Biol 111 lab practical 2

Discuss the effect of light wavelength on photosynthesis

White light, Blue light, and red light lead to more photosynthesis

Apply Mendel's 2nd law to a dihybrid cross of heterozygous individuals

Ww x Ww 4 gametes

Apply Mendel's 1st law to a monohybrid cross between heterozygous individuals

Ww x Ww Alleles separate allowing a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio and a 3:1 phenotypic ratio

Describe how silica gel chromatography can be used to separate photosynthetic pigments

polarity, solvent and matrix characteristics

Evaluate evidence using the Presumptive Blood Test

positive test result results in an oxidation reaction with hemoglobin and turns pink

Calculate allelic frequencies using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

pp + 2pq + qq = 1 (pp = frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype, also p^2 2pq = frequency of the heterozygous genotype qq = frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype, also q^2)

RFLPs

restriction fragment length polymorphisms which produce a DNA fingerprint when separated during gel electrophoresis

polygenic traits

result from expression of alleles from multiple genes

anaphase II

sister chromatids of each dyad separate

prophase I

synapsis permits crossing over

Identify male and female structures involved in gamete function

testes and ovaries

Explain the gene theory with reference to the relationship of proteins, nucleotides, DNA, genes and chromosomes

the gene theory says that characteristics of organisms are determined by their DNA, which adds up to their genes. The DNA in the genes have nucleotide sequences that provide instructions to build proteins.

Describe the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis

the higher the intensity, the higher rate of photosynthesis

Discuss the relationship between the absorption spectrum and the action spectrum for green plants

the more light absorption occurring the higher the rate of photosynthesis

Describe the role of plant pigments in carbon dioxide fixation

the pigments excite electrons from H2O, and take them down the ETC and the biochemical reactions use this energy to fix carbon

Test the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using the chi-square statistic

the population wouldn't be in equilibrium if the chi-square value is below the chi-square statistic

Differentiate between transcription and translation

transcription is the synthezising of mRNA from the DNA code, and translation translates the mRNA into proteins

Demonstrate the stages of meiosis using a simulation kit

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Demonstrate the stages of mitosis using a simulation kit

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Determine if the alleleic frequencies of the TPA25 Alu element for the class

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Evaluate fingerprint evidence

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Evaluate hair evidence using a comparative approach

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Explain how DNA typing can be used to study human populations

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Generate a table of RFLP fragment data

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Identify the stages of meiosis from lily anther slides

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Identify the stages of mitosis from an onion root tip slide

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Isolate human DNA, and run a Polymerase Chain Reaction (pcr) to amplify DNA

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Run a gel electrophoresis to generate a DNA fingerprint

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Compare allele frequencies for the class with other populations

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Conduct a Protein Synthesis Simulation

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Demonstrate competency with the Allele Frequency Database (ALFRED)

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Describe how proteins are synthesized from the DNA code

DNA to mRNA in transcription mRNA to proteins in translation

Demonstrate how chromosome alignment in metaphase I affects the distribution of alleles in gametes

Different combinations

Describe the events of the cell cycle

Interphase (growth and replication) includes the G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis then occurs with cytokinesis occuring last

Explain how DNA typing can be used in forensics

It allows you to identify someone by their DNA

Explain the principles of electrophoresis with respect to fingerprinting the PCR amplification product

It allows you to separate the DNA fragments and indentify genetic material from an individual, establish familial relationships, and indicate evolutionary patterns

Explain how prokaryotic division differs from eukaryotic cell division

Prokaryotes divide using a process called binary fisson, due to their lack of a nucleus. The circular DNA replicates and attaches to the plasma membrane and separates as the cell elongates Eukaryotes divide using a process called mitosis, which involves divison of the nucleus and it's contents (after replication) and cytokinesis

Differentiate between simple dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance

S.D. 1 gene dominates completely I.D. genes blend, unequally share dominance Co.D. 2 genes equally share dominance

Explain the chromosomal bias of Triple X, Turner's, Klinefelter's, and Down syndromes

T.X. 3 X chromosomes Turner's, affects women (XO) Kleinfelter's, affects men (XXY) Down syndrome, 3 21 chromosomes

enzyme used in PCR

Taq polymerase

Explain the principles of electrophoresis with respect to restriction enzyme activity on DNA

The gel electrophoresis separates the DNA fragments cut by the restriction enzymes

oogenesis

a 2n oogonium undergoes a biochemical change to become a primary oocyte (2n) which undergoes meoisis I to form a 1n secondary oocyte and a 1n polar body. These cells undergo meiosis II which form a 1n ootid and three 1n polar bodies (which disintegrate in animal cells). The ootid undergoes differentiation and becomes a mature ovum (1n).

spermatogeneis

a 2n spermatogonium undergoes a biochemical changed to become a primary spermatocyte (2n) this undergoes meiosis I to become a secondary spermatocyte (two 1n cells) the two cells undergo meiosis II for form spermatids (four 1n cells) which differentiate into spermatoza

Explain the difference between a genotype and a phenotype

actual genetic expression vs. physical expression

PTC

can interfere with metabolism of iodine

Interphase

cell doubles in size, organelles duplicate, ribosomes, RNA, etc are synthesized

The main photosynthetic pigments

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene, xanthophyll

3 main sources of genetic variation

crossing over random assortment sexual reproduction

Distinguihs between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes

homozygous is when the two alleles for a gene are the same heterozygous is when the two alleles for a gene are different

Describe why meiosis is so important

it makes sexual reproduction possible, and adds genetic diversity

Explain the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross

monohybrid crosses involve one trait, dyhibrid crosses involve two

Relate the process of meiosis to the stages of oogenesis and spermatogenesis

oogenesis is the formation of haploid eggs, which come from meiosis, as well as spermatogenesis, the formation of haploid sperm cells

Describe the requirements and products of he photochemical and biochemical reactions of photosynthesis

photochemical: requires light, water, produces oxygen, ATP and NADPH biochemical: requires CO2, ATP, NADPH, produces CH2O (sugar), NADP+, ADP + inorganic phosphate

Lugol's stain

photosynthesis isn't occuring

Explain the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

photosynthesis uses CO2, a by product of cell respiration and cellular respiration uses Oxygen produced during photosynthesis