Biol 111 lab practical 2
Discuss the effect of light wavelength on photosynthesis
White light, Blue light, and red light lead to more photosynthesis
Apply Mendel's 2nd law to a dihybrid cross of heterozygous individuals
Ww x Ww 4 gametes
Apply Mendel's 1st law to a monohybrid cross between heterozygous individuals
Ww x Ww Alleles separate allowing a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio and a 3:1 phenotypic ratio
Describe how silica gel chromatography can be used to separate photosynthetic pigments
polarity, solvent and matrix characteristics
Evaluate evidence using the Presumptive Blood Test
positive test result results in an oxidation reaction with hemoglobin and turns pink
Calculate allelic frequencies using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
pp + 2pq + qq = 1 (pp = frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype, also p^2 2pq = frequency of the heterozygous genotype qq = frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype, also q^2)
RFLPs
restriction fragment length polymorphisms which produce a DNA fingerprint when separated during gel electrophoresis
polygenic traits
result from expression of alleles from multiple genes
anaphase II
sister chromatids of each dyad separate
prophase I
synapsis permits crossing over
Identify male and female structures involved in gamete function
testes and ovaries
Explain the gene theory with reference to the relationship of proteins, nucleotides, DNA, genes and chromosomes
the gene theory says that characteristics of organisms are determined by their DNA, which adds up to their genes. The DNA in the genes have nucleotide sequences that provide instructions to build proteins.
Describe the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis
the higher the intensity, the higher rate of photosynthesis
Discuss the relationship between the absorption spectrum and the action spectrum for green plants
the more light absorption occurring the higher the rate of photosynthesis
Describe the role of plant pigments in carbon dioxide fixation
the pigments excite electrons from H2O, and take them down the ETC and the biochemical reactions use this energy to fix carbon
Test the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using the chi-square statistic
the population wouldn't be in equilibrium if the chi-square value is below the chi-square statistic
Differentiate between transcription and translation
transcription is the synthezising of mRNA from the DNA code, and translation translates the mRNA into proteins
Demonstrate the stages of meiosis using a simulation kit
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Demonstrate the stages of mitosis using a simulation kit
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Determine if the alleleic frequencies of the TPA25 Alu element for the class
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Evaluate fingerprint evidence
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Evaluate hair evidence using a comparative approach
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Explain how DNA typing can be used to study human populations
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Generate a table of RFLP fragment data
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Identify the stages of meiosis from lily anther slides
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Identify the stages of mitosis from an onion root tip slide
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Isolate human DNA, and run a Polymerase Chain Reaction (pcr) to amplify DNA
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Run a gel electrophoresis to generate a DNA fingerprint
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Compare allele frequencies for the class with other populations
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Conduct a Protein Synthesis Simulation
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Demonstrate competency with the Allele Frequency Database (ALFRED)
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Describe how proteins are synthesized from the DNA code
DNA to mRNA in transcription mRNA to proteins in translation
Demonstrate how chromosome alignment in metaphase I affects the distribution of alleles in gametes
Different combinations
Describe the events of the cell cycle
Interphase (growth and replication) includes the G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis then occurs with cytokinesis occuring last
Explain how DNA typing can be used in forensics
It allows you to identify someone by their DNA
Explain the principles of electrophoresis with respect to fingerprinting the PCR amplification product
It allows you to separate the DNA fragments and indentify genetic material from an individual, establish familial relationships, and indicate evolutionary patterns
Explain how prokaryotic division differs from eukaryotic cell division
Prokaryotes divide using a process called binary fisson, due to their lack of a nucleus. The circular DNA replicates and attaches to the plasma membrane and separates as the cell elongates Eukaryotes divide using a process called mitosis, which involves divison of the nucleus and it's contents (after replication) and cytokinesis
Differentiate between simple dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance
S.D. 1 gene dominates completely I.D. genes blend, unequally share dominance Co.D. 2 genes equally share dominance
Explain the chromosomal bias of Triple X, Turner's, Klinefelter's, and Down syndromes
T.X. 3 X chromosomes Turner's, affects women (XO) Kleinfelter's, affects men (XXY) Down syndrome, 3 21 chromosomes
enzyme used in PCR
Taq polymerase
Explain the principles of electrophoresis with respect to restriction enzyme activity on DNA
The gel electrophoresis separates the DNA fragments cut by the restriction enzymes
oogenesis
a 2n oogonium undergoes a biochemical change to become a primary oocyte (2n) which undergoes meoisis I to form a 1n secondary oocyte and a 1n polar body. These cells undergo meiosis II which form a 1n ootid and three 1n polar bodies (which disintegrate in animal cells). The ootid undergoes differentiation and becomes a mature ovum (1n).
spermatogeneis
a 2n spermatogonium undergoes a biochemical changed to become a primary spermatocyte (2n) this undergoes meiosis I to become a secondary spermatocyte (two 1n cells) the two cells undergo meiosis II for form spermatids (four 1n cells) which differentiate into spermatoza
Explain the difference between a genotype and a phenotype
actual genetic expression vs. physical expression
PTC
can interfere with metabolism of iodine
Interphase
cell doubles in size, organelles duplicate, ribosomes, RNA, etc are synthesized
The main photosynthetic pigments
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene, xanthophyll
3 main sources of genetic variation
crossing over random assortment sexual reproduction
Distinguihs between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes
homozygous is when the two alleles for a gene are the same heterozygous is when the two alleles for a gene are different
Describe why meiosis is so important
it makes sexual reproduction possible, and adds genetic diversity
Explain the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross
monohybrid crosses involve one trait, dyhibrid crosses involve two
Relate the process of meiosis to the stages of oogenesis and spermatogenesis
oogenesis is the formation of haploid eggs, which come from meiosis, as well as spermatogenesis, the formation of haploid sperm cells
Describe the requirements and products of he photochemical and biochemical reactions of photosynthesis
photochemical: requires light, water, produces oxygen, ATP and NADPH biochemical: requires CO2, ATP, NADPH, produces CH2O (sugar), NADP+, ADP + inorganic phosphate
Lugol's stain
photosynthesis isn't occuring
Explain the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
photosynthesis uses CO2, a by product of cell respiration and cellular respiration uses Oxygen produced during photosynthesis