BIOL-210 Intro to Body Organization

11 Organ systems of the body (Run Mrs. Lidec)

1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive

What are the levels of organization of the body from the chemical level to the organ system level?

1. Regional 2. Systematic 3. Surface

Homeostasis

A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment

Hierarchy of Human Biological Organization

Atoms - Carbon Molecules - H2O Macro - lipids Organelles - Mitochondria Cells - Eukaryotic Tissue - Muscles Organ - Pancreas Organ Systems Organism - Homosapien

Receptor

Body structure (sensor) that monitors changes in a controlled condition

Muscular

Composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement.

What is an effector? What are the categories of effectors in the body?

Effectors are parts of the body - such as muscles and glands - that produce a response to a detected stimulus. (1) allosteric effectors, (2) bacterial effectors, and (3) fungal effectors

Positron emission tomography (Pet Scan)

Good for observing metabolic processes Process uses radioactive molecules (glucose) As active cells absorbed the radioactive molecules (gamma rays) a computer produces a live action color coded picture Good for detecting brain activity (mental illness, stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), epilepsy

Compare and contrast the terms growth, differentiation and reproduction.

Growth - Increase in body size. Due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both. In bone growth materials between cells increase Differentiation - Development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state Cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells Reproduction - Formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement) Production of a new individual

Respiratory

Helps your body absorb oxygen from the air so your organs can work. It also cleans waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from your blood.

How is homeostasis equated with health?

Homeostasis is an internal feedback system that stabilizes and balances our body's chemistry, so that our organs work smoothly and efficiently with each other.

Stimulus

Is anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change

Describe the anatomical position. Why are the terms anatomical position, directional and regional useful in anatomy?

It the position in which the body is upright with feet parallel flat on the floor. Standardization is necessary to avoid confusion since most organisms can take on many different positions that may change the relative placement of organs.

Cardiovascular

Its primary function is to transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs (Transportation, protection, fluid balance and thermoregulation)

Endocrine

Metabolism (the way you break down food and get energy from nutrients). Growth and development. Emotions and mood. Fertility and sexual function. Sleep. Blood pressure. Hormone Levels.

X-ray or Radiography

Nonsurgical method of looking inside the body Uses electromagnetic waves of short wavelengths Dense tissues appear light Hollow organs appear light

What are negative feedback systems, and how do they help with homeostasis? What are some examples?

Reverses a change in a controlled condition The control of blood sugar.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Produces high contrast images of soft tissue Maps the body's hydrogen content (based on the presence of water) Do not detect dense structures Detect brain, spinal cord, tumors, degenerative disease, metabolic reactions

What are the three basic components of positive and negative feedback systems?

Receptor Control Center Effector

What are the characteristics of living things?

Responsiveness to the environment; growth and change; ability to reproduce; have a metabolism and breathe; maintain homeostasis; being made of cells; passing traits onto offspring.

What is the serous membrane?

Serous membranes are membranes lining closed internal body cavities.

What are positive feedback systems?

Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions

What is medical imaging?

Technique used to create images of the human body Allow visualization of structures inside the body Diagnosis of anatomical and physiological disorders Conventional radiography (X-rays) have been in use since the late 1940's

What is referred to as the control center?

The brain

Catabolism

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Anabolism

The building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

Integumentary system (definition and function)

The largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain.(Protection) Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails

What is the parietal serous membrane?

The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity

Urinary

The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.

Skeletal

The skeletal system works as a support structure for your body. It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals.

Physiology

The study of body function

What are the two major body cavities? Describe the content of these cavities.

The two main cavities are called the ventral and dorsal cavities. The ventral is the larger cavity and is subdivided into two parts (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) by the diaphragm, a dome-shaped respiratory muscle. The dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity, enclosed by the skull and contains the brain, and the spinal cavity, enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal cord

What is the visceral serous membrane?

The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organs

Lymphatic

They include protecting your body from illness-causing invaders, maintaining body fluid levels, absorbing digestive tract fats and removing cellular waste (Part of the Immune System)

Reproductive

To produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and sustain these cells. To nurture the developing offspring.

Endoscopy

Use a lighted instrument inserted into the body Images are recorded and projected onto a monitor

Computed tomography (CT Scan)

Uses X-Rays Beneficial for looking at the brain and abdominal area Xenon CT is a brain scan which uses radioactive xenon absence of xenon in the brain can indicate a stroke

Ultrasound (Sonography)

Uses sound waves directed into the body and the echo is analyzed and a computer recreated the images Used to visualize the fetus during pregnancy

Angiogram

Vessel picture (provides an unobstructed view of small arteries) Uses contrast dye

Digestive

Your digestive system is uniquely constructed to do its job of turning your food into the nutrients and energy you need to survive (Motility, digestion, absorption and secretion)

What is a set point?

is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

Metabolism

is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

Name the three serous body cavities?

pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities.

Nervous

the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. Together with the endocrine system, the nervous system is responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis.

Anatomy

the study of the anatomical structure of the body

Mammography

x-rays used to observe breast tissue