteful species by remembering adverse reactions from attempted predation events

Coniferous forests

a biome characterized by conifers, cone-bearing evergreen trees

Temperate broadleaf forests

a biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees

Lateral Line

a faint line visible on both sides of a fish's body that runs the length of the body and marks the location of sense organs that detect vibrations in water

Yolk Sac

a specialized structure that leads to the digestive tract of a developing organism and provides it with food during early development

Ovipositor

a tubular organ through which a female insect or fish deposits eggs.

Tundra

a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen.

Pharyngeal gill slits

all chordates share this, appear in the pharynx at some stage in their development, evolved to aid in respiration and filter feeding

Temperate grasslands

biome characterized by deep, nutrient-rich soil that supports many grass species

Pedipalps

each of the second pair of appendages attached to the cephalothorax of most arachnids. They are variously specialized as pincers in scorpions, sensory organs in spiders, and locomotory organs in horseshoe crabs.

Temperate rain forests

found in scattered coastal temperate areas with ample rainfall, along the coast of North America from Canada to Northern California

Compare and contrast gymnosperms and angiosperms

gymnosperms-seeds are exposed (naked) &found in cones & rely on wind for pollination angiosperms-have flowers & fruit helps distribute seeds,

Endoskeleton

internal skeleton or supporting framework in an animal

Aquatic Biomes

oceans, estuaries, lakes, and ponds

Chelicerae

pair of mouthparts in chelicerates that contain fangs and are used to stab and paralyze prey

Permafrost

permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground

Jacobson's organ

saclike, odor-sensing structure on the roof of a snake's mouth

Spiracle

small opening located along the side of the body through which air enters and leaves the body of many terrestrial arthropods

Allantois

the extraembyonic membrane of birds, reptiles and mammals that serves as an area of gaseous exchange and as a site for the storage of noxious excretion products

Habitat

the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.

Ossicles

three tiny bones in the middle ear

Chaparral

vegetation consisting chiefly of tangled shrubs and thorny bushes.