BIOL 1201: Exam 2

During glycolysis, the 2 ATP molecules required to begin the process are reduced into ________.

2 ADP

During the citric acid cycle, _________ is oxidized into ______ by the use of substrate-level phosphorylation.

2 ADP; 2 ATP

Theoretically, how many ATP molecules are made in the citric acid cycle directly and indirectly? Substrate-level or oxidative-level?

2 ATP molecules (substrate-level) 18 ATP molecules (oxidative-level) 4 ATP molecules (oxidative-level)

During pyruvic acid conversion, 2NADH + H+ is joined with 2Coenzyme A to form _________.

2 Acetyl-CoA

To begin glycolysis, __ molecules of ______ must be added to the system along with the addition of glucose.

2; ATP

A series of redox reactions during glycolysis will turn ___ _______ molecules into ___ ______________.

2; NAD+; 2; NADH + H+

Once the two pyruvic acid diffuses into the mitochondria, one carbon off of each pyruvic acid molecule is cleaved, forming _________.

2CO2

During the citric acid cycle, 2 FAD molecules are reduced into ________.

2FADH2

Theoretically, how many ATP molecules are produced indirectly and directly during glycolysis? Substrate or oxidative level?

4 ATP molecules substrate-level 6 ATP molecules oxidative-level

In the citric acid cycle, the carbons of the 2 Acetyl-CoA molecules break off to form _______.

4 CO2 molecules

During pyruvic acid conversion, how many ATP molecules are produced directly and indirectly? Substrate-level or oxidative-level?

6 ATP molecules oxidative-level

In the citric acid cycle, 6 molecules of NAD+ are reduced into ________.

6 NADH + H+

Approximately how many Kcal of energy does one molecule of ATP contain?

7.3 Kcal

Protein Carrier

A specific molecule binds to the protein, forcing the protein to undergo a shape change to transport the protein through the cell membrane

ATP Synthase

A structure that has facilitated diffusion channel that allows H+ to pass from the the matrix into the intermembrane space and also has catalytic site that catalyzes the conversion of ADP and P into ATP

The membrane that is part of the endoplasmic reticulum may later be found as part of the ____________. A. Nuclear Envelope B. Golgi Apparatus C. Cell Membrane D. Lysosomes E. Mitochondria

A, B, C, & D All are connected by a continuous membrane.

According to the image, which of the following letters represents the activation energy without enzyme activity? http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/lmcgee/Energy_Enzymes/activation-energy-w-enzyme.gif

A.

A spontaneous reaction occurring at 200K with a 1.5 Kcal decrease in entropy has which of the following changes in enthalpy? A. -400 Kcal B. -200 Kcal C. 0.0 Kcal D. 200 Kcal E. 400 Kcal

A. -400 Kcal ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔG = ΔH - (200)(-1.5) ΔG has to be negative, so ΔH has to be a negative number larger than -300

A spontaneous reaction occuring at 250K and with a 2.0Kcal decrease in entropy can have which of the following changes in enthalpy? A. -600Kcal B. -250Kcal C. -100 Kcal D. 100Kcal E. 250Kcal F. 600Kcal

A. -600 Kcal

Imagine two sides of a container divided by a semi-permeable membrane. On Side A, the solution is 1M sucrose. On Side B, the solution is merely distilled water. On which side does the water molecules have the greater entropy?

A. 1M Sucrose Solution Sucrose interrupts the hydrogen bonding among water, creating more disorder.

Imagine two sides of a container divided by a semi-permeable membrane. On Side A, the solution is 1M sucrose. On Side B, the solution is merely distilled water. The net movement of water will be toward side ___.

A. 1M Sucrose Solution The sucrose solution has less free energy, so water will go to an area of high free energy to an area of low free energy.

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? A. FADH2 B. pyruvate C. ATP D. NADH

A. FADH2

The chloride ion channel normally transports Cl- from an area of high concentration (cytoplasm) to an area of low concentration (extracellular fluid). This types of transport is A. facilitated diffusion B. active transport

A. Facilitated Diffusion Since molecules are moved from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration and requires no energy, this is facilitated diffusion.

Carrier proteins and channel proteins are both involved in? A. Facilitated diffusion B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis C. Osmosis D. Exocytosis E. Phagocytosis

A. Facilitated diffusion

Which of these molecules contain more energy? A. Glucose B. ATP

A. Glucose Glucose contains -686 Kcal/mol of energy while ATP contains 7.3 Kcal/ mol of energy.

Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen? A. Glycolysis B. Electron transport chain C. Krebs cycle D. Fermentation

A. Glycolysis Glycolysis can take place in the absence of oxygen; its product, pyruvate, enters the cellular respiration pathway or undergoes fermentation depending on the availability of oxygen.

During exocytosis, the membrane from vesicles is added to the cell membrane. Which surface of the vesicular membrane becomes the outer surface of the cell membrane? A. Inner surface of the vesicular membrane B. Outer surface of the vesicular membrane C. I have no idea

A. Inner surface of the vesicular membrane The membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, and the outer layer of the vesicle first touches the membrane; however, the membranes will fuse, and when this occurs, the inside of the vesicle becomes the outside of the cell. In other words, the part of the membrane that is in contact with the cytoplasm will always stay in contact with the cytoplasm.

In an actively respiring mitochondrion, where would you expect to find the lowest pH? A. Intra-mitochondrial membrane space, B. Mitochondrial Matrix

A. Intra-mitochondrial membrane space The H+ ions move from the intra-mitochondrial membrane space into the matrix, so the intra-mitochondrial membrane has the lowest pH.

What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP? A. It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction. B. It is acquired by a reactant in a spontaneous reaction. C. It is acquired by a reactant in an exergonic reaction. D. It is broken down into one phosphorus and four oxygen atoms. E. It is used to convert an ATP into an AQP.

A. It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction. By acquiring the phosphate group the reactant acquires energy.

White blood cells known as macrophages, consume and digest foreign cells. The organelle involved in digesting the foreign cells is? A. Lysosome B. ER C. Nucleus D. Ribosomes E. Peroxisome

A. Lysosome

If the number of H+ pumps in the ETC is increased, what impact will this have on substrate-level ATP production? A. No Impact B. Increase C. Decrease D. I have no idea

A. No Impact Substrate-level and H+ ion pumps are completely separate processes

Which movement is more likely? A. Phosphates move laterally B. Phosphates move vertically C. Equally likely

A. Phosphates move laterally

In cellular respiration, a series of molecules forming an electron transport chain alternately accepts and then donates electrons. What is the advantage of such an electron transport chain? A. The advantage of an electron transport chain is that a small amount of energy is released with the transfer of an electron between each pair of intermediates. B. The advantage of an electron transport chain is the production of a large number of reduced, high-energy intermediates. C. The advantage of the respiratory electron transport chain is that oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

A. The advantage of an electron transport chain is that a small amount of energy is released with the transfer of an electron between each pair of intermediates. As the electrons "fall" down the electron transport chain, the energy released is used to actively transport protons into the inner-membrane space.

The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is filled with a solution of 1 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed? A. The water level is unchanged B. The molarity of sucrose equals the molarity of glucose on both sides. C. The molarity of sucrose is increased inside A. D. The molarity of glucose is higher in side A than inside B. E. The water level is higher in side A than in side B.

A. The water level is unchanged

How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction? A. add a catalyst B. increase the entropy of reactants C. decrease the concentration of reactants D. cool the reactants

A. add a catalyst

What process occurs in Box A? A. glycolysis B. electron transport C. electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation D. oxidative phosphorylation E. the citric acid cycle https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100521/2/0905q.jpg

A. glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

Integral proteins (those embedded in the membrane) would be expected to ________________. A. have hydrophobic regions B. exit and re-enter the membrane C. lack tertiary structure D. be loosely bound to the bilayer E. have no known functions in membranes

A. have hydrophobic regions

As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____. A. is unchanged B. loses energy C. permanently alters its shape. D. loses a phosphate group E. is used up

A. is unchanged

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. A. lactate and NAD+ B. lactate, NADH, and ATP C. . pyruvate D. carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+ E. carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP

A. lactate and NAD+

A peripheral protein would be expected to contain __________. A. polar amino acids B. non-polar amino acids

A. polar amino acids The heads are polar, so the amino acids are expected to be polar as well.

In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized. A. pyruvate ... NADH B. lactate ... NADH C. NAD+ ... pyruvate D. lactate ... ethanol E. NADH ... lactate

A. pyruvate ... NADH The pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to either lactate or ethanol, and NADH is oxidized to NAD+.

What process occurs within Box B? A. the citric acid cycle B. photophosphorylation C. electron transport D. oxidative phosphorylation E. glycolysis https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100521/2/0906q.jpg

A. the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle transfers electrons to NADH and FADH2.

What is energy coupling? A. the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction B. the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + P C. the use of an enzyme to reduce EA D. a description of the energetic relationship between the reactants and products in an exergonic reaction E. a barrier to the initiation of a reaction

A. the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Approximately how many Kcal of energy does one glucose molecule contain?

About -686 Kcal/mol

What do chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts, and mitochondria have in common?

All of these structures are not affiliated with the continuous membrane system, but are membrane-bound organelles.

What organisms contain eucaryotic cells?

All other organisms beside bacteria and archaea

Imagine two sides of a box divided by a semi-permeable membrane, Side A with many molecules and Side B with only a few molecules. The net movement of molecules will be toward side __.

B Molecules will move to areas to areas of high free energy to areas of low free energy.

According to the image, which of the following letters represents the catalyzed activation energy? http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/lmcgee/Energy_Enzymes/activation-energy-w-enzyme.gif

B.

Imagine two sides of a container divided by a semi-permeable membrane. On Side A, the solution is 1M sucrose. On Side B, the solution is 1M NaCl. The net movement of water will be towards side ___.

B. 1M NaCl Solution NaCl dissociates into 1M of Na+ and 1M of Cl- in water, creating greater entropy, so the water molecules will move to areas of high free energy (sucrose) to areas of low concentration (NaCl).

Imagine two sides of a container divided by a semi-permeable membrane. On Side A, the solution is 1M sucrose. On Side B, the solution is 2M sucrose and 1M urea. The net movement of water of water will be towards side __.

B. 2M Sucrose and 1M Urea Solution The more a solution is concentrated, fewer molecules will exist, which means there is less free energy. As a result, water molecules will move from Side A to Side B.

Imagine two sides of a container divided by a semi-permeable membrane. On Side A, the solution is 1M sucrose, 2M glucose, and 3M urea. On Side B, the solution is 2M sucrose, 3M glucose, and 1M urea. Assuming the membrane is permeable to water and urea, in which direction will there be a net movement of water?

B. 2M Sucrose, 3M Glucose, 1M Urea In order to balance each side's urea concentration, they both need 2M urea. After adding the concentrations, A is 5M, and B is 7M. As a result, water will move to the more concentrated side.

Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy? A. A rock on a mountain ledge B. A space station orbiting Earth C. A person sitting on a couch while watching TV D. An archer with a flexed bow E. The high-energy phosphate bonds of a molecule of ATP

B. A space station orbiting Earth Kinetic energy is energy of motion.

In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction? A. ADP B. ATP C. Sugar D. Glucose E. As spontaneous reactions, endergonic reactions do not need an addition of energy.

B. ATP The hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy needed for an endergonic reaction.

Active and passive transport of solutes across a membrane typically differ in which of the following ways? A. Active transport is usually down the concentration gradient of the solute, whereas passive transport is always against the concentration gradient of the solute. B. Active transport always involves the utilization of cellular energy, whereas passive transport does not require cellular energy. C. Active transport is always faster than passive transport. D. Active transport uses protein carriers, whereas passive transport uses carbohydrate carriers. E. Active transport is used for ions, passive transport is used for uncharged solutes.

B. Active transport always involves the utilization of cellular energy, whereas passive transport does not require cellular energy.

Five dialysis bags, with membranes impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose as follows: Bag #1 = 0.1 M sucrose Bag #2 =0.2 M sucrose Bag #3 = 0.3 M sucrose Bag #4 = 0.4 M sucrose Bag #5 = 0.5 M sucrose The bags were all weighed and then placed in separate beakers each containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. After 30-minute the bags were removed weighed again and the percent change in mass of each bag was calculated. Which of the following statements would correctly reflect the outcome of this experiment? A. All the bags weighed the same as at the start of the experiment. B. All the bags weighed less because they lost water. C. All the bags weighed more because they gained water. D. All the bags weighed less because they lost sucrose. E. All the bags weighed more because they gained sucrose.

B. All the bags weighed less because they lost water.

Which of these cannot rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane? A. C only B. B, C, and D C. B only D. A only E. D only https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100510/7/0705q.jpg

B. B, C, and D Ions, such as hydrogen ions, and hydrophilic molecules, such as water and glucose, cannot rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of a plasma membrane. To move rapidly through the membrane, they must pass through membrane transport proteins.

Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration? A. NADH B. Carbon dioxide C. ATP D. Water

B. Carbon dioxide All of the carbon atoms in glucose are incorporated into carbon dioxide: Two molecules are formed as pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, and four molecules are formed during the Krebs cycle.

Bears have a tissue known as brown fat. In these cells, the mitochondria have a special protein known as thermogenin. This is a facilitated diffusion channel for H+, with no associated ATP catalytic site. Based on the model of the mitochondria, what will happen to ATP production? A. Increase B. Decrease

B. Decrease Ions go through the thermogenin H+ channel instead of the ATP Synthase, so ATP production decreases.

Imagine two sides of a container divided by a semi-permeable membrane. On Side A, the solution is 1M sucrose. On Side B, the solution is merely distilled water. On which side are there more water molecules?

B. Distilled Water Sucrose takes up some of the volume, assuming that each side has the same volume, so the distilled water has more molecules.

Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP? A. Glycolysis B. Electron transport and chemiosmosis C. Fermentation of pyruvate to lactate D. Krebs cycle

B. Electron transport and chemiosmosis Electron transport and chemiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation) can yield around 26 molecules of ATP.

If the number of H+ pumps in the ETC is increased, what impact will this have on oxidative-level ATP production? A. No Impact B. Increase C. Decrease D. I have no idea

B. Increase Increase the number of pumps, move more H+, so increases level of ATP production

How can a lipid be distinguished from a sugar? A. A lipid is made up of only hydrocarbons. B. Lipids are mostly nonpolar. C. A lipid dissolves in water. D. Lipids are mostly saturated.

B. Lipids are mostly non-polar. Lipids are nonpolar molecules, whereas sugars are polar.

Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation. Select all that apply. A. The basic function of fermentation is the production of ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. B. The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis. C. The basic function of fermentation is the production of additional ATP by further oxidation of the products of glycolysis.

B. The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of a metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration? A. The function of the bonding of acetic acid to the carrier molecule CoA to form acetyl CoA is the reduction of glucose to acetyl CoA. B. The function of glycolysis is to begin catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net yield of two ATP. C. The function of the citric acid cycle is the transfer of electrons from pyruvate to NADH to O2.

B. The function of glycolysis is to begin catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net yield of two ATP.

Which of the following is usually NOT true about active transport? A. The movement of material requires cellular energy. B. The molecules being moved can cross the phospholipid bilayer easily. C. The process of phagocytosis is not a form of active transport. D. The movement of material is from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.

B. The molecules being moved can cross the phospholipid bilayer easily.

To continue to pump H+, there must be a continuous flow of electrons along the ETC. What happens to the electrons when they reach the end of the ETC? A. They combine with water B. They combine with oxygen C. They combine with NAD+ D. They combine with ATP

B. They combine with oxygen

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle? A. NADH + H+ B. acetyl CoA C. ATP D. FADH2 E. CO2

B. acetyl-CoA

If the number of H+ pumps in the ETC is decreased, what impact will this have on ATP production? A. increase B. decrease C. no change

B. decrease If you have a fewer amount of pumps, then you have fewer H+ moving out, which means less coming back in and less ATP.

Initially, the cells and extracellular fluid are isotonic and then Cl- ions are allowed to move into the extracellular fluid. The net movement of water will be _____________. A. into the cells B. into the fluid C. no net movement

B. into the fluid The extracellular fluid becomes more concentrated, drawing water out of the cells and into the fluid.

What molecule is indicated by the letter D? A. water B. oxygen C. glucose D. ATP E. pyruvate https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100521/2/0907q.jpg

B. oxygen Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration.

Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy. A. entropic B. potential C. motion D. kinetic E. heat

B. potential Chemical energy is a form of stored energy.

Enzymes work by _____. A. increasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product B. reducing activation energy C. decreasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product D. adding a phosphate group to a reactant E. adding energy to a reaction

B. reducing activation energy

What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction? A. products B. substrate C. reactors D. activation energy E. active sites

B. substrate

According to the image, which of the following letters represents ΔG? http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/lmcgee/Energy_Enzymes/activation-energy-w-enzyme.gif

C.

How many oxidative-level ATP molecules are produced from the metabolism of 1 molecule of pyruvic acid, if the ETC has only one H+ ion pump near the end? A. 1 B. 2 C. 5 D. 4 E. 7 F. I have no idea

C. 5 Pyruvic acid made into acetyl-CoA and NADH + H+. Acetyl-CoA is made into 3 NADH+H+ and 1 FADH2. Since there is only one pump, then there is only one ATP per molecule, so 1+3+1=5 ATP

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation? A. NADPH B. hexokinase C. ATP D. FADH2 E. ADP

C. ATP Some ATP energy is used to start the process of glucose oxidation.

Where in the mitochondrion is the majority of ATP produced? A. Electron Transport Chain B. Citric Acid Cycle C. ATP Synthase D. Matrix E. Intermembrane Space

C. ATP Synthase "Syn" (made), "-ase" (enzyme), so ATP synthase is where the most of ATP is made.

Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria? A. Both reproduce by meiosis. B. Both are found in plant and animal cells. C. Both have their own DNA. D. Both are surrounded by a single membrane. E. Proteins for both are synthesized on ribosomes in the rough ER.

C. Both have their own DNA.

Where does most of the NADH + H+ and all of the FADH2 come from? A. ETC B. Oxygen C. Citric Acid Cycle D. Glycolysis

C. Citric Acid Cycle

A cell containing the following structures, ribosomes, plasma membrane and flagella, but without a nucleus, ER, or mitochnodria could be? A. Procaryotic B. Eucaryotic C. Either procaryotic or eucaryotic

C. Either procaryotic or eucaryotic

The synthesis of ATP is endergonic (requires energy). What is the immediate source of this energy? A. Glucose B. Flow of Electrons of the ETC C. Facilitated Diffusion of H+ D. Oxygen

C. Facilitated Diffusion of H+ The energy from the ETC needs to be released exactly where it is needed, which are at the H+ pumps.

Where does the pyruvic acid come from? A. Citric Acid Cycle B. ETC C. Glucose D. ATP Synthase

C. Glucose Glucose, a six-carbon molecule, is combined with ATP. The energy from ATP is used to cut glucose in half to form 2 pyruvic acid molecules.

A reaction involving an increase in enthalpy and an increase in entropy will always be? A. Spontaneous B. Non-Spontaneous C. It can be either depending on the exact values

C. It can be either depending on the exact values

Where is the majority of a cell's ATP produced? A. Nucleus B. Cytoplasm C. Mitochondria D. Ribosomes E. Endoplasmic Reticulum

C. Mitochondria While some ATP is made in the cytoplasm, most is made in the mitochondrion.

Which of the following particles could diffuse easily through a cell membrane? A. Sodium ion (Na+) B. Glucose C. Oxygen (O2) D. Hydrogen ion (H+)

C. Oxygen (O2) Small nonpolar molecules such as oxygen can diffuse across cell membranes.

If the concentration of phosphate in the cytosol is 2.0 mM and the concentration of phosphate in the surrounding fluid is 0.1 mM, how could the cell increase the concentration of phosphate in the cytosol? A. passive transport B. diffusion C. active transport D. osmosis E. facilitated diffusion

C. active transport For the cell to accumulate phosphate, it must move calcium against the concentration gradient. This process requires energy.

In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP? A. potentiation B. anabolism C. cellular respiration D. redox E. digestion

C. cellular respiration This is the name given to the process by which the body converts food energy to energy stored in ATP.

Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? A. ribosome ... manufacture of lipids B. lysosome ... movement C. central vacuole ... storage D. mitochondrion ... photosynthesis E. nucleus ... cellular respiration

C. central vacuole ... storage

The following reaction A --> B + C + heat is a(n) _____ reaction. A. endergonic B. anabolic C. exergonic D. dehydration synthesis E. exchange

C. exergonic Energy has been released.

The highlighted region (the middle of an integral protein) would be expected to contain ___________. A. polar amino acids B. charged amino acids C. non-polar amino acids

C. non-polar amino acids The protein is merely floating inside the phospholipid bilayer, which is not charged and is non-polar.

In general, enzymes are what kinds of molecules? A. lipids B. minerals C. proteins D. carbohydrates E. nucleic acids

C. proteins

In the absence of oxygen, what is the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis? A. up to 30 ATP B. four ATP C. two ATP D. none, because in the absence of oxygen, no ATP can be made E. none, because all of the available energy remains in either lactate or ethanol

C. two ATP Four ATP are made, but two ATP are consumed to start the process of glycolysis.

Which of the following best describes the structure of a biological membrane? A. two layers of phospholipids with proteins embedded between the two layers B. two layers of phospholipids (with opposite orientations of the phospholipids in each layer) with each layer covered on the outside with proteins C. two layers of phospholipids with proteins either crossing the layers or on the surface of the layers D. a fluid structure in which phospholipids and proteins move freely between sides of the membrane E. a mixture of covalently linked phospholipids and proteins that determines which solutes can cross the membrane and which cannot

C. two layers of phospholipids with proteins either crossing the layers or on the surface of the layers The membrane proteins can be found either embedded in or attached to the surface of the phospholipid bilayer.

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis linked?

CO2 and water (low energy) with the addition of energy from sunlight form organic molecules (often glucose) and oxygen. Glucose is much more energetic than the original reactants, and the energy in glucose is captured in the form of ATP, which is then used to do cellular work. In addition, oxygen and glucose can then be broken back down into water and carbon dioxide. The nutrients are cycled while the energy is flowing through from the sun, into ATP, and released as heat.

How do cell membranes maintain concentrations of molecules and ions?

Cell membranes determine what comes in and out of the cell, maintaining certain levels of substances.

Structurally, why are cell membrane necessary?

Cell membranes keep the contents of the cell in place and from leaking out.

What are the two categories of energy transformations?

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

How is most of the ATP in cells made?

Chemiosmosis or Oxidative Phosphorylation

What happens to the Coenzyme A in Acetyl-CoA?

Coenzyme A is knocked off so it is able to be reused.

How many ATP molecules are produced from the metabolism of 1 molecule of acetyl-CoA? A. 9 B. 10 C. 11 D. 12 E. 15 F. 30 E. I have no idea

D. 12 Acetyl-CoA is in the mitochondria and enters the citric acid cycle. For one molecule of acetyl-CoA, 3 NADH + H+ are produced, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP, so 9+2+1=12 ATP molecules.

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? A. 1 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2 E. 5

D. 2

Based on size and charge which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? A. An amino acid B. Starch C. Insulin (a protein) D. Carbon Dioxide E. Glucose

D. Carbon Dioxide

Which of these reactions requires a net input of energy from its surroundings? A. ATP --> ADP + P B. Exergonic C. Catabolic D. Endergonic E. Hydrolysis

D. Endergonic The products of endergonic reactions have more potential energy than the reactants.

Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells? A. Exocytosis B. Simple Diffusion C. Active Transport D. Facilitated Diffusion

D. Facilitated Diffusion Glucose moves from an area high concentration to an area of low concentration, faster than average diffusion.

Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell? A. Electron transport chain B. Krebs cycle C. Glycolysis D. Fermentation

D. Fermentation Fermentation is an alternate pathway used when oxygen levels are low.

Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy for performing work? A. ATP B. ADP C. Phosphate D. Glucose

D. Glucose Glucose is used to produce high-energy ATP in a cell.

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true? A. Water is the last electron acceptor. B. Electrons gain energy as they move down the chain. C. The electron transport chain is the first step in cellular respiration. D. NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain.

D. NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain. The electrons lose energy as they move down the chain, and this energy is used to create a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP.

Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct? A. Most of the phospholipids of the endomembrane system are synthesized in the mitochondria. B. The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane. C. Mitochondria function in the modification and sorting of lipids and proteins. D. Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system. E. Ribosomes move lipids and proteins among the different organelles of the endomembrane system.

D. Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system.

The rough ER is the site of the production of: A. Lipids B. Microtubules C. Enzymes to be used in the cytoplasm D. Proteins to be exported from the cell

D. Proteins to be exported from the cell

Which of the following factors does not affect membrane permeability? A. The saturation of hydrocarbon tails in membrane phospholipids B. Temperature C. The amount of cholesterol in the membrane D. The polarity of membrane phospholipids

D. The polarity of membrane phospholipids Phospholipids contain both a polar head and a nonpolar hydrocarbon tail, both of which are necessary for their ability to form membrane bilayers.

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle? A. pyruvate B. NADH + H+ C. glucose D. acetyl CoA E. G3P

D. acetyl-CoA

Active transport moves molecules ____________ their concentration gradients and ____________ energy. A. with, uses no B. against, uses no C. with, uses D. against, uses E. none of the above

D. against, uses

A(n) _____ reaction occurs spontaneously. A. kinetic B. anabolic C. chemical D. exergonic E. endergonic

D. exergonic In exergonic reactions, the products have less potential energy than the reactants.

Identify Structure A. A. extracellular matrix B. protein C. phospholipid D. glycoprotein E. cholesterol https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100509/2/0703q.jpg

D. glycoprotein Structure A is composed of both a carbohydrate and a protein.

Identify Structure D. A. extracellular matrix B. glycoprotein C. protein D. phospholipid bilayer of membrane E. cholesterol https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100509/2/0702q.jpg

D. phospholipid bilayer of membrane Phospholipids can be recognized by the presence of a head and two tails.

Many eucaryotic organelles are connected via a flow of membrane. Which of the organelles listed below is not part of this membrane flow? A. golgi complex B. lysosome C. ER D. ribosome E. nucleus

D. ribosome

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. A. cellular respiration B. photosynthesis C. oxidative phosphorylation D. substrate-level phosphorylation E. photophosphorylation

D. substrate-level phosphorylation

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____. A. photophosphorylation B. oxidative phosphorylation C. photosynthesis D. substrate-level phosphorylation E. cellular respiration

D. substrate-level phosphorylation A phosphate group is transferred from GTP to ADP.

What is the difference between lysosomic phagocytosis and autophagy?

During lysosomic phagocytosis, materials come into the cell via phagocytosis, becoming a food vacuole, and the lysosome binds to the vacuole and releases the enzymes to digest the food vacuole. During autophagy, a mitochondrion or some other organelle breaks down and is not functioning properly, so the mitochondrion is then bonded to the lysosome, which begins to break it down and use the materials to build other things for the cell.

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 1 E. 2

E. 2 It takes 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP.

A spontaneous reaction occurring at 100K and with a 250 Kcal increase in enthalpy must have the following change in entropy? A. -2.5 Kcal B. -0.5 Kcal C. 1.0 Kcal D. 2.0 Kcal E. 3.5 Kcal

E. 3.5 Kcal ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔG = (250) - (100)(x) ΔG has to be negative, so x has to be a number larger than 2.5

The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction. A. anabolic B. synthesis C. ADP + P --> ATP D. glucose + glucose --> maltose E. exergonic

E. Exergonic The energy released by an exergonic reaction can be used to drive an endergonic reaction.

Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration? A. ATP and carbon dioxide B. Carbon dioxide and water C. Glucose, carbon dioxide, and water D. ATP, carbon dioxide, and water E. Heat, carbon dioxide, and water

E. Heat, carbon dioxide, and water

Which of the following organelles contains DNA? A. Vesicle B. Golgi Apparatus C. Lysosomes D. Cell Membrane E. Mitochondrion F. None of the Above G. More than One of the Above

E. Mitochondrion

A molecule which is bound to a site other than the active site of an enzyme and causes a decrease in the rate of the reaction would be best described as a ___________. A. Co-enzyme B. Co-factor C. Allosteric activator D. Competitive inhibitor E.Non-competitive inhibitor

E. Non-competetive inhibitor

"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____. A. no chemical reaction is 100 percent efficient. B. if you conserve energy you will not be as tired. C. the net amount of disorder is always increasing. D. the entropy of the universe is always increasing. E. energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.

E. energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.

Select the INCORRECT association. A. kinetic energy ... motion B. enzyme ... protein C. potential energy ... positional energy D. exergonic ... spontaneous E. exergonic ... uphill

E. exergonic ... uphill Exergonic reactions release energy.

An enzyme _____. A. is a inorganic catalyst B. is a source of energy for endergonic reactions C. can bind to nearly any molecule D. increases the EA of a reaction E. is an organic catalyst

E. is an organic catalyst

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? A. determining the shape of animal cells B. maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell C. the contraction of muscle cells in animals D. the beating of cilia or flagella E. movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

E. movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm RNA molecules exit the nucleus via nuclear pores.

The most abundant lipids in most membranes are _____________. A. glycolipids B. cholesterol C. triglycerides D. sterols E. phospholipids

E. phospholipids

What is the function of Structure E? A. cell-cell communication B. detection of environmental change C. transport across the plasma membrane D. stabilization of the phospholipids E. structural support of the cell https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100509/2/0701q.jpg

E. stabilization of the phospholipids Cholesterol helps to stabilize the structure of the plasma membrane.

Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? A. the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall B. the presence or absence of ribosomes C. whether or not the cell contains DNA D. whether or not the cell carries out cellular metabolism E. whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes

E. whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes Prokaryotic cells lack any internal membranous compartmentalization.

What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common?

Each are composed of multiple membranes (inner and outer). Mitochondria are composed of two membranes - an inner and an outer membrane. Chloroplasts are composed of three membranes - two membranes surrounding the whole structure while the third is inside the whole structure. Each contain DNA and ribosomes, making each able to make their own proteins. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are not part of the general flow of membrane within a cell Evidence points that each are evolutionarily different from all of the other organelles.

Describe how the Electron Transport Chain functions.

Electrons from either NADH + H+ or FADH2 flow through a series of proteins embedded in the membrane, which are also known as protein carriers or cytochromes. As electrons are transported, enough energy is created in various areas to push H+ ions through their gradient, from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This builds a large hydrogen ion gradient, forcing the H+ ions to come back down through the ATP synthase. As the hydrogens travel through the ATP synthase, they release energy, becoming the energy used to transform ADP + P --> ATP.

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed and can only be converted from one form of energy to another.

The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction. A. Endergonic B. Spontaneous C. Exergonic D. Chemical E. Hydrolysis

Energy has been acquired from the surroundings.

Describe a reaction that is always spontaneous.

Enthalpy decreases, entropy increases

Describe a reaction that is always non-spontaneous.

Enthalpy increases, entropy decreases

Enzyme + Substrate --> ______________ --> _________________ --> Substrate + Product

Enzyme-Substrate Complex; Enzyme-Product Complex

Why are enzymes considered organic catalysts?

Enzymes are organic molecules that speed up the rate of reaction, but are not used up in the reaction.

Why are redox reactions "redox?"

Every time an oxidation is done, a reduction has to be done and vice versa.

What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?

Exocytosis moves materials out of the cell while endocytosis moves materials into the cell.

True or False: Active transport is not selective.

False

True or False: During a chemical reaction you observe that there is an increase in enthalpy and a decrease in the entropy. Based on the observations of the chemical reaction, indicate whether the following statement is true or false. The products would contain less heat energy than the reactants.

False

True or False: During a chemical reaction you observe that there is an increase in enthalpy and a decrease in the entropy. Based on the observations of the chemical reaction, indicate whether the following statement is true or false. This reaction will be spontaneous.

False

True or False: Eucaryotic cells do not feature membrane-bound organelles.

False

True or False: Procaryotic cells have a nucleus.

False

True or False: Reduction reduces energy in the system.

False

True or False: Facilitated diffusion is not selective.

False For every kind of molecule moving across the membrane, then there is a specific protein carrier or channel that facilitates the diffusion of that molecule

True or False: ΔG is affected by the enzyme.

False; ΔG is strictly the change in energy from the reactants to the products.

Imagine two sides of a box divided by a semi-permeable membrane, Side A with many molecules and Side B with only a few molecules. What happens to the energy of the molecules as they move from A to B?

From side A to side B, the molecules go from high free energy to low free energy, so the energy must be lost as heat since energy can neither be created or destroyed.

Plasmodesmata

Gaps between the cell walls of cells that forms a cytoplasmic connection between cells

Describe what occurs in lactic acid fermentation.

Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid which is converted into lactic acid (a 3 carbon molecule) and, during that process, NADH + H+ is oxidized into NAD+.

Describe what occurs during alcoholic fermentation.

Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid which is then broken down to ethanol (a two-carbon molecule) and CO2 and, during that process, NADH + H+ is oxidized into NAD+.

Rotenone is widely used pesticide and fish poison. It prevents the transfer of electrons from the 2nd to the 3rd molecules in the ETC. Why is this lethal?

If electrons are prevented from traveling from the second to third molecules in the ETC, then ATP would be prevented from being produced.

What is the relationship between entropy and free energy in terms of diffusion?

In areas of high concentrations, the entropy is less, which makes the free energy greater. In areas of low concentration, the entropy is high, which makes the free energy less.

What will be the net movement of molecules during diffusion in terms of free energy?

In diffusion, molecules move from areas of high free energy to areas of low free energy.

What are the two paths of fermentation that can be taken? Give an example of each.

Lactic acid fermentation; human muscles Alcoholic fermentation; yeast, wine, beer

What is the function of lysosomes?

Lysosomes digest macromolecules or cellular organelles that cease to be useful to the cell.

What are the functional properties of the cell membrane?

Maintains concentrations of molecules and ions inside the cell that are different than outside the cell, create free energy gradients, and orient molecules into functional complexes

Permeases

Membrane-bound proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane

Exocytosis

Membrane-bound vesicles fuse with cell membrane and expel contents

What is the net effect of molecules during diffusion considered non-random?

Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

Compare and contrast chemical reactions in living and non-living systems.

Non-Living: Reactions are less organized Attracted to states with lower energy Reactions occur very slowly Living: Reactions are highly organized Produce higher energy Reactions occur rapidly Requires a lot of energy to be organized and produce high energy, so living things have a large source of external energy (the sun)

What cellular structures are found in procaryotic cells?

Nucleoid Region Ribosomes Mesosomes Flagella

List the organelles in eukaryotic cells that are connected by a continuous membrane.

Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vesicles and Vacuoles

Allosteric Inhibition

Occurs when an enzyme alters between its active and inactive forms; an inhibitor binds to a site of the enzyme other than the active site and stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme, preventing the enzyme from changing shape into its active form

_____ molecule of glucose is broken down into __ molecules of ________________ during glycolysis.

One; two, pyruvic acid

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Passive transport moves molecules with their concentration gradients without any energy use while active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradients with energy use.

What are the three types of endocytosis and what is the difference between each of them?

Phagocytosis: the engulfment of large objects Pinocytosis: the engulfment of small objects Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: the engulfment of a specific molecule after receptors on the extracellular surface attach to a large amount of the molecule

What are the glues found in plant and animal cells?

Plants: Pectin Lectin Animals: Collagen

What are the cell junctions found in plant and animal cells?

Plants: Plasmodesmata Animals: Tight Junctions Intermediary Junctions Desmosomes Gap Junctions

Why is the fluid-mosaic model considered "mosaic?"

Proteins are in a mosaic pattern on the extracellular surface of the cell.

Where does Acetyl-CoA come from? A. The breakdown of pyruvic acid B. Substrate-level Phosphorylation C. Fermentation

Pyruvic acid (a three-carbon molecule) is formed in the cytoplasm. Pyruvic acid then diffuses through both of the mitochondrion's membranes, where one of the carbons is cleaved off into CO2 and NAD --> NADH + H+. NADH + H+ is then joined by Coenzyme A to form Acetyl-CoA.

Describe a spontaneous reaction in terms of energy.

Release free energy (exergonic) Reactants have greater energy than the products Energetically downhill Energy is released

Describe a non-spontaneous reaction in terms of energy.

Require free energy (endergonic) Reactants have less energy than the products Energetically uphill Energy is produced

Imagine two sides of a box divided by a semi-permeable membrane, Side A with many molecules and Side B with only a few molecules. On which side do the molecules have greater free energy?

Side A has greater free energy. G = H - TS No difference in enthalpy, so it is irrelevant No difference in temperature, so it is also irrelevant A has less (-) entropy, meaning that the free energy with be greater (+)

Imagine two sides of a box divided by a semi-permable membrane, Side A with many molecules and Side B with only a few molecules. On which side do the molecules have greater entropy? Why?

Side B has greater entropy because the molecules are not interacting with each other, creating disorder.

What is the significance of enzymes not being consumed in a reaction?

Since enzymes are not consumed in a reaction, small amounts of enzymes have big effects on the rates of reactions.

Why does solubility in lipids determine solubility?

Since the cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, substances that are soluble in lipids can enter the cell easily.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis in both procaryotes and eucaryotes located either free in the cytoplasm or loosely attached to the ER

What determines permeability of the cell membrane?

Size and shape of the molecules, solubility in lipids, net electric charge, and other chemical properties.

Why does size and shape determine permeability?

Small molecules enter the cell more easily than larger molecules. In addition, molecules that have compact shapes will enter the cell more easily than complex-shaped molecules.

Give an example of active transport.

Sodium-Potassium Pump Proton Pump

What is the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecules with a high-energy phosphate bond. Oxidative phosphorylation uses the exergonic flow of electrons from food (glucose) to oxygen to drive the endergonic synthesis of ATP.

Within the mitochondrion, what are two ways that ATP can be produced?

Substrate-level phosphoylation and oxidative phosphorylation

What is the function of the Golgi in a cell?

The Golgi receives materials from the rough endoplasmic reticulum , modifies it, packages it into vesicles, and sends the materials away, often to the cell membrane to undergo exocytosis.

Where does the H+ gradient come from?

The active transport of H+ is powered by the few electrons along the ETC (Electron Transport Chain), which moves H+ from areas of low concentration (low free energy) to areas of high concentration (high free energy).

Cellular Respiration

The breakdown of glucose to release energy which is then captured in ATP

How does the cell membrane orient molecules into functional complexes?

The cell membrane can take different enzymes and embed them into the surface of the cell membrane, making processes more efficient.

Why is the fluid-mosaic structure considered "fluid?"

The cell membrane is not stabilized by anything except for the fact that the non-polar phospholipid tails are attracted to each other and the polar heads are attracted to each other. As a result, proteins and phospholipids can move.

What happens to the electrons at the end of the ETC?

The electrons combine with oxygen and hydrogen to make water.

How does the flow of electrons provide energy to pump hydrogen ions?

The hydrogen pumps are acts of active transport, so they require some external energy source. Each transfer of electrons from one cytochrome to another is downhill energetically. According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, energy can neither be created nor destroyed, so the energy from the transfer of electrons must be released. The energy released provides the energy

Describe the structure of the mitochondrion.

The mitochondrion consists of two membranes, an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The outer membrane encloses the whole structure while the inner membrane is folded inside the mitochondrion, providing more surface area for ATP production. The space between the outer membrane and the inner membrane is known as the intermembrane space. The liquid portion within the mitochondrion is known as the matrix.

Osmosis

The net movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane

Which statement correctly describes the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell? A. The nuclear envelope is a single membrane, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer. B. Plasmadesmosomes in the nuclear envelope permit the exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. C. All of the proteins of the cell are synthesized on ribosomes bound on the nuclear envelope. D. The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. E. The outer layer of the nuclear envelope is coated with laminin.

The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

Diffusion

The passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration

Describe the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.

The polar, phospholipid heads are faced toward the outside of the membrane and interacting with water, while the non-polar tails of the phospholipids are faced toward one another, interacting with each other.

What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

The rough endoplasmic reticulum produces proteins for export from the cell and is also the location of the synthesis of new membrane.

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in metabolic processes, the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and drug detox.

Describe the induced-fit model of enzymes.

The substrate binds to the active site, altering the shape of the enzyme. Since enzymes are mainly composed of weak bonds, they easily change shape. The change in shape creates a fit that promotes the reaction between the enzyme and substrate.

What do filaments/microtubules and ribsomes have in common?

These structures are not membrane-bound organelles.

What is the difference between two categories of junctions?

Tight junctions, intermediary junctions, and desmosomes merely hold the cells together, or "bolt" them together. Gap junctions have cytoplasmic connections, allowing materials to travel freely from cell to cell.

True or False: Active transport involves some type of protein carrier.

True

True or False: Charged molecules tend to not enter the cell through the cell membrane.

True

True or False: During a chemical reaction you observe that there is an increase in enthalpy and a decrease in the entropy. Based on these observations please indicate whether the following statement about this reaction is true or false. The products of this reaction are more organized than the reactants.

True

True or False: Facilitated diffusion makes diffusion occur more rapidly.

True

True or False: Oxidation reduces the amount of energy in the system.

True

True or False: Water is always freely permeable.

True

True or False: When H+ passes through the ATP Synthase from the intermembrane space to the matrix, ADP + P --> ATP.

True

True or false: Osmosis is a type of diffusion.

True Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

True or false: The water-soluble portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, which generally consists of a glycerol molecule linked to a phosphate group.

True The hydrophilic, or water-loving, portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, whereas the hydrophobic portion is the nonpolar tail.

True or False: The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.

True The three phosphate groups in an ATP molecule carry negative charges that strongly repel each other and give ATP a large amount of potential energy.

True or False: A specific enzyme is only going to catalyze a specific reaction.

True; Enzymes are highly specific.

What is the difference between vesicles and vacuoles?

Vesicles are small fluid sacs while vacuoles are large fluid sacs.

Lysosomes

Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes that are involved in hydrolysis reactions and break down large organic molecules

What occurs during endocytosis?

When a molecule is in close proximity to the cell membrane, the cell membrane extends around the molecule until the sides touch, completely engulfing the molecule.

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

When converting from one form of energy to another, the amount of useful energy decreases.

Nuclear Envelope

a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and is continuous with the membrane that makes up the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); also allows large molecules such as messenger RNA to pass out of the nucleus

Protein Channel

a hole in the embedded protein that allows specific molecules to permeate through the plasma membrane

Entropy

a measure of disorder

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

a network of membrane within the cytoplasm

Endocytosis

a process by which a cell engulfs an object and pulls it into the cell through a membrane-bound vesicle

Cell Wall

a rigid layer of carbohydrates lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria

Non-Spontaneous Reaction

a type of chemical reaction that occurs with outside energy

Spontaneous Reaction

a type of chemical reaction that occurs without any outside energy

Facilitated Diffusion

a type of passive transport that moves molecules down their concentration gradients by the use of protein channels or protein carriers

Chromoplasts

a type of plastid that is responsible for the colors found in fruits and flowers

Chloroplasts

a type of plastid that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells

Leucoplasts

a type of plastid that is the site of storage in plant cells

If the reactants have less energy that the products, then energy must be ___________ to the reaction to make it occur.

added

Cell Coat (Glycocalyx)

an entity composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins that function in cell recognition

What organisms contain prokaryotic cells?

bacteria and archaea

Glycoproteins

carbohydrate molecules attached to proteins on or in the cell membrane

Glycolipids

carbohydrates attached to the phospholipids on the extracellular part of the membrane

In plants, what do cell walls consist of?

cellulose

In fungi, what do cell walls consist of?

cellulose or chitin, which are polymers of amino sugars

In procaryotic cells, what does the nucleoid region contain?

chromosomes; genetic information

The movement of glucose into a cell against a concentration gradient is most likely to be accomplished by which of the following? A. cotransport of the glucose with a proton or sodium ion that was pumped across the membrane using the energy of ATP hydrolysis B. receptor-mediated endocytosis C. passive diffusion of the glucose through the lipid bilayer D. movement of glucose into the cell through a glucose channel E. facilitated diffusion of the glucose using a carrier protein

cotransport of the glucose with a proton or sodium ion that was pumped across the membrane using the energy of ATP hydrolysis Movement of most solutes against their concentration gradient couples the movement of one solute down its concentration gradient to the movement of another (glucose in this case) against its concentration gradient.

Glycolysis occurs in the ___________ of a cell.

cytoplasm

NADH + H+ gives up its ___________ to the Electron Transport Chain and is oxidized into ___________.

electrons; NAD+

What are the two types of vesicle-mediated transport?

endocytosis and exocytosis

Free Energy

energy that is available to do work

How are permeases categorized?

energy use

How do enzymes control the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?

enzyme inhibitors

Isotonic

equal concentrations

What is the name of the current cell membrane model?

fluid-mosaic model

According the the Second Law of Thermodynamics, useful energy will be lost as _________ during a chemical reaction.

heat

When the products have less energy than the reactants, then __________ has been released into the environment.

heat

Enthalpy

heat energy of the system

If a cell is placed in a ___________ solution, then solutions outside of the cell are more concentrated than inside of the cell, so water flows out of the cell, causing it to shrivel.

hypertonic

If a cell is placed in a ___________ solution, then solutions are more concentrated inside the cell than outside the cell, so water comes in, resulting in lysis.

hypotonic

If a red blood cell is placed in a salt solution and bursts, what is the tonicity of the solution relative to the interior of the cell?

hypotonic

Plant cells can only exist healthily in _____________ solutions.

hypotonic

In the citric acid cycle, 2 Acetyl-CoA molecules attach to the ___________ in the cycle to form _________.

intermediates; citric acid

Animal cells can only exist healthily in ______________ solutions.

isotonic

If a cell is placed in a ____________ solution, then the solutions inside and outside the cell are equally concentrated, which means water flows equally in and out of the cell

isotonic

Enzymes

large, globular proteins that control the rate of chemical reactions

Hypotonic

less concentrated

Vacuoles/Vesicles

membrane-enclosed, fluid-filled structures inside of a cell

Hypertonic

more concentrated

Chemical Reaction

occurs anytime when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules collide in such a way that they produce a new substance

Non-Competitive Inhibition

occurs when an inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site and alters the shape of the active site

Competitive Inhibition

occurs when an inhibitor binds to the active site and blocks access to the active site

Redox

oxidation reduction

Integral Proteins

partially or completely embedded proteins in the cell membrane

Filaments and Microtubules

parts of the cytoskeleton that give the cell its shape and aid movement

In bacteria, what do cells walls consist off?

peptidoglycans, which are chains of amino sugars and amino acids

How do impermeable substances move across the cell membrane?

permeases

What are the two cell types?

procaryotes and eucaryotes

Peripheral Proteins

proteins that are stuck to the outer surfaces of the cell membrane

Fill in the blanks with the following words: random, non-random. Individual molecules move __________, but the net effect is ____________.

random; non-random

During pyruvic acid conversion, 2NAD+ molecules are ___________ to form _________.

reduced; NADH + H+

Mesosomes

regions of the cell membrane that have been in-pocketed in procaryotic cells

If the reactants have more energy than the products, then energy must be ___________ as the reaction goes forward.

released

If you were to look at a cell through a microscope, the Golgi Apparatus would appear as a ___________________.

series of flattened membrane sacs or discs

The endoplasmic reticulum can be divided into the _______________ and _______________.

smooth ER; rough ER

What are the two types of chemical reactions?

spontaneous and non-spontaneous

In living systems, chemical reactions are accomplished by an external energy source, which normally is the __________.

sun

Reduction

the addition of electrons or hydrogen to a molecule

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cell

Nucleus

the command center of the cell that is surrounded by a double membrane and stores genetic material

Activation Energy

the energy required to bring the reactants together in the proper orientation and with sufficient force to generate a reaction

Fermentation

the metabolism of glucose when no oxygen is present

Cells

the minimum organization of living matter

Vesicle-Mediated Transport

the movement of material in and out of the cell by placing the material into a vesicle

Active Transport

the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient with the use of energy, usually ATP

Oxidation

the removal of electrons or hydrogen from a molecule

Turgid

the result of water flowing into plant cells, making them rigid

Mitochondria

the site of cellular respiration in eucaryotic cells

Induced-Fit Model

the specific model that depicts exactly how enzymes work

Cell Adhesion

the way that cells are connected and stuck to one another

Oxidative-Level Phosphorylation or Chemiosmosis

uses the exergonic flow of electrons from food (glucose) to oxygen to drive the endergonic synthesis of ATP

A non-spontaneous reaction occurring at 200 K with a 150Kcal decrease in enthalpy has which of the following changes in entropy? A. -1.0 Kcal B. -0.5 Kcal C. 0.0 Kcal D. 0.5 Kcal E. 1.0 Kcal

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔG = (-150) - (200)(x) G has to be positive, so x has to be a negative number larger than 0.5

What is the equation for free energy? What does each variable stand for?

ΔG=ΔH-TΔS ΔG = change in free energy ΔH = change in enthalpy T = temperature (K) ΔS = change in entropy