BIOL 2251 FINAL EXAM LAST MASTER SET
Auricles
"flaps" on the atria to increase the volume of the chamber
Eumetazoa
"true animals" a clade of all animals (except for sponges) that have true tissues.
diversity
(n.) difference, variety; a condition of having many different types of forms
Hemimetabolous
(of an insect with aquatic young) undergoing incomplete metamorphosis in which the young does not resemble the adult
Longitudinal muscles
(of the stomach) the outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscles, continuous with that of the esophagus.
Rib ventilation
- costal muscles (derived hypaxial muscles) move ribs, expanding thoracic cavity - creates pressure differential strong enough to draw air in down the trachea
rib ventilation
- costal muscles (derived hypaxial muscles) move ribs, expanding thoracic cavity - creates pressure differential strong enough to draw air in down the trachea
What are the key characteristics of the genus Homo?
--An increase in brain size --Increase in size of the cranium (to accommodate the brain) --Reduction in size of mouth and teeth --Bipedalism
Identify the derived traits of primates.
--Hands and feet adapted for grasping; flat nails --A large brain and short jaws --Forward-looking eyes close together on the face --Complex social behavior and parental care --A fully opposable thumb (in monkeys and apes)
What are the hallmarks of bipedalism?
--Head is balanced on top of spine, with the spinal cord connecting to the brainstem at the base of skull, rather than at the back --Foramen magnum (hole in base of skull where spinal cord passes through) --spine has a series of curves that position torso above hips --Pelvis is shaped like a bowl, with hip bones curving around sides --Thigh bones angle inward from hips, putting knees closer to the midline of the body --Feet with big heel bone called the calcaneus, feet have arches, short toes with a big toe
What are the key characteristics of Homo sapiens?
--Lighter skeleton --Very large brains --Made tools --Bipedalism
Why are endemic species more at risk for becoming endangered than cosmopolitan species?
--Low population density --Found in small area --Specialized niche --Low reproductive rates
List the key adaptations found in cynodonts.
--Specialized jaw musculature permitted a stronger bite --Heterodont teeth improved food processing for variety of foods --Turbinate bones in nasal cavity aided body heat retention --Secondary palate enabled breathing while eating --Later permitted young to breathe while suckling --Loss of lumbar ribs correlated with evolution of diaphragm --May have provided greater spinal column flexibility
Syconoid
1 of 3 body patterns for sponges; spongocoel is folded canals, canals lined with choanocytes, increases surface area.
Describe the breathing process in birds and explain why it is so efficient.
1. Inspiration 1 ----Air enters the trachea and moves toward posterior air sacs and is stored there ----Expansion and contraction of air sacs is aided by sternum 2. Expiration 1 ----Stored air moves over the lungs, gas exchange occurs ----Blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide 3. Inspiration 2 ----Air is moved toward anterior air sacs 4. Expiration 2 ----Air exits the body
What are the predictions of the island biogeography theory?
1. Near islands have more species than far islands 2. The larger the island, the more species 3. As the number of species on an island increases, the immigration rate decreases 4. The higher the species number, the higher the extinction rate
Creteceaus mass extinction
1/2 of all marine species, plants & animals became extinct. includes most dinosaurs; 65mya
When was the IUCN established and why is it important?
10/5/1948 Mission is to influence, encourage and assist global societies to conserve nature. To ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.
Rate of extinction
100-1000 times the typical background rate
How many species have been described? Which group is the most diverse?
35,000+ living species Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes); 31,000 species
How many species of mammals are "critically endangered" or "endangered"?
692
How many species of amphibians have been described?
7,600
Demospongiae
80% of all sponge species. Skeletons of silica, spongin, or both. ALL ARE LEUCONOID, and all are MARINE except one family.
How many species of reptiles have been described?
9,600
How many extant species of molluscs have been described?
90,000
Exoskeleton
A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection
Lungfishes
A bony fish that generally inhabits stagnant waters and gulps air into lungs connected to a pharynx
positive pressure breathing
A breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs.
genetic drift
A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.
ambulacral groove
A channel along the oral surface of echinoderms through which the tube feet protrude
Closed circulatory system
A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels
Open circulatory system
A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood
cartilage
A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
disturbance
A discrete event that disrupts an ecosystem or community. Examples of natural disturbances include fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, and floods. Examples of human-caused disturbances include deforestation, overgrazing, and plowing.
extinction vortex
A downward population spiral in which inbreeding and genetic drift combine to cause a small population to shrink and, unless the spiral is reversed, become extinct.
Operculum (gill cover)
A flap of bony plates and tissue that protects the gills
Hydrostatic skeleton
A fluid skeleton in many soft-bodied invertebrates, including annelids, that allows an organism to change shape but not volume.
Body Cavity
A fluid-containing space between the digestive tract and the body wall.
Strobilation
A form of asexual reproduction consisting of the spontaneous transverse segmentation of the body.
Budding
A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
Medusa
A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles
Collagen
A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.
species-area curve
A graphical relationship in which increases in area (A) are associated with increases in the number of species (S).
Species
A group of closely related organisms that are very similar to each other and are usually capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
Tissues
A group of similar cells that act as a functional unit
edge habitat
A habitat that occurs where two different communities come together, typically forming an abrupt transition
How do the tube feet of sea stars and sea urchins operate
A hydraulic system regulates water pressure in the tube feet
foramen magnum
A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
hibernation
A period of inactivity that some animals experience in winter that allows them to survive on stored body fat
Chloroplast
A plastid containing chlorophyll, the site of photosynthesis
Mature proglottid
A segment in the strobila of a tapeworm that has genital organs and a vaginal sphincter
Inbreeding
A selective breeding method in which two individuals with identical or similar sets of alleles are crossed.
amniotic egg
A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land.
Homo sapiens
A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools. Modern humans.
Endemism
A state in which species are restricted to a single region
Chitin
A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
Pangea
A supercontinent containing all of Earth's land that existed about 225 million years ago.
Extinction
A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.
Shell
A tough, multilayered structure secreted by the mantle, generally used for protection, but sometimes for body support
Zooxanthellae Algae
A type of symbiotic algae that live on coral and give it it's characteristic color.
Rhopalium
A unit containing statocysts for balance, ocelli for light sensitivity, and simple eyes with lenses in certain jellyfish.
amphibian
A vertebrate that lives part of its life on land and part of its life in water.
Cuticle
A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE of cephalopods? A) Most cephalopods have color vision B) Cephalopod visual acuity underwater surpasses that of humans. C) Cephalopods can be taught to discriminate between shapes. D) The sensory system of cephalopods is the most elaborate of any mollusc. E) Cephalopods have the largest brain of any invertebrate.
A) Most cephalopods have color vision
The most primitive of the early fishes were the A) Ostracoderms B) Gnathostomes C) Lobe-finned fishes D) ray-finned fishes
A) Ostracoderms
The most primitive of the early fishes were the A) Ostracoderms B) Gnathostomes C) Lobe-finned fishes D) Ray-finned fishes
A) Ostracoderms
Which of the following equations describes the species - area curve? A) S = cA^z B) A = cS^z C) S = czA D) SA = cz
A) S = cA^z
The IUCN is a major source of information on the conservation status of an animal, fungi and plant species A) True B) False
A) True
The geographic range of a species includes all the areas its members occupy during their life A) True B) False
A) True
The most primitive of the early fishes were the A) Agnathans B) Gnathostomes C) acanthodians D) Lobe-finned fishes E) Ray-finned fishes
A) agnathans
Extraembryonic membrane that works as a sac disposal of metabolic wastes by the embryo A) allantois B) chorion C) amnion D) yolk
A) allantois
Extraembryonic membrane that works as a sac for disposal of metabolic wastes by the embryo A) allantois B) chorion C) amnion D) yolk
A) allantois
Tube feet run along the ___________ groove that extends along the oral side from the mouth to the tip of each arm. A) ambulacral B) hemal C) radial D) Dermal E) lateral
A) ambulacral
The common name for chaetognaths is A) arrow worms. B) acorn worms. C) spoon worms. D) lancelets. E) elvers.
A) arrow worms.
The only therapsid group that survived to enter the Mesozoic was the A) cynodonts B) pelycosaurs C) sphenacodontines D) theropods E) mesopods
A) cynodonts
A duck-billed platypus is an exception to many mammals because it A) doesn't give live birth but lays eggs B) is "cold blooded" or not endothermic C) lacks hair D) doesn't produce milk
A) doesn't give live birth but lays eggs
Modification of the pharyngeal slits for use in respiration occurred in early A) fish with the development of gills. B) amphibians with the development of external gills. C) reptiles with the development of the modern lung. D) echinoderms as a new respiratory apparatus.
A) fish with the development of gills.
Representatives of the most primitive non-teleost neopterygians are the A) gar and bowfin. B) sturgeon and paddle-fish. C) coelacanths. D) minnows and suckers. E) carp and buffalo fish
A) gar and bowfin
Chelicerate arthropods possess A) pedipalps B) antennae. C) mandibles. D) three pairs of walking legs. E) All of the choices are chelicerate features.
A) pedipalps
What are the implications of the geographic range size and shape? A) populations with narrow ranges might be easily fragmented B) Populations restricted to small areas are less susceptible to disturbances C) Populations with a large geographic range are more vulnerable to disturbances D) All of the above
A) populations with narrow ranges might be easily fragmented
The most diverse fish group is the A) ray finned fishes B) lung fishes C) lobe-finned fishes D) cartilaginous fishes
A) ray finned fishes
The most diverse fish group is the A) ray-finned fishes. B) Lung-fishes C) lobe-finned fishes D) Cartilaginous fishes E) none of the choices are correct
A) ray-finned fishes
The most diverse fish group is the A) ray -finned fishes B) lung-fishes C) lobe-finned fishes D) cartilaginous fishes
A) ray-finned fishes
Amphibians were the first vertebrate invaders of land, but most still must return to the water to __________. A) reproduce B) breathe C) feed D) All of the choices are correct
A) reproduce
A classic study MacArthur and Wilson demonstrated that as the size of islands increases, species A) richness increases B) richness decreases C) diversity increases D) diversity decreases
A) richness increases
Afrotropical
Africa south of the Sahara, southern Arabia, and Madagascar
Mesozoic
Age of reptiles
The most primitive of the early fishes were the
Agnathans
Gaseous exchange in gastropods may involve A) gills B) lungs C) mantle D) body surface E) All of the choices are correct
All of the choices are correct
What are the functions of the water vascular system?
Allows Echinoderms to be able to move appendages and helps with respiration, feeding, and excretion
List the extraembryonic membranes. What is the function of each of these membranes?
Amnion: encloses the embryo in fluid. Provides cushioning and an aqueous medium for growth Allantois: stores metabolic waste and gas exchange is its minor function Chorion: surrounds entire contents of egg beneath shell. Highly vascularized. Respiratory surface, along with allantois. GAS EXCHANGE Yolk: nutrient storage. Forms a yolk-sac placenta in some species
What are the derived characters of amniotes?
Amniotic egg, thicker and more waterproof skin, rib ventilation of the lungs, stronger jaws
What is the process called in which the male frog grasps a female in order to be present for external fertilization
Amplexus
Dunkleosteus
An ancient fish, could eat just about anything. Extinct armored placoderm fish (late Devonian)
Primates
An animal order including lemurs and tarsiers and monkeys and apes and human beings
Clams
An animal that has a soft body and a hinged shell in two parts
Coelomates
An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm).
Pseudocoelomates
An animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm.
Pseudocoelomate
An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm
ectotherms (poikilotherms)
An animals that warms itself mainly by absorbing heat from its surroundings
small population approach
An approach to species conservation concerned with the factors that drive a small population to extinction, such as genetic drift, inbreeding, etc.
Lemurs
An arboreal primate with a pointed snout and typically a long tail, found only in Madagascar.
effective population size
An estimate of the size of a population based on the numbers of females and males that successfully breed; generally smaller than the total population.
Adaptive radiation
An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species
Metanephridium
An excretory organ found in many invertebrates that typically consists of tubules connecting ciliated internal openings to external openings.
Archaeopteryx
An intermediate fossil that shows both reptile and bird characteristics. 1st bird, discovered the fossil in 1861
Amniotes are divided into three groups. What are the groups and how do their skulls differ?
Anapsids: have skull with no temporal opening behind the orbits Synapsids: a single pair of temporal openings low on the cheeks Diapsids: has two temporal openings, one pair below the cheeks and another above. Characterizes all traditional "reptiles" (except turtles) and birds
Deuterostomes
Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus during early embryonic development
Acoelomates
Animals with no body cavity
Diploblastic
Animals with only two germ layers: the endoderm and ectoderm.
Triploblastic
Animals with three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
parental care
Any action by which an animal expends energy or assumes risks to benefit its offspring (e.g., nest-building, feeding of young, defense).
What is a fish?
Aquatic vertebrate with gills, appendages in the form of fins, and usually with a skin covered in scales of dermal origin
The complex chewing apparatus found in many sea urchins is the
Aristotle's lantern
Leuconoid
Asconoid type of sponge, most complex and permits an increase in sponge size. Most sponges are of this type, no central cavity, narrow canals, many small interconnected chambers
What are the two most diverse classes within Echinodermata? How many species have been described within those two classes?
Asteroidea (sea stars; 1,900 species) Ophiuroidea (brittle stars; 2,064 species)
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
Australian
Australia
which cambrian animal was remarkably complex and mobile
Aysheaia
The complex chewing apparatus found in many sea urchins is the A) ampulla. B) Aristotle's lantern. C) hydrocoel. D) pedicellariae. E) petaloid.
B) Aristotle's lantern.
If flight is such an advantage, how do we account for the evolution of flightless birds? A) They were primitive ancestors of the winged birds. B) Flight is costly in terms of energy, so birds abandon flight if they live in areas with food and without substantial predators, such as islands. C) This is always an inferior situation if they can't fly, so wingless birds occur only where winged birds are missing. D) Birds give up flight if they can avoid having to lay eggs. E) None of the choices are correct.
B) Flight is costly in terms of energy, so birds abandon flight if they live in areas with food and without substantial predators, such as islands.
What was the 350 million-year-old fossil called Ichthyostega? A) A lobe-finned fish that represents the likely ancestor to the amphibians. B) One of the earliest known tetrapods. C) A lizard-like stem reptile. D) A ray-finned fish that gave rise to the amphibians. E) The first fish-to-amphibian transitional form to have lost fin rays and gill bones, thus committing itself to a land existence.
B) One of the earliest known tetrapods.
The gills of bony fishes are covered with a movable flap called the A) Notochord B) Operculum C) Placoid scale D) Ampulla of Lorenzini
B) Operculum
The gills of bony fishes are covered with a moveable flap called the _______ A) Notochord B) Operculum C) Placoid Scale D) Ampulla of Lorenzini
B) Operculum
Which is NOT a correct association of ruminant stomach segment and function? A) Abomasum—true acid stomach with proteolytic enzymes B) Reticulum—final chamber where undigested pulp is stored for disposal C) Omasum—water, soluble food, and microbial products are absorbed D) Rumen—first chamber where cud is formed E) All of the choices are correct.
B) Reticulum—final chamber where undigested pulp is stored for disposal
Select the list of characteristics typical of annelids. A) Segmentation, open circulation, and nephridia B) Segmentation, a closed circulatory system, and nephridia C) An exoskeleton, seasonal reproduction, and a pseudocoelom D) An endoskeleton, seasonal reproduction, and a pseudocoelom
B) Segmentation, a closed circulatory system, and nephridia
Subphylum of phylum Chordata in which members are considered the "perfect chordates" A) Subphylum Urochordata B) Subphylum Cephalochordate C) Subphylum Vertebrata D) none of the above
B) Subphylum Cephalochordate
Subphylum of phylum Chordata in which members are considered the "perfect chordates" A) Subphylum Urochordata B) subphylum Cephalochordata C) Subphylum Vertebrata D) none of the above
B) Subphylum Cephalorchordata
Which of the following regulates amphibian metamorphosis? A) Calcitonin from the adrenals. B) Thyroxine from the thyroid gland. C) Estrogen and testosterone from the gonads. D) Growth hormone from the liver. E) Salt levels from the environment.
B) Thyroxine from the thyroid gland.
The orientation of a sea star is A) a dorsal mouth and a ventral spiny surface facing upward. B) an oral mouth facing downward and an aboral spiny surface. C) an anterior mouth and a posterior spiny surface. D) a dorsal oral mouth and a ventral-aboral spiny surface. E) a ventral mouth and an anti-ventral spiny surface
B) an oral mouth facing downward and an aboral spiny surface.
In the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, S occurs where extinction _____ colonization A) is greater than B) equals C) is less than D) none of the above
B) equals
Centipedes A) are herbivorous. B) have poison claws. C) have five pairs of legs. D) use gills for respiration. E) are parthenogenetic and always oviparous.
B) have poison claws.
The Polyplacophora A) have a coiled shell. B) live in the ocean, especially in intertidal areas. C) lack gills. D) lack a radula. E) All of the choices are correct.
B) live in the ocean, especially in intertidal areas.
The evolutionary innovations of amphibians for life on land include which of the following? A) The amniotic egg and shell B) Lungs and limbs C) A watertight skin D)A life cycle independent of a need for water to breed E)All of the choices are correct.
B) lungs and limbs
Unique characteristics of echinoderms include all of the following EXCEPT A) an endoskeleton of plates/ossicles B) marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species C) dermal gills D) a water vascular system
B) marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species
Unique characteristics of echinoderms include all of the following EXCEPT A) an endoskeleton of plates or ossicles. B) marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species. C) pedicellariae. D) dermal brachiae. E) a water vascular system.
B) marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species.
Bird mating is unique since A) the male copulatory organ is kept folded internally. B) mating is primarily a matter of bringing male cloaca to female cloaca. C) fertilization is completely external. D) All of the choices are correct. E) None of the choices are correct.
B) mating is primarily a matter of bringing male cloaca to female cloaca.
A representative of the ray-finned fish group, the chondrosteans, is the A) gar B) sturgeon C) coelacanth D) bowfin E) carp
B) sturgeon
Mammals belong to the A) anapsid lineage B) synapsid lineage C) diapsid lineage D) synapsid lineage
B) synapsid lineage
Mammals belong to the A) anapsid lineage. B) synapsid lineage. C) diapsid lineage. D) polydont lineage. E) dinosaur lineage.
B) synapsid lineage.
Evidence indicates that birds are the sister group of the A) pterosaurs B) theropod dinosaurs C) therapsid reptiles D) stem diapsids E) anaspids
B) theropod dinosaurs
Evidence indicates that birds are the sister group of the A) pterosaurs B) theropod dinosaurs. C) therapsid reptiles. D) stem diapsids. E) anaspids
B) theropod dinosaurs.
Clitellum
Band of thickened, specialized segments in annelids that secretes a mucus ring into which eggs and sperm are released
How might the extinction of some Pacific Island bats called "flying foxes" threaten the survival of over 75% of the tree species in those islands?
Because they are pollinators & seed dispensers
postitive pressure breathing
Because they lack this feature, frogs use positive pressure breathing and must actively push air into their lungs. The skin of many frogs is thin and highly vascular to allow for gas exchange.
In the log -log form of the species- area curve, what is typically the slope of the relationship, z?
Between .2 and .35
Gastrulation
Blastula is reorganized into a multicellular structure
Ostium
Body openings in sponges (incoming water)
Bilateral symmetry
Body symmetry in which a central longitudinal plane divides the body into two equal but opposite halves.
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Bony skeleton. Complex jaw mechanics. Highly diverse in morphology and species number.
strong jaw
Boosts the power of biting moves
Setae
Bristles on the segments of an earthworm that helps the earthworm pull itself along the ground.
What are the functions of a swim bladder?
Buoyancy, and functions as a hydrostatic, or ballast, organ, enabling the fish to maintain its depth without floating upward or sinking.
We don't see a crop and gizzard in many vertebrates; why do we see them in most birds? A) Birds are more closely related to earthworms than we are and therefore did not lose this structure. B) Any animal that eats earthworms and insects needs these organs. C) Birds lack hands and teeth to reduce the size of food, and they need to gather food fast to avoid predators and competition. D) The bird "crop" and "gizzard" are really just names for the stomach and intestine and therefore other vertebrates actually have them. E) None of the choices are correct.
C) Birds lack hands and teeth to reduce the size of food, and they need to gather food fast to avoid predators and competition.
Which is NOT a correct association of mammalian glands and functions? A) Scent glands - mark territory, defense, ect. B) Sweat glands - cooling by evaporation C) Mammary glands - thermal regulations D) Sebaceous glands - form an oil that keeps the skin pliable
C) Mammary glands - thermal regulations
Which of the following is not a class of the phylum Platyhelminthes? A) Cestoda B) Trematoda C) Nemertea D) Turbellaria E) Monogenea
C) Nemertea
The Age of Reptiles consisted of the A) Silurian, Permian, and Jurassic B) Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic C) Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous D) Permian, Jurassic, and Cretaceous
C) Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous
The Age of Reptiles consisted of the A) Silurian, Permian, and Jurassic. B) Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic. C) Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. D) Permian, Jurassic, and Cretaceous.
C) Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous.
The body wall of an annelid consists of A) an epidermis and longitudinal muscles only, as is the case with nematodes. B) a non-living cuticle, and inner circular muscles to squeeze the cuticle. C) an epithelium that secretes cuticle, and layers of both longitudinal and circular muscles. D) a bare epidermis with inner circular muscles and outer longitudinal muscles. E) a soft exoskeleton to hold up in the absence of inner fluids, with outer circular muscles and inner longitudinal muscles.
C) an epithelium that secretes cuticle, and layers of both longitudinal and circular muscles.
The ostracoderms A) are the adult form of the ammocoete B) were the first vertebrate to have jaws C) are an extinct group of heavily armored, jawless fish D) were the first fish with paired fins that led to paired appendages E) clearly demonstrate paedomorphosis
C) are an extinct group of heavily armored, jawless fish.
A grazing animal, such as a cow, that mainly had to shear off grass and grind it would lack A) molars B) incisors C) canines D) This animal would need all these teeth. E) This animal would only need molars.
C) canines
The teeth of mammals are A) homodont B) placoid C) diphyodont D) polydont E) continuously replaced.
C) diphyodont
Archaeopteryx resembled modern birds in having A) a large keel or breastbone for pectoral muscle insertion. B) pneumatic bones. C) fused clavicles or a "wishbone." D) a beak. E) All of the choices are correct.
C) fused clavicles or a "wishbone."
Polychaetes differ from other annelids because polychaetes A) lack any head or specialized sense organs. B) have paired parapodia on most segments. C) have a clitellum used for reproductive purposes. D) lack setae.
C) have paired parapodia on most segments.
Ampullary organs of Lorenzini A) are located along the lateral-line of a shark. B) help the shark see prey at night. C) help the shark detect bioelectric fields at a close range. D)detect orientation similar to that perceived by our semicircular canals. E) amplify sounds of a struggling prey from great distances.
C) help the shark detect bioelectric fields at a close range.
Mammals have a variety of teeth specialized for different functions, a pattern called A) diphyodont B) homodont C) heterodont D) multi-cuspid
C) heterodont
The fossil record of echinoderms A) is sparse with few representatives. B) shows echinoderms were a fairly modern group to arise. C) indicates early echinoderms were sessile and pentaradial but had a bilateral ancestor. D)suggests early echinoderms were free-swimming and bilateral but became sessile and pentaradial in recent times.
C) indicates early echinoderms were sessile and pentaradial but had a bilateral ancestor.
The fossil record of echinoderms A) is sparse with few representatives B) shows echinoderms ere a fairly modern group to arise C) indicates that early echinoderms had a bilateral ancestor D) suggests early echinoderms were free-swimming and had a radial ancestor
C) indicates that early echinoderms had a bilateral ancestor
The digestive system contributes to the success of birds as flying animals because A) it is long. B) the crop can store huge quantities of food. C) it digests food quickly. D) it is penetrated by air sacs. E) it has a high sense of taste to reject toxic foods.
C) it digests food quickly.
The lungfishes A) are all extinct. B) do not really have functional lungs. C) live only in Australia, Africa, and South America. D) are an aberrant branch of the cartilaginous fishes. E) are survivors of primitive ray-finned fishes.
C) live only in Australia, Africa, and South America.
Water enters the water vascular system of a sea star through a porous plate called A) Aristotle's lantern B) pedicellariae C) madreporite or sieve plate D) Ambulacral groove
C) madreporite or sieve plate
Water enters the water vascular system of a sea star through a porous plate on the aboral surface called the A) Aristotle's lantern. B) pedicellariae. C) madreporite or sieve plate. D) ambulacrum.
C) madreporite or sieve plate.
Considering the age of the various segments of an annelid such as an earthworm, A) they are born with all segments present and these merely grow in size; this allows segment count to be a major feature in their identification. B) new segments are added just behind the prostomium, so the oldest segments are at the posterior end. C) new segments are added just in front of the pygidium, so the oldest segments are at the anterior end. D) segments grow and duplicate in a haphazard fashion preventing their use in identification.
C) new segments are added just in front of the pygidium, so the oldest segments are at the anterior end.
The anapsid skull is characterized by A) two pairs of openings separated by a bony arch B) a single pair of openings C) no temporal openings D) none of the above
C) no temporal openings
The anapsid skull is characterized by A) two pairs of openings separated by a bony arch B) a single pair of openings C) no temporal openings D) none of the above
C) no temporal openings
The anapsid skull is characterized by A) two pairs of openings separated by a bony arch. B) a single pair of openings and a bony arch. C) no temporal openings and the skull roofed with dermal bone. D) three pairs of openings to accommodate the nerves from an expanding sensory system. E) a beak-like process that associates the turtles and the birds.
C) no temporal openings and the skull roofed with dermal bone.
Fishes that need to come to the surface to gulp air regularly or they suffocate are called A) gill breathers B) facultative air-breathers C) obligate air-breathers D) pulmocutaneous breathing
C) obligate air-breathers
Fishes that need to come to the surface to gulp air regularly or they suffocate are called A) gill breathers B) facultative air breathers C) obligate air-breathers d) pulmoncutaneous breathing
C) obligate air-breathers
Feathers are A) living structures that continue to grow longer as the bird gets older. B) never shed, except by accident. C) shed in a highly orderly manner. D) usually shed all at once, and then gradually replaced. E) replaced only after one is lost
C) shed in a highly orderly manner.
The perforated pharynx of chordates first evolved as a device for A) support B) respiration C) suspension or filter feeding D) detecting odors E) all of the choices are correct
C) suspension or filter feeding
The cephalopod nervous system is best described as A) absent B) primitive and very little advanced from that of a cnidarian. C) the most advanced among molluscs. D) more complex than ours. E) None of the choices are correct.
C) the most advanced among molluscs.
Ecologically, sea stars are at what trophic level? A) producer B) herbivore C) top carnivore D) omnivore E) Detritivore
C) top carnivore
The age of reptiles consisted of the A) silurian, permian, and jurassic B) permian, triassic and jurassic C) triassic, jurassic and cretaceous D) permian, jurassic and cretaceous
C) triassic, jurassic and cretaceous
What period did fishes first appear? What period did they diversify?
Cambrian Fossils found in Silurian period Devonian "age of fishes"
Mobility
Capable of movement
What are the functions of the cardiac and pyloric stomachs of a sea star?
Cardiac: can be pushed out of the starfishes' mouth to engulf or go inside prey where it releases digestive enzymes to break down the prey (allows it to digest food larger than its mouth) Pyloric: food is transferred by the cardiac to the pyloric where the digestive process is completed
What is the endoskeleton of Chondrichthyes and Chondrosteans made of?
Cartilage
Cysticercosis
Caused by larvae of pork tapeworm Taenia solium. Ingested eggs hatch in intestine and larvae are hematogenously distributed, forming cysticerci. 3 stages of CNS disease: Early phase, edema and/or nodular enhancement. Later, peripheral viable cysts. Scolex may be seen as small mural nodule. Late phase, peripheral calcifications without edema or enhancement.
List the subphyla within Phylum Chordata.
Cephalochordata Urochordata Vertebrata
Microevolution
Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
climate change
Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades
Phylogenetic species concept
Characterizes a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life.
Oysters
Class Bivalvia
Calcarea
Class of Porifera that is small, has three rayed spicules, all body types (ascon, sycon, leucon), no spongin, calcareous spicules
Acanthostega
Closer to tetrapod than lobe fin, appeared 365 mya. Had clearly formed digits on both limbs and drug its body on the ground
Fishes are poikilotherms. What does that mean?
Cold blooded; internal temperature varies considerably depending on environment
Choanocytes
Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges
cardiac stomach
Connected to the sea stars mouth this structure can be turned inside out to digest food outside the starfish, afterward nutrients are absorbed
Multicellular
Consisting of many cells
In contrast to roundworms, how do segmented worms elongate or stretch lengthwise?
Contracting circular muscles
Describe the function of the following gland: sweat
Cooling
Teleosts (modern fish) developed during the
Cretaceous
What structures comprise the digestive system of birds that are not common in other vertebrates? What are their functions?
Crop: food storage and crop milk, which they can use to feed their young Gizzard: allows for mechanical digestion
How do the tube feet of sea stars and sea urchins operate? A) Sticky threads lead back to the mouth and primitive brain. B) Cilia transport hemolymph from chamber to chamber. C) Actin and myosin in muscles in the five arms or "rays" constrict the tube feet directly when stimulated by nerves from the sea star brain. D) A hydraulic system regulates water pressure in the tube feet. E) Each tube foot is an independent organism and the sea star is a colonial mass.
D) A hydraulic system regulates water pressure in the tube feet.
Which is NOT a human disease using an insect as the vector? A) Malaria B) Chagas' disease C) Yellow fever D) AIDS
D) AIDS
Which is an advantage(s) of a more complex form of metamorphosis where an adult is very different from the larvae? A) This would allow an insect species to exploit two different food sources. B) An insect could evade a predator specialized for one stage. C) It allows an insect to overwinter in resistant stage. D) All of the choices are advantages. E) None of the choices are correct.
D) All of the choices are advantages.
A leech A) has a clitellum only during the breeding season. B) has a fixed number of segments. C) has both anterior and posterior suckers. D) All of the choices are correct.
D) All of the choices are correct.
The hemichordate "notochord" is A) the feature proposed by Bateson to include this animal with the chordates. B) a buccal diverticulum. C) not homologous with the chordate notochord. D) All of the choices are correct. E) None of the choices are correct.
D) All of the choices are correct.
The mechanism whereby buoyancy is achieved in different kinds of fishes is A) through the presence of a large, oily liver when a swim bladder is not present. B) through the presence of a swim bladder that is kept filled as the fish periodically swims to the surface and gulps air. C) through the presence of a swim bladder that is regulated internally by structures that add or remove gas from the bladder by capillary beds. D) All of the choices are correct. E) None of the choices are correct.
D) All of the choices are correct.
What is the process called in which the male frog grasps a female, in order to be present for external fertilization? A) Neoteny B) Coitus C) Copulation D) Amplexus E) Paedomorphosis
D) Amplexus
which of the following adaptations enable carnivorous sponges to act as predators? A) They use lateral appendages with adhesive cover on which prey are trapped B) Amoebocytes migrate toward prey and act individually to digest its fragments C) Choanocytes lining the canals draw macroinvertebrates into the sponge's osteum D) Both A and B E) Both A and C
D) Both A and B
Tetrapods originated in the __________ period. A) Permian B) Cambrian C) Carboniferous D) Devonian E) Silurian
D) Devonian
The "Age of Fishes" was in the __________ period. A) Permian B) Cambrian C) Carboniferous D) Devonian E) Silurian
D) Devonian
Although there are exceptions, which of the following teeth are never deciduous in most mammals? A) Incisors B) Canines C) Premolars D) Molars E) All mammal teeth are deciduous.
D) Molars
_________ were among the first jawed vertebrates A) Ostracoderms B) Heterostracans C) Osteostracans D) Placoderms
D) Placoderms
______________ were among the first jawed vertebrates A) Ostracoderms B) Heterostracans C) Osteostracans D) Placoderms
D) Placoderms
A dorsal tubular nerve cord is A) another name for the notochord. B) a strip of cartilage that forms a back and tail. C) primitive tissue that forms boney vertebrae. D) an early nerve cord that enlarges at one end to form the brain and also extends through vertebrae. E) none of the choices are correct
D) an early nerve cord that enlarges at one end to form the brain and also extends through vertebrae.
The polychaetes A) belong to the smallest and most evolutionarily derived class of annelids. B) are mostly freshwater inhabitants. C) are mostly terrestrial, living in moist soil. D) consist of active predators and sedentary particle feeders. E) cannot tolerate brackish or marine salinity.
D) consist of active predators and sedentary particle feeders.
Bird species outnumber species in all other vertebrate groups except the A) mammals B) reptiles C) amphibians D) fishes
D) fishes
Spider silk A) is very strong but cannot be stretched without breaking. B) is only produced by those orb web spiders that form webs to catch insects. C) is formed as solid coiled threads internally that can be uncoiled and used whenever needed. D) is used differently by different spider species. E) All of the choices are correct.
D) is used differently by different spider species.
The sequence of Eusthenopteron, Acanthostega, and Ichthyostega fossils show a progression in which of these? A) Lung development B) Egg-shell development C) Loss of tail and gills D) Limb development E) All of the choices are correct
D) limb development
A sea star feeds by absorbing food through the A) tube feet on the tentacles. B) dermal calcareous ossicles. C) stone and ring canals. D) lower part of stomach which is everted. E) sieve plate.
D) lower part of stomach which is everted.
The earliest tetrapod fossils show that they possessed a basic pattern of __________digits per limb. A) three B) four C) five D) more than five E) more than ten
D) more than 5
A raccoon or bear that eats both plants and animals for food is A) multivorous B) ambivorous C) carnivorous D) omnivorous E) facultatively herbo-carnivorous
D) omnivorous
We don't find the eggs of garter snakes, rattlesnakes, and copperheads because they retain the eggs internally. Their young appear to be born alive, but actually hatch inside the female. These snakes are __________. A) nulliparous B) viviparous C) oviparous D) ovoviviparous E) placentotrophic
D) ovoviviparous
Which of the following is NOT an effect of fragmentation of a large contiguous habitat? A) the amount of edge habitat increases B) the area of habitat decreases C) the number of habitat patches increases D) patch isolation decreases
D) patch isolation decreases
Mudskippers have the ability to breath through their ________ and the lining of their ____________ A) gill; lung B) lung; intestine C) gill; esophagus D) skin; mouth
D) skin; mouth
Mudskippers have the ability to breathe through their _______ and the lining of their ______ A) gill;lung B) lung;intestine C) gill;esophagus D) skin;mouth
D) skin;mouth
Pedicellariae are A) larval sea stars B) the mouth-like openings into the center of the bottom of the sea star C) structures linking the madreporite and the ring canal D) small pincer-like projections clustered on the skin of a sea star which serve to keep it clean of parasites and aquatic growth
D) small pincer-like projections clustered on the skin of a sea star which serve to keep it clean of parasites and aquatic growth.
The adaptive diversification of early mammals was due to A) their homeothermic advantage. B) their metabolic efficiency that allowed lower food consumption per unit of body mass. C) the independence of their young. D) the extinction of many competing amniote groups at the end of the Cretaceous. E) their larger size which made them better predators.
D) the extinction of many competing amniote groups at the end of the Cretaceous.
adaptive diversification of mammals was due to A) their homeothermic advantage B) their larger size which made them better predators C) the independence of their young D) the extinction of many competing amniote groups at the end of the cretaceous
D) the extinction of many competing amniote groups at the end of the cretaceous
Habitat destruction
Damage done to a habitat that results in the loss of resources that organisms need to survive, like food, water, and shelter
Archaeocyte (Amoebocyte)
Deliver nutrients to cells
Explain the significance of the discovery of Archaeopteryx.
Demonstrated the phylogenetic relatedness of birds and theropod dinosaurs
About 80% of the sponges belong to the class __________.
Demospongiae
The class _____ contains about 83% of all living sponges species?
Demospongiae
How do Echinoderms obtain oxygen?
Dermal branchiae- an extension of the body cavity that performs gas exchange.
Sessile
Describes an organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life and does not move
sessile
Describes an organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life and does not move
US Endangered Species Act of 1973
Designed to identify and protect endangered species in the United States
What are the functions of the lateral line system?
Detects current and vibrations Allows detection of predators/prey Aides in navigation Formed by cells called neuromasts
What is sustainable development?
Development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs
Tetrapods originated in the __________ period
Devonian
The "Age of Fishes" was in the __________ period
Devonian
Amniotes having a skull with two temporal openings on each side are called __________.
Diapsid
Gastrovascular Cavity
Digestive chamber with a single opening, in which cnidarians, flatworms, and echinoderms digest food
All mammals share the following characteristic(s): A) Hair B) Mammary glands C) A diaphragm D) Middle ear bones E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
Arthropods are successful because they have A) a very efficient respiratory system. B) highly developed sensory organs. C) reduced competition through metamorphosis. D) a protective exoskeleton that allows both protection and mobility. E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
Cartilaginous fishes A) lost the heavy dermal armor of their ancestors. B) had ancestors with bone but moved to an all cartilage skeleton. C) flourished in the Devonian and Carboniferous but nearly went extinct at the end of the Paleozoic. D) lack a swim bladder. E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
Chordates typically have A) a notochord. B) radial cleavage. C) the anus derived from the blastopore. D) a coelom that is either enterocoelous or schizocoelous. E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
Flightless birds A) have evolved mostly on islands without predators. B) include the ratite or paleognathous birds. C) tend to become large. D) have appeared independently in many different groups of birds. E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
In order to fly, birds must have which of the following adaptation(s)? A) A lightweight skeleton. B) A highly efficient respiratory system. C) A high-pressure circulatory system. D) Well-developed nervous and sensory systems. E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
The arthropods A) make up more than three-fourths of all the known species of animals. B) are more widely and more densely distributed throughout the world than members of any other phylum of animals. C) are segmented eucoelomate protostomes with well-developed organ systems. D) are limited in size and generally are smaller than 60 centimeters in length. E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
The circulatory system of cephalopods is more efficient than that of other molluscs because A) it places the systemic circulation before the gills. B) it is a closed network of vessels. C) all blood is circulated through the gill filaments. D) accessory or brachial hearts increase blood pressure before blood flows through the gills. E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
The earliest mammals A) were endothermic, although probably not as warm as modern mammals. B) had two sets of teeth, deciduous and permanent teeth. C) were small mouse-sized animals. D) arose in the late Triassic. E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
The fur of mammals A) consists of underhair and guard hair. B) is molted twice annually in most mammals. C) is composed of keratin. D) is used for a variety of purposes such as protection, temperature regulation, etc. E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
Which is NOT one of the cynodont modifications? A) Slender bones with better muscle attachment B) A secondary bony palate that allowed breathing while holding prey C) A stronger bite D) A high metabolic rate E) All of the choices are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.
Arthropods are A) carnivorous. B) herbivorous. C) omnivorous. D) both carnivorous and herbivorous. E) All of these choices are correct.
E) All of these choices are correct.
The term "tetrapods" A) refers to the organisms that form the superclass Tetrapoda. B) includes the amphibians and amniotes. C) does not include the fish. D) includes humans. E) All of these choices are correct.
E) All of these choices are correct.
Fish group in which ossification was lost but present in ancestral form A) Cladistia B) Chondrostreans C) Chondrichthyes D) Both A and C E) Both B and C
E) Both B and C
Fish group in which ossification was lost but present in ancestral form A) Cladistia B) Chondrostreans C) Chondrichthyes D) Both A and C E) Both B and C
E) Both B and C
Which is NOT a correct association of mammalian glands and functions? A) Scent glands—mark territory, defense, etc. B) Eccrine glands—cool by evaporation. C) Apocrine glands—secrete a milky film in cue with the reproductive cycle. D) Sebaceous glands—form an oil that keeps the skin pliable. E) Mammary glands—sexual attraction.
E) Mammary glands—sexual attraction.
Which correctly describes the evolutionary origin and adaptive radiation of molluscs? A) Molluscs originated in freshwater and invaded both terrestrial and marine environments. B) Molluscs originated on land, all classes then invaded both freshwater and marine environments. C) Molluscs originated on land, all classes then invaded freshwater and the bivalves and gastropods invaded marine environments. D) Molluscs originated in the sea, both bivalves and gastropods invaded marine environments and the land. E) Molluscs originated in the sea, bivalves and gastropods invaded brackish and freshwater environments, and just gastropods invaded the land.
E) Molluscs originated in the sea, bivalves and gastropods invaded brackish and freshwater environments, and just gastropods invaded the land.
Which of these is NOT a nematode? A) Ascaris B) Trichinella C) Wuchereria D) Hookworm E) Schistosoma mansoni, a worm that causes schistosomiasis
E) Schistosoma mansoni, a worm that causes schistosomiasis
Nonavian reptiles are different from amphibians in that reptiles possess which of the following? A) a tough, scaly skin that provides protection against desiccation B) internal fertilization C) a shelled egg that can be laid on dry land D) negative pressure breathing E) all of the choices are correct
E) all of the choices are correct
Nonavian reptiles are different from amphibians in that reptiles possess which of the following? A) a tough, scaly skin that provides protection against desiccation B) internal fertilization C) a shelled egg that can be laid on dry land D) negative pressure breathing E) all of the choices are correct
E) all of the choices are correct
In flame cells, A) light is detected. B) ciliated sperm are stored. C) undigested food is expelled. D) slow fires burn food for energy. E) cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion.
E) cilia drive fluids through tubules for excretion.
Adaptations for terrestrialism in early tetrapods resulted in an air-filled cavity along with A) mucous membrane-lined nostrils. B) a complex nervous system. C) internal embryo gestation. D) an abdominal cavity. E) double circulation.
E) double circulation.
The calcareous plates found underneath the epidermis are called the A) ambulacrae. B) Tiedemann's bodies. C) madreporite. D) pedicellariae. E) ossicles
E) ossicles
Are hemichordates more closely related to chordates or echinoderms? What is the evidence for that?
Echinoderms; analysis of DNA and Hox genes.
What are the main components of biodiversity
Ecosystem diversity, Species diversity, Genetic diversity
What are the characteristics of the agnathans?
Eel-like, pore-like gill openings Lack jaws, internal ossification (bone formation), scales, and paired fins Extant (living) groups include lampreys and hagfish Includes extinct Ostracoderms (Heterostracans and Osteostracans)
According to the U.S. Endangered Species Act, what is the difference between an endangered species and a threatened one?
Endangered: "in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or significant portion of its range" Threatened: likely to become endangered in foreseeable future
What are the features that unite bony fishes and tetrapods?
Endochondral bone replaces cartilage during development, lung or swim bladder is present, several shared cranial and dental characteristics.
Osteichthyes (bony fish)
Endoskeleton made entirely of hard calcified bone, swim bladders for buoyancy, gills for respiration
Compare and contrast Eusthenopteron & Tiktaalik & Acanthostega & and Ichthyostega.
Eusthenopteron could paddle itself through bottom mud and had both lungs and walking fins. · Tiktaalik was an intermediate between tetrapods and lobe-finned fish that probably used limbs to support the body while placing snout above the water to breathe air in shallow water. · Acanthostega had clearly formed digits on both forelimbs and hindlimbs and their body drug on the ground. ·Ichthyostega had bulkier limb muscles to walk onto land bud did not walk very well (they were true tetrapods that had a complete pelvic with hip girdle and scapula with well developed muscles that support walking).
Iridium
Evidence of an asteroid impact
What are the characteristics present in the ancestral form of all tetrapods?
Evolved adaptation of air breathing, increased vascularization of the air-filled cavity, double circulation (blood passes through the heart twice).
Gills
Extensions of the body containing thin-walled blood vessels that allow for easy absorption of oxygen from the outside surface
True of False: Rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are associated with reduced pH levels in the ocean. This "acidification" of the ocean has a great impact on cephalopods.
False
True or False: Though cnidarians are considered animals, they can make their own food and are nonpredatory
False
Contour feathers
Feathers with hooked and smooth barbules, allowing the barbules to interlock. Cover and streamline the birds body
The earliest known mineralized internal structure in vertebrates are associated with which function?
Feeding
How does Candirú feed?
Feeds on blood in the gill cavities of other fish, and the arteries.
pelvic fin
Fin on the underside of the fish; used to help control direction
Chondrychthyes
Fish with cartilage skeleton which have jaws and paired appendages. Appeared in the late Silurian period. most are active predators
What are the fish and tetrapod characters present in Tiktaalik?
Fish: scales, fins, gills, lungs Tetrapod: neck, ribs, fin skeleton, flat skull, eyes on top of skull
Parenchymula Larva
Flagellated, solid-bodied larva of some sponges.
Ratites
Flightless birds with small wings and flat breast bones (flat sternum) - Ostrich, Emu, Rhea
What are the structures shared by all birds?
Forelimbs modified into wings Hind limbs adapted for walking, swimming, or perching Beaks All lay eggs
Behavioral isolation
Form of reproductive isolation in which 2 populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding
Gastrula
Formed from the blastula; Is composed of two or more germinal layers
What is the function of the ampullae of Lorenzini?
Found in sharks and rays; sensory cells connected to nerve, jelly-filled canal that sense electric currents produced by prey
extraembryonic membranes
Four membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) that support the developing embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
What is the Amazonian fish species that is able to accelerate out of water due to its enlarged sternal region and help of pectoral fins?
Freshwater hatchetfish Carnegiella schereri, they have powerful pectoral fins and enlarged sternal region that allow them to jump out of water
Which of the following classes is the largest class with about 70,000 species?
Gastropoda
What type of condition is the most likely indicator of a population in an extinction vortex?
Genetic measurements indicate a loss of genetic variation over time.
Tiktaalik
Genus of extinct sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) from the late Devonian period (approx. 375 mya), with many features akin to those of tetrapods (four-legged animals). The Tiktaalik is understood as representative of the evolutionary transition from fish to amphibians.
Oral
Given through or affecting the mouth
Larval form found in freshwater mussels that attaches to gills of passing fish where they live for a short period of time as parasites
Glochidia
What is the composition of the notochord? Why is it considered a hydrostatic structure?
Glycoproteins & case of collagen, because it allows for the locomotion of a swimming larva
jawed fishes
Gnathostomata
Eyespot
Group of cells that can detect changes in the amount of light in the environment
eyespot
Group of cells that can detect changes in the amount of light in the environment
Hox genes
Group of genes that specify the body plans of invertebrates
Ichthyostega
Had bulkier limb muscles to walk on lnad, but it drug itself. First real tetrapod we recognize.
beta keratin
Harder form of keratin. found in beaks and claws, scales, feathers in reptiles only
What are the characteristics of a species that is least likely to go extinct?
High population density Found over large area Generalized niche High reproductive rates
Gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates)
Hinged jaws developed from the pharyngeal arches Evolution modified an existing feature to form the jaw --Some gill arches were lost, some modified
What term did E. O. Wilson introduced and popularized in his 1984 book and what does that term mean?
Human biophilia: humans have this tendency to seek connection with nature
Acanthostega (365 mya)
Humerus, radius and ulna, wrist bones, full phalanges
Metanephridia
In annelid worms, a type of excretory tubule with internal openings that collect body fluids and external openings that excrete waste from the body.
Identify some of the characters that distinguish hominins from other apes.
Increased brain size and bipedalism
Indomalayan
India, southeast Asia, Java, Borneo, and the Philippines. Wallace's Line
the fossil record of echinoderms
Indicates early echinoderms were sessile & pentaradial but had a bilateral ancestor
conservation biology
Integrates ecology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and evolutionary biology to conserve biological diversity. Seeks to preserve life.
What is the beak of a bird made of?
Keratin
Flat Sternum
Known as Ratites (opposite of carinate) Flightless birds Ex: Ostriches poorly developed pectoral muscles of Paleognathae
Osculum
Large excurrent opening in a sponge, serve as water outlets
Which of the following is the most complex of the canal systems found in sponges?
Leuconoid
The sequence of Eusthenopteron & Acanthostega & Ichthyostega fossils show a progression in which of these
Limb development
Eusthenopteron
Lobe finned fish which could paddle itself through bottom mud and had both lungs and "walking" fins
What are the characteristics of a species that is most likely to go extinct?
Low population density Found in small area Specialized niche Low reproductive rates
The evolutionary innovations of amphibians for life on land include which of the following
Lungs and limbs
Describe the path of water within a sea star.
Madreporite → stone canal → ring canal → radial canal → tube feet
Why are cephalochordates considered the "perfect chordates"?
Maintains all characteristics from larval form to adult form.
Monotremes
Mammals that lay eggs, platypus and echidna
placental mammals
Mammals that nourish their unborn offspring through a placenta (cord) inside the female mammal.
Marsupials
Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch. Opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
Bilaterians
Member of a clade of animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.
synapsid
Member of an amniote clade distinguished by a single hole on each side of the skull. Synapsids include the mammals.
Tunicates
Members of the subphylum Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone.
tunicates
Members of the subphylum Urochordata, which are more closely related to other chordates than are lancelets. they resemble chordates during their larval states and filter food particles therough an incurrent siphon
What era did the reptiles rapidly diversified?
Mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretacous) Carboniferous era
triassic
Mesozoic. After Permian, before Jurassic. Age of Ammonites, 1st dinosaurs, 1st mammals, Pangaea breaks
Digenetic immature stage that forms a cyst on base of fish fins or can live as an endoparasite (within fish eyes) for some period of time until it reaches the final host
Metacercaria
Describe minimum viable population.
Minimum population size at which a species can survive
Jointed appendages
Most distinguishing characteristics of arthropods (arms, legs)
ray-finned fishes
Most diverse and abundant vertebrates. Bony skeleton and skin with interlocking scales. Most have swim bladders.
gene flow
Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
Is the notochord of hemichordates homologous with chordates? Why or why not?
No --- Chordates have true notochords made of glycoproteins & case of collagen. The "notochord" in hemichordates is an envagination of the mouth.
Hagfishes (Myxini)
No jaws, suck up worms and dead fish, cartilaginous skull, reduced vertebrae, produce slime as defense against predators, marine
Distinguish between non-teleost and teleost fishes.
Non-teleost are bowfins and gars, teleost are modern bony fish. Teleosts have a true bony endoskeleton and no cartilage
Laurasia
North America, Europe, and Asia. Northern part of Pangea, 100 MYA
What are the derived characters of chordates?
Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits or clefts Muscular, post-anal tail Endostyle
Describe the function of each of the characters listed above.
Notochord: primordial axis of embryo, provides rigidity to the embryo, serves as basis for the axial skeleton (skeletal support) Dorsal, hollow nerve cord: develops into the central nervous system (brain and spine) Pharyngeal slits or clefts: openings in pharynx, develop into gill arches for respiration (bony fish), jaw/inner ear (terrestrial animals), or can act as feeding structure Muscular, post-anal tail: locomotion (aquatic), balance (terrestrial) Endostyle: found in urochordates and cephalochordates, and in the larvae of lampreys; assists in filter feeding by producing mucus which food particles stick to (associated with pharyngeal slits)
Coral Bleaching
Occurs when a coral becomes stressed and expels most of its colorful algae, leaving an underlying ghostly white skeleton of calcium carbonat
local extinction
Occurs when a species is no longer found in an area it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere in the world
Stromatolites
Oldest known fossils formed from many layers of bacteria and sediment
What was the 350 million-year-old fossil called Ichthyostega?
One of the earliest known tetrapods
Lophotrochozoa
One of two distinct clades within the protostomes. It includes annelids and mollusks.
How do crustacea differ from other arthropod groups?
Only crustaceans have two pairs of antennae.
Which of the following characteristics is not found in all molluscs?
Ontogenetic torsion
What is the significance of the holes in the temporal region of the skull?
Openings in living species are associated with large muscles that elevate the lower jaw. Gives the jaws more power
Mitochondria
Organelle in the cell that functions in energy production
Heterotrophic
Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms. Cannot manufacture it's own food.
What is the name of the calcareous plates that form the endoskeleton of Echinoderms?
Ossicles
Differentiate between heterostracans and osteostracans.
Osteostracans had pectoral fins and a head shield Heterostracans had no pectoral fins and a flat head/body
Differentiate between ostracoderms and placoderms. What important evolutionary adaptations first appeared in each group?
Ostracoderms: clade agnatha, pectoral fins, jawless Placoderms: clade gnathostomata, first jawed vertebrates
Epidermis
Outer layer of skin
chorion
Outermost membrane which allows for gas exchange. it forms the fetal part of the placenta.
How many species of birds have been described?
Over 10,500
double circulation
Oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart. A circulatory system consisting of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit
Parapodia
Paddlelike appendages that assist aquatic annelids in locomotion.
Flighless
Paleognathae are flightless birds
Ectoparasites
Parasites that feed on external surface of host.
Endoparasites
Parasites that live within the body of their host.
Radial Cleavage
Pattern of cell division that occurs in deuterostomes
Spiral Cleavage
Pattern of cell division that occurs in protostomes
Is pentaradial symmetry considered an ancestral or derived character? Why?
Pentaradial symmetry is considered a derived character. Ancestral species have bilateral symmetry
Of the five chordate hallmarks, adult tunicates demonstrate only two, the __________ __________ and the endostyle.
Pharyngeal pouches
Chitons
Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacophora
Roundworms
Phylum Nematoda
Which of the following cells is able to contract and protect sponges?
Pinacocyte
What is the function of the pedicellaria?
Pincer like projections that cover the skin of a sea star to keep it clean of parasites and plant growth.
List the different types of fish scales and what fish groups they occur.
Placoid: Homologously similar to tooth (enamel, dentine, cortical bone) Found in sharks, rays (cartilage fishes) Not in chimeras Specialized to form teeth Grow in amount, not size as fish grows Ganoid: Diamond shape Made of cosmine, ganoin, rhomboidal Gar and Bowfins Rigid type of scale Grow in size as fish ages Non Teleost fishes Cycloid: Teleost Fish (true bony endoskeleton) True body and skeleton Collagen and bone Grow in size as fish ages Age can be told by rings on the scales Thin, circular scales covered with a thin layer of epidermis and mucus (slimy) Flexible scales Ctenoid: Most advanced Teleost Fish Increase in size and have rings Tiny projections that allow fish to swim faster Flexible scales
Which of the following is NOT a cnidarian? A) Corals B) Planaria C) Sea anemones D) Hydrozoa E) Portuguese man-of-war
Planaria
The _____ stage is best adapted for cnidarians living in colonies while the ____ stage helps in dispersal and survival in open oceans.
Polyp, medusa
Hydranths
Polyps used by cnidaria for feeding
Molting
Process in which an arthropod sheds its exoskeleton and manufactures a larger one to take its place
Describe the function of the following gland: sebaceous
Produces oil that conditions/protects the hair. Some can open directly to skin surface
Reproductive unit found in Class Cestoda
Proglottid
Tagmata
Prominent body regions in arthropods, such as the head, thorax, and abdomen in insects
How are movement corridors beneficial?
Promote dispersal and help sustain populations
Define ecosystem services. Give some examples.
Provisioning - production of food and water Regulating - control of climate and disease Supporting - nutrient cycles and oxygen production Cultural - spiritual and recreational benefits.
What are the implications of the geographic range size and shape?
Range size and shape determine the persistence of a species; narrow shapes can be easily fragmented, limiting gene flow.
What are the effects of fragmentation of a large contiguous habitat?
Reduced gene flow, limiting the genetic diversity of the population
biodiversity hotspots
Relatively small areas of land that contain an exceptional number of endemic species and are at high risk from human activities
Fusion
Reproductive barriers weaken and the parent species can fuse into a single species
What is the composition of a reptile scale? Is it homologous to fish scales? Why or why not?
Reptile scales come from the epidermis and they are made of beta-keratin Not homologous to fish scales bc Fish scales are dermally derived, specifically in the mesoderm.
Which are characteristics of members of the Xenoturbellids? Select all that apply.
Ring furrow, Side furrow, Longitudinal muscles
Nudibranchs
Sea slugs that lack a shell and have exposed gills
Metamerism
Segmented arrangement of body parts
Cnidarians are found most abundantly in which of the following habitats?
Shallow marine habitats
Ocelli
Simple eyes on an insect used to sense light
You are given a large tropical millipede to raise in a humid terrarium lined with soil and leaf litter. What should you feed it?
Sliced apples and dead soft plant tissues
pharyngeal slits
Slits used for filter feeding in primitive chordates and have been adapted for other functions in more highly evolved chordates; a common feature of all chordates.
Nematocysts
Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators
Hybrid breakdown
Some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile
Cnidocytes
Special stinging structures on cnidarians that look like small harpoons.
mammary glands
Specialized organs in mammals that produce milk to nourish the young
Biological species concept
Species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce fertile offspring.
The minute, needle-like structures that act as a skeletal support system in sponges are called _________________.
Spicules
Reduced hybrid fertility
Sterile hybrids due to uneven chromosome number.
hatchetfish
Stomiiformes Sternoptychidae
Radula (Mollusca)
Structure found in the mouths of all mollusks except the bivalves; flexible tongue-like tissue covered with tough, abrasive teeth that point backward
Biogeography
Study of past and present distribution of organisms based on geography
biogeographic regions
Subdivide earth on basis geographic distributions of related species, genera or families, total of 6
Lancelets
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Cephalochordata
Subphylum containing all four chordate characteristics in the adult stage. called lancelets. The classic example is brachiostoma, which spend most of their time buried in substrate.
Ecdysozoa
Supergroup of protostomes; characterized by periodic molting of their exoskeleton. Include the roundworms and arthropods.
What is the most accepted explanation for the evolution of jaws? What group of fish was the first to have jaws?
That jaws are modified gills; Placoderms
What are the common misconceptions about early hominins?
That they evolved from chimpanzees (actually evolved from apes, but share a common ancestor with chimps).
What are the hottest hotspots for vertebrate species discussed in class?
The Tropical Andes, The Mediterranean, Sundaland
Regeneration
The ability to regrow a missing part of the body
regeneration
The ability to regrow a missing part of the body
What derived character is considered the key for the success of tetrapods on land? Why?
The amniotic egg because it's not dependent on aquatic environments for reproduction; it has a shell that protects it from dessication
What is the relationship between the abundance of a species and the geographic range of the species?
The bigger the range, the higher abundance of species
turbinate bones
The bony projections in the nasal cavity that contain receptors for the sense of smell. Also called conchae, aided in body heat retention
Incurrent canal
The canal through which water enters a sponge
Bivalvia
The class of the phylum Mollusca that includes clams, oysters, and mussels.
habitat loss
The destruction of habitats that usually results from human activities
Assessment
The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something
Allopatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.
Sympatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area
human welfare
The general condition of a population in terms of diet, housing, healthcare, education, etc.
genetic variability
The genetic differences in every individual is known as genetic variability. The survival of a species is dependent on genetic variation, since it allows a population to survive in a changing environment.
sweat glands
The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.
continental drift
The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations
Asymmetry
The lack or absence of symmetry
Gondwana
The large southern landmass that existed from the Cambrian (540 mya) to the Jurassic (138 mya). Present-day remnants are South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica. 100MYA
Describe the relationship between area of the habitat and the number of species found within that area.
The larger the area, the higher number of species
pirarucu
The largest freshwater fish in South America
Prismatic layer
The middle layer of the mollusk shell, composed of calcium carbonate
habitat size
The more space you have, the more species can live there. This demonstrates the factor of _______________.
How does Hydra reproduce sexually?
The polyp body wall can produce both ovaries and testes that make eggs and sperm, respectively.
relative abundance
The proportional abundance of different species in a community.
Conchiolin
The protein that makes up the periostracum of a molluscan shell.
genetic diversity
The range of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of a species. Genetic variation within a population and between populations.
Population Trends
The rate at which population is growing, found by subtracting the mortality rate from the birth rate
Polyp
The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other
Cocoon
The silky case that a caterpillar makes to protect itself for a time before it becomes a moth.
What is the primary difference between the small-population approach and the declining-population approach?
The small population approach emphasizes smallness itself as an ultimate cause of a population's extinction. In contrast, the declining population approach emphasizes the environmental factors that caused a population decline in the first place
minimum viable population
The smallest population size at which a species is able to sustain its numbers and survive.
In some molluscs, the free-swimming larva is a trochophore while in others, it is a veliger with the beginnings of a foot, shell and mantle. What is the relationship of these molluscan juvenile stages?
The trochophore is considered ancestral and the veliger is a derived larval stage.
What are the major threats to biodiversity? Which one is considered the number one cause of species loss?
There are 4 major threats, habitat destruction, introduced species, overharvesting, global climate change. Habitat destruction. The number 1 threat is habitat destruction.
How are schistosomes unique, compared to other trematodes?
They have separate male and female individuals, and the male is larger
Why are tunicates considered chordates?
They mostly resemble chordates during larval stage; both have a notochord, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits at some time in their lives
Why are amphibians tied to water?
They must return to the water to reproduce, their eggs lack a hard shell
How do the skin and respiratory system of amniotes differ from early tetrapods?
Thicker and more waterproof skin; scales (made of beta-keratin) derived from the epidermis Not homologous to the scales in fishes Have negative pressure breathing
What is the main factor that limits their occurrence in polar and subarctic regions?
Thin skin that loses water rapidly and restricts terrestrial forms to moist habitats for protection against desiccation, they are Ectotherms meaning that their body temperature depends on the environment and restricts where they can live. Their eggs easily desiccate and must be shed into water or onto moist terrestrial surfaces.
Pirarucu is an obligate air breather. What does that mean
This means that it must use lungs to breathe air, no gills (must gulp air)
Theropod dinosaurs
Thomas Henry Huxley classified birds as these, they had long, mobile, S-shaped necks that were very flexible
Which of the following regulates amphibian metamorphosis
Thyroxine from the thyroid gland
candiru
Tiny catfish of the Amazon (a.k.a. pencilfish or vampire fish) with the reputation of entering the urethra of human bathers
air sacs
Tiny thin-walled pouches in the lungs where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood, around 9 of them
Ecologically sea stars are at what trophic level
Top carnivore
Ontogenetic torsion
Torsion is the rotation of the visceral mass, mantle, and shell with respect to the head and foot of the gastropod. This rotation brings the mantle cavity and the anus to an anterior position above the head
Population Density
Total number of individuals per unit of area or volume
The Age of Reptiles consisted of the
Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous
Members of the subphylum ________________ were abundant during the Cambrian period.
Trilobita
What is the predominant type of habitat?
Tropical rainforests
True of False: Reproduction by members of phylum Tardigrada is sexually or by parthenogenesis which is similar to insect reproduction.
True
True or False: Chemical secretions, produced as sponges and bacteria live in symbiotic relationships, are proving important as therapies for human disease.
True
Which of the following classes within phylum Platyhelminthes is the only one that contains free-living species?
Turbellaria
Describe the function of the following gland: scent
Used to communicate, attract mates, and determine territories
Which is NOT a trait of sponges?
Water enters through the osculum
pyloric stomach
Where the stomach transfers the food which connects to a pair of digestive glands in each arm
What are the adaptations that facilitate flight?
Wings Respiratory system that meets intense metabolic demands of flight Light, but rigid bones Digestion and high pressure circulation that meets high-energy demands of flight Nervous system with superb sensory systems for headfirst, high-velocity flight
negative pressure breathing
a breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs
Examples of holometabolous, hemimetabolous, and direct development would be, respectively,
a butterfly, grasshopper, and springtail.
Colloblasts
a cell that is found on the tentacles of a ctenophore and that secretes a sticky substance
Members of the class Arachnida have
a cephalothorax and abdomen.
perfect chordate
a chordate that maintains all four derived characteristics of chordata into the adult form, Cephalochordates (lancelets)
melanophores
a chromatophore that contains black/brown melanin; lowermost in the epidermis
Chondrosteans (stugerons and paddlefishes)
a clade within actinopterygii where ossification was lost. They have a cartillaginous exoskeleton and use gills for respiration.
Cladistia (bichirs)
a clade within actinopterygii. Fish here are freshwater and car facultative air-breathers. Dorsal fines are the only fins with rigid spines
Keratin
a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns, etc.
keratin
a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hoofs, claws, horns, etc.
Diapraghm
a flat muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
Cercaria
a free-swimming larval stage in which a parasitic fluke passes from an intermediate host (typically a snail) to another intermediate host or to the final vertebrate host.
Trochophore
a free-swimming, ciliated larva of many worms and some mollusks
swim bladder
a gas-filled sac present in the body of many bony fishes, used to maintain and control buoyancy.
Mesohyl
a gelatinous region between the two layers of cells of a sponge
operculum
a gill cover which is seen only in bony fishes. Can be moved to oxygenate the gills
Choanoflagellates
a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals.
metapopulation
a group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them
dorsal hollow nerve cord
a hollow, tubular structure derived from ectoderm, which is located dorsal to the notochord in chordates. forms the spinal cord and brain.
Intermediate host
a host that gives food and shelter to immature stages of a parasite
ray-finned fish
a kind of fish whose fins are supported by long, segmented, and flexible bony elements called rays
Pelycosaurs
a large extinct reptile of the late Carboniferous and Permian periods, typically having a line of long bony spines along the back supporting a sail-like crest.
Apes
a large primate that lacks a tail, including the gorilla, chimpanzees, orangutan, and gibbons.
Dimetrodon
a large, carnivorous, synapsid fossil reptile of the Permian period, with long spines on its back supporting a sail-like crest.
Sporocyst
a larval stage of flukes which develop in the molluscan host
Synapsid
a lineage of amniotes that gave rise to mammals; characterized by skulls that have a single opening in a bone behind the eye socket
Temporal isolation
a mechanism that prevents species from mating because of different breeding times
human well-being
a multifaceted concept that includes life's basic necessities, such as food and shelter, as well as good health, social stability, and personal freedom
Mastax
a muscular organ that breaks the food into smaller particles
movement corridor
a narrow strip of habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches, connecting habitats together by some means.
Chordates typically have
a notochord; radial cleavage; the anus derived from the blastopore; a coelom that is either enterocoelous or schizocoelous
Glochidia
a parasitic larva of certain freshwater bivalve mollusks, which attaches itself by hooks and suckers to the fins or gills of fish.
notochord
a rigid cord of glycoproteins which are surrounded by a collagen case. The cells store a lot of water.
Tarsiers
a small insectivorous, tree-dwelling, nocturnal primate with large eyes, a long tufted tail, and long hind limbs, native to the islands of Southeast Asia.
Statocyst
a small organ of balance and orientation in some aquatic invertebrates, consisting of a sensory vesicle or cell containing statoliths.
Statocysts
a small organ of balance and orientation in some aquatic invertebrates, consisting of a sensory vesicle or cell containing statoliths.
yolk sac
a specialized structure that leads to the digestive tract of a developing organism and provides it with food and nutrients during early development
Radial canal
a structure in echinoderms that runs the length of the arm, is part of the water vascular system
radial canal
a structure in echinoderms that runs the length of the arm, is part of the water vascular system
nonavian reptiles are different from amphibians in that reptiles possess which of the following
a tough, scaly skin that provides protection against desiccation; internal fertilization; a shelled egg that can be laid on dry land; negative pressure breathing
metamorphosis
a transformation or dramatic change
Excurrent siphon
a tube through which water exits the mantle cavity of a bivalve
excurrent siphon
a tube through which water exits the mantle cavity of a bivalve
Worms that lack a coelom or a pseudocoel are termed _____________ animals.
acoelomate
Animals with three well-defined germ layers and that have one solid mass of tissue rather than tissues and organs nestled inside a body cavity are
acoelomate and triploblastic.
What is the function of the downy feathers?
act as insulators, allowing birds to maintain their body temperature through thermoregulation
Jurassic
after triassic and before cretaceous. the age in which snakes first appeared
Devonian
age of fish
parabronchi (birds)
air flow continuously through these
wings
all birds have these, they are modified forelimbs
neornithes
all living birds
Define population.
all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.
extraembryonic membrane that works as a sac for disposal of metabolic wastes by the embryo
allantois
Nacre
also known as mother of pearl, is a composite material produced by some mollusks as an inner shell layer; transparent crystalline substance of which pearls are composed
Tube feet run along the ___________ groove that extends along the oral side from the mouth to the tip of each arm
ambulacral
Conodonts
among the earliest vertebrates, they lived from 500-200 mya and had mineralized dental elements in their mouth and pharynx. slender, soft bodied vertebrates with prominent eyes that were controlled by numerous muscles and armored
placoderms
among the first jawed vertebrates. All went extinct by the devonian period and left no descendents
Acoelomate
an animal that lacks a coelom, or body cavity
Protostomes
an animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore
Biophilia
an appreciation for life, allows us to recognize the value of biodiversity for its own sake.
A dorsal tubular nerve cord is
an early nerve cord that enlarges at one end to form the brain and also extends through vertebrae
Echidnas
an egg-laying mammal w/ short spines
marsupium
an external abdominal pouch in most marsupials where newborn offspring are suckled
Therapsids
an extinct group of reptiles from which mammals evolved, most became extinct during the end of the Permian period
The orientation of a sea star is
an oral mouth facing downward and an aboral spiny surface
Migratory fishes (such as the Atlantic salmon) that spend their adult lives at sea but return to fresh water to spawn are called __________
anadromous
Migratory fishes, such as the Atlantic salmon, that spend their adult lives at sea but return to fresh water to spawn are called __________.
anadromous
Neopterygians (gars and bowfins)
anadronous clade of actinopterygii. they are born in freshwater, spend most of their lives in marine water, and return to freshwater to mate
Photocytes
animal cells that produce light
Basal animals
animals that have radial symmetry in their body plans (ex. sponges)
Great Auk extinction
another extinct bird
Eukaryotes
any cell or organism that posesses a defined nucleus
Habitat differentiation
appearance of new ecological niches which can lead to speciation
The ostracoderms
are an extinct group of heavily armored, jawless fish
The simplest of canal systems is found in the
asconoids
endostyle
associated with the pharyngeal slits or clefts. It secretes mucus to trap particles. In humans, it has been derived into the thyroid gland
Postzygotic barriers
barriers that occurs after the zygote is formed
The larvae of echinoderms have ______________ symmetry
bilateral
The larvae of echinoderms have ______________ symmetry.
bilateral
nature reserves
biodiversity islands in a sea of habitat degraded by human activity
Neotropical
biogeographical region that includes Central and South America.
Palearctic
biogeographical region that includes Europe, Asia north of the Himalayas, and Africa north of the Sahara.
Nearctic
biogeographical region that includes North America north of Mexico, includes Greenland
Neognathae
birds other than the Paleognathae
Coelom
body cavity lined with mesoderm
Radial Symmetry
body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body
Radial symmetry
body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body
endochondral bone
bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue
Osteichthyes
bony fishes (jawed)
Spiders breathe by means of
book lungs or primitive tracheae.
tube feet
branches of water vascular system that function in locomotion, feeding and respiration
Tracheal Tubes
branching networks of hollow air passages that carry air throughout the body
facultative air-breather
breathe air when it is convenient but otherwise do not use lungs
Pulmocutaneous Respiration
breathing through the skin. skin must be thin and wet to do this. frogs and salamanders can, toads can't
pulmocutaneous
breathing through the skin. skin must be thin and wet to do this. frogs and salamanders can, toads can't
Hydra reproduces asexually by
buds
ossicles (starfish)
calcareous endoskeleton
mudskipper
can travel outside of its watery habitat by crawling from one mudhole to another, use their pectoral fins to walk and jump on land
how do marsupials bear their young
carries young in pouch called marsupium; does not bind to the uterus; less complex placenta
diphycercal (homocercal)
caudal fin with similarly-sized lobes which contain bony rays for support
Zygote
cell formed by the fusion of two gamates
quill shaft
center of the birds feather where the barbs and vanes are connected too
Lancelets belong to the subphylum __________
cephalochordata
Morphological species concept
characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features
ecological species concept
characterizes a species in terms of its ecological niche (resource needs and job)
fish group in which ossification was lost but present in ancestral form
chondrostreans and chondricthyes
perfect chordates
chordates which retain all 5 cordate characcteristics in their adult stage
the extraembryonic membranes which form the placenta in eutharians are:
chorion and allantois
pentaradial symmetry
circular body plan that can be divided into 5 equal parts
Actinopterygii
clade of ray-finned fishes which includes teleosts and has about 31,000 species
Oligochaeta
class of earthworms
Ophiuroidea
class of echinoderms that contains brittle stars
Asteroidea
class of echinoderms that includes sea stars
Hirudinea
class of leeches
Hexactinellida
class of sponges, Silicious, 6 rayed spicules in intermediate body types
Cestoda
class of tapeworms
The cocoon in the earthworm is produced by the
clitellum
The Circulatory system of an earthworm is
closed with dorsal and ventral blood vessels joined by five paired "hearts" forcing circulation flow
guard hairs
coarse, thick and protective hairs that protect against wear and provide coloration
Ctenophores capture food by
colloblasts
Ctenophores
comb jellies, have 8 rows of cilia and move by beating the cilia, captures small plankton with two tentacles that discharge adhesive material, tentacles then bring food to mouth
Multicellularity
composed of many cells/ more than one cell performing differing functions
hair
compressed, keratinized cells that arise from hair follicles, the sacs that enclose the hair fibers
Cephalization
concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body
postanal tail
consists of muscle tissue and lies behind the posterior opening of the digestive tract
What are biodiversity hotspots?
contain a high number of species, especially endemics (found nowhere else on Earth).
Visceral Mass (Mollusca)
contains the heart and the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
Stability
continued formation of hybrid individuals
Osteostracans
cooexisted with heterostracans but developed a pectoral fin that stabilized movement and improved swimming efficiency. extinct jawless fish of the Devonian with armored head
scale
covers reptiles' skin and is made of 3 main parts: osteoderm, melanophores, and a flexible hinge
lunate wrist
crescent shaped wrist bone
Reproduction in the earthworm involves
cross-fertilization between two hermaphroditic organisms
theory of island biogeography
demonstrates the dual importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness
Under hair
dense and soft for insulation by trapping a layer of air
Punctuated model
describes periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change
Amniotes having a skull with two temporal openings on each side are called __________
diapsids
ampulla
dilated portion of a canal or duct
Latitude
distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees
dorsal and ventral blood vessels
dorsal: moves blood forward from intestines ventral: moves to back of worm circulatory system
Adaptations for terrestrialism in early tetrapods resulted in an air-filled cavity along with
double circulation
Placoderms
earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record that are an extinct lineage of armored vertebrates
lobe-finned fishes
early Sarcopterygeans which had lungs, gills, and a heterocercal-type tail which developed into a diphycarcal tail. Also had powerful jaws, heavy, enamel scales, and strong, fleshy, paired lobed fins.
Heterostracans
early group of ostracoderms with an awkward design thtat possibly filtered particles from the ocean floor. They went extinct toward the end of the Devonian period.
Carnivorous Sponges
eating small fish and crustaceans on the reefs.
deuterostomia
echinoderms and chordates
sustainable development
economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources.
Holometabolous
egg, larva, pupa, adult
The correct sequence of development in a typical fluke life cycle is
egg, miracidium, sporocyst, cercaria
platypus
egg-laying mammal with webbed feet
secondary palate
enabled breathing while eating
Metacercaria
encysted stage of a fluke in its final intermediate host
Proteolytic enzymes
enzymes that break down proteins
The scales of nonavian reptiles are derived from the __________
epidermis
The scales of nonavian reptiles are derived from the __________.
epidermis
Gland Cells
epithelial cells that produce secretions
Pinacocyte
epithelial-like cell that forms the outermost layer of sponges and encloses a jelly-like substance called mesohyl
A hydra moves by
epitheliomuscular cells in the epidermis.
complex placenta
eutherians have these
Speciation
evolutionary process that results in diversity
dermal gills
extensions of the coeloemic cavity through holed in plates/ossicles
Dodo
extinct heavy flightless bird of Mauritius related to pigeons, 1695
Determinate
fate of the cell is determined early
Indeterminate
fate of the cell is not determined until later in development
What is a contour feather comprised of? What is it purpose?
feathers comprised of a shaft, quill, and veins. The shaft is made of barbs which branch into barbules; form the wing shape necessary for flight
proboscis
feature found in the acorn worm which is covered in mucus and which has microscopic cilia. It traps food particles.
Gametic isolation
female and male gametes are not compatible
internal fertilization
fertilization of an egg by sperm that occurs inside the body of a female
anal fin
fin on the back underside of a fish which is used for balance
pectoral fin
fin under the body which is used for steering and can be used to move backward
dorsal fin
fin used for balance and staying upright. some speices (for example, sunfish) have bony rays here which hinder predation
pectoral fins
fins that stabilize movement and improved swimming efficiency
Coelacanths
fish which has a diphycercal tail with a small lobe between the upper and lower caudal lobes and dramatically reduced lungs. ancient group of fish related to the lobe-finned fish and ancestors of the amphibians
Modification of the pharyngeal slits for use in respiration occurred in early
fish with the development of gills
nonteleost bony fishes
fishes which do not have a true bony skeleton but which are not considered cartillaginous fishes
declining population approach
focuses on threatened and endangered populations that show a downward trend, regardless of population size and emphasizes the environmental factors that caused a population to decline
Epitheliomuscular Cells
form most of the epidermis and serve both for contraction and for muscular contraction. Bases of these are myofibrils, which when contracted shorten the body or tentacles.
Homoscleromorpha
formally categorized with demospongiae but now its own clade. Remain in hidden habitats
Veliger
free swimming larva of most marine snails, tusk shells, and bivalves; develops from the trochophore and has the beginning of a foot, shell, and mantle
Turbellaria
free-living flatworms
Representatives of the most primitive non-teleost neopterygians are the
gar and bowfin
cutaneous air breathing
gas exchange occurs across the skin or outer integument of an organism rather than gills or lungs.
cutaneous respiration
gas exchange through the skin
Hagfishes
generate enormous quantities of slime if disturbed
What is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations?
genetic variation is often associated with adaptations to local conditions
ectotherms
get body temp from the environment
scent glands
glands that release odors
Most freshwater clams have a bivalve ___________ stage that attaches to the gills and lives as a parasite for a few weeks.
glochidia
The jawless vertebrates are called Agnatha and the jawed vertebrates are called __________
gnathostomes
The jawless vertebrates are called Agnatha, and the jawed vertebrates are called __________.
gnathostomes
Tetrapods
gnathostomes with limbs
Population
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
Gemmules
groups of archaeocytes surrounded by a tough layer of spicules
Jawless Fishes
hagfishes and lampreys Agnatha
Sac-like Body Plan
have body walls that are only two cells thick, and are able to diffuse material effectively. hydra and sponge
lobe-finned fish
have fleshy fins that are supported by a series of bones; ex. coelacanth and lungfish
Polychaetes differ from other annelids because polychaetes
have paired parapodia on most segments
Synapsids
have single opening in the outer layer of the skull just behind eye socket, gave rise to mammals
Monoecious
having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual; hermaphrodite.
Scolex
head of an adult tapeworm; can contain suckers or hooks
Rheoreceptors
help flatworms sense water current direction
Ampullary organs of Lorenzini
help the shark detect bioelectric fields at a close range
acorn worms
hemichordates
caudal fin
heterocercal diphycercal homocercal
Spongin Fibers
highly flexible, elastic protein fibers; they will allow the body wall of sponges to be bent, compressed, etc. and regain its shape
Copulatory spicules function to
hold the female vulva open against hydrostatic pressure.
Blastula
hollow sphere of cells produced during embryonic development
Hominins
hominids excluding the African apes; all the human species that ever have existed
Preening
in birds, the act of grooming and maintaining their feathers
Endostyle
in chordates, it secrets mucus that traps particles, and is a precursor to the thyroid gland
Mesoglea
in cnidarians, the jellylike material located between the ectoderm and the endoderm
Gastrodermis
in cnidarians, the layer of cells surrounding the digestive tract
ring canal
in echinoderms, a circular canal that is near the mouth and that is part of the water-vascular system
stone canal
in echinoderms, a short canal that connects the madreporite to the ring canal around the mouth
Dermal Gills (Echinoderms)
in echinoderms, small finger-like projections of skin that stick out near the base of the spines, aid in respiration and excretion (accomplished by diffusion)
Species diversity
in the variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere
heterodont teeth
incisors, canines, premolars, molars, humans
Biodiversity
includes all living things- bacteria, fungi, plants, insects, other invertebrates and vertebrates regardless of how similar they are to other species or how useful they are to people
The fossil record of echinoderms
indicates early echinoderms were sessile and pentaradial but had a bilateral ancestor
Endoderm
innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system
Dermis
innermost layer of skin, thicker than the epidermis
What is the function of under hairs?
insulation
Rediae
intermediate larval stage of the flukes. each has capability to produce numerous cercariae.
poikilothermic
internal temperature varies considerably with the environment
endangered species
is "in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or a significant portion of its range"
Euthenopteron
is a genus of prehistoric sarcopterygian which has attained an iconic status from its close relationships to tetrapods
adaptive potential
is defined as the genetic variance needed to respond to selection and can be assessed either on adaptive traits or fitness.
threatened species
is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future
Pigment melanin
is produced by cells called melanocytes and is found in higher concentration in individuals with darker skin and protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation
Miracidium
is the free swimming, ciliated larva which emerges from the trematode egg and swims about in search for the first intermediate host (eg. snail)
species diversity
is the variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere
Gnathostomes
jawed vertebrates, includes all living and extinct vertebrates
hagfishes
jawless fish which were mostly scavengers
Ostracoderms
jawless fishes armored with bone in their dermis. Found in the late Cambrian and Devonian periods. Lacked paired fins that later fishes used for stability.
Agnatha
jawless fishes including ostracoderms, gnathostomes, lampreys, and hagfishes
lampreys
jawless fishes which included parasites
What is the order of chordate evolution?
jaws-->limbs-->amniotic egg-->hair-->opposable thumb
Wings
jointed appendage arthropods share
the genus homo is characterized by
large brains and a reduction in the size of mouth and teeth
keeled sternum
large powerful flight muscles attach here
Acetabulum
large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur
Planula Larva
larva of medusa stage, they are free swimming and eventually settle to the bottom and become a polyp
The most complex and the most common body form of sponges is found in the
leuconoids
pneumatic bones
light, delicate bones laced with air cavities
The lungfishes
live only in Australia, Africa, and South America
diapsid
lizards, snakes, dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds, two fenestrae
Sarcopterygii
lobe-finned fishes. There are 8 modern species, including lungfishes and coelacanths
Notochord
long supporting rod that runs through a chordate's body just below the nerve cord
Nerve Net
loosely organized network of nerve cells that together allow cnidarians to detect stimuli
Cartilaginous fishes
lost the heavy dermal armor of their ancestors; had ancestors with bone but moved to an all cartilage skeleton; flourished in the Devonian and Carboniferous but nearly went extinct at the end of the Paleozoic; lack a swim bladder
A sea star feeds by absorbing food through the
lower part of stomach which is everted
Reduced hybrid viability
lowers the potential for the hybrid offspring to survive
What are the main characteristics of a lobe-finned fish?
lungfishes, coelacanths Had lungs, gills, and a heterocercal-type tail, during the Paleozoic era their tail became symmetrical diphycercal tail. Had powerful jaws, heavy enameled scales, and a strong fleshy pair of lobed fins
Calcareous Spicules
made of calcium carbonate
Water enters the water vascular system of a sea star through a porous plate on the aboral surface called the
madreporite or sieve plate
water enters the water vasculat system of a sea star through a porous plate called
madreporite or sieve plate
Poikilothermic
maintaining the body at the same temperature as the environment
ossicles
make up the calcareous endoskeleton of some echinoderms
Spiders and insects have an excretory system composed of
malpighian tubules.
Polychaeta
marine worms
Unique characteristics of echinoderms include all of the following EXCEPT
marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species
unique characteristics of echinoderms include all of the following except
marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species
Mechanical isolation
mating is attempted, but morphological differences prevent its successful completion
Amniotes
member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo; mammals, birds+reptiles
amniotes
member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo; mammals, birds+reptiles
Silicious Spicules
members of the class Hexactinellida have this
Mesoderm
middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
Describe the function of the following gland: mammary.
milk
dental elements
mineralized elements which are similar to teeth
The name of the free-swimming, ciliated stage that hatches from a trematode egg is the
miracidium
Sexual Reproduction
mode of reproduction involving the female and male gamates
Teleosts
modern bony fishes and the largest clade of fishes. they occupy nearly every aquatic habitat on earth and even make excursions onto land as mudskippers.
how do placental mammals bear their young
more complex placenta
The earliest tetrapod fossils show that they possessed a basic pattern of __________digits per limb
more than five
Elephantiasis is transferred by
mosquitoes injecting larval worms into the bloodstream.
s-shaped neck
most flexible part of the Theropod dinasaur
Asconoid
most simple organization, very small tube shaped, flagella can move water through the spongocoel (lined with choanocytes) All Asconoid are located in the Calcarea
Oral (echinoderms)
mouth
slime glands
mucous producing structures of hagfish used for defense
Obligate air breathing
must breathe air periodically or they suffocate.
amnion
myotic fluid for embryonic protection. Innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus
lancelets
named for their bladelike shape.
In which geographic region is the united states
nearctic
Threats
negative trends in the external environment
Elephantiasis is an enlargement of legs, arms, scrotum, and other tissues caused by
nematodes that reproduce and clog the lymphatic system which causes the limbs to swell.
ampullae of Lorenzini
nerve receptors found in a shark's snout which sense the electric fields generated by the muscles of fish and other potential prey
Protonephridia
networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside
Immature proglottid
newly produced segment of the tapeworm that has undeveloped reproductive organs
the anapid skull is characterized by which of the following
no temporal openings
The anapsid skull is characterized by
no temporal openings and the skull roofed with dermal bone
fishes that need to come to the surface to gulp air regularly or they suffocate are called
obligate air-breathers
Permian mass extinction
occurred about 251 mya, forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, as well as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
Habitat isolation
occurs when species do not interact because of differing habitats
Umbo
oldest part of the shell of a bivalve from which the shell grows
Proglottid
one of the many body sections of a tapeworm; contains reproductive organs
Facultative air breathing
only breathe air if they need to and can otherwise rely on their gills for oxygen.
Cynodont
only therapsid subgroup that survived into the Mesozoic
Incurrent Siphon (Mollusca)
opening which draws water-bearing food particles into the cavity of a Mollusk
temporal fenestrae
openings in the temporal region of the skull for jaw muscles
The gills of bony fishes are covered with a movable flap called the __________
operculum
The gills of bony fishes are covered with a movable flap called the __________.
operculum
the gills of bony fishes are covered with a movable flap called the _____________
operculum
The large posterior attachment organ of the adult monogenean is a/an
opisthaptor
Aboral
opposite to or away from the mouth
aboral
opposite to or away from the mouth
Anura
order of frogs and toads which has about 6,700 members. all have a tailed larval stage and tailless, jumping adults
Ink sac
organ in a cephalopod that produces ink ejected from the body to confuse and distract predators
Filter Feeders
organism that takes in water to filter out the food and then releases the extra water (clam, oysters, sponge)
gills
organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with water
The water outlet in sponges is known as a/an __________________.
osculum
The calcareous plates found underneath the epidermis are called the
ossicles
The order in which a drop of ink would pass by the structures in an ascon sponge is
ostia-spongocoel-osculum
the most primative of the early fishes were the
ostracoderms
jawless fishes
ostracoderms (heterostracans, osteostracans, conodants)
Ectoderm
outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin
extraembryonic
outside the embryo
Overexploitation
overuse of species with economic value--a factor in species extinction
We don't find the eggs of garter snakes & rattlesnakes & copperheads because they retain the eggs internally. Their young appear to be born alive but actually hatch inside the female. These snakes are __________
ovoviviparous
Trematoda
parasitic flukes
The free-swimming larva of most sponges is a
parenchymula
incurrent siphon
part of an adult tunicate which draws in water and filters food particles
Bard
part of the birds feather where the quill shaft and vane connect too
Ecdysis
periodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles
oral
pertaining to the mouth
Of the five chordate hallmarks adult tunicates demonstrate only two; the __________ __________ and the endostyle
pharyngeal pouches
Hemichordata
phylum which has a "notochord" that is not homologous with that of chordates and which is instead an evagination of the mouth
Chromatophores
pigment cells that change the color of an organism, allowing it to camouflage
Cultured pearls are made by
placing an irritating particle under the shell mantle.
The oldest jawed fishes are extinct and are called __________
placoderms
The oldest jawed fishes are extinct and are called __________.
placoderms
____________ were among the first jawed vertebrates
placoderms
Gonangium
polyp specialized for reproduction
flexible hinge
portion of a reptile's skin which allows for flexibility
Pygidium
posterior closure of a segmented animal, bearing the anus
monkeys
primates with tails
anapsid
primitive reptile having no opening in the temporal region of the skull
Anapsid
primitive reptile having no opening in the temporal region of the skull, turtles
Phagocytosis
process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
reserve design
process of planning and creating a nature reserve in a way that effectively accomplishes the goal of the reserve.
The main reproductive body "segment" of the cestode is called the ____________.
proglottid
Chicxulub Crater
proposed meteorite impact crater, centered on chixiclub on the yucatan of mexico
What is the function of guard hairs?
protection and coloration
downy feathers
provide insulation, sit closest to the skin of the bird.
Hearts
pumps blood
Echinodermata
radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers
Cleavage
rapid division of the zygote cell
Paleognathae
ratites; large flightless birds, including ostriches and emus
The most diverse fish group is the
ray-finned fishes
the most diverse fish group is the
ray-finned fishes
The term "tetrapods"
refers to the organisms that form the superclass Tetrapoda; includes the amphibians and amniotes; does not include the fish; includes humans
Diphyodont
refers to the possession of two sets of teeth in a lifetime
Cambrian Explosion
refers to the sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern animal phyla in the Cambrian period (535 to 525 million years ago)
zoned reserves
relatively undisturbed areas surrounded by areas where human activities are unlikely to harm the protected area
Amphibians were the first vertebrate invaders of land but most still must return to the water to __________
reproduce
obligate air-breather
require use of lungs for respiration
circular muscles (sphincters)
ring around body opening orbicularis oculi, urethral and anal sphincters
homo
same
placoid scales
scales which are similar to teeth which can be seen in sharks, rays, and other cartillaginous fishes. project from surface with a spine extending posteriorly; toothlike; sandpaper-like texture
ganoid scales
scales with a thin enamel cover over bone found in nonteleost bony fishes such as gars and bowfin fishes.
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis
lateral line system
sensitive receptor system that enables fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations in the water
The function of the rhopalium is
sensory
Isolation
separation from others; aloneness
collar
short, fleshy section of the acorn worm behind which the mouth is located
madreporite
sievelike structure through which the water vascular system of an echinoderm opens to the outside
Feathers
single unique feature that distinguishes birds from other living animals
waterproof skin
skin which did not allow for easy gas exchange which allowed animals to rely less on water
mudskippers have the ability to breathe through their ______ and the lining of their _________
skin; mouth
Gradual model
slow change in species over time
Nautiluses
small group of shelled cephalopod.
Pedicellariae are
small pincer-like projections clustered on the skin of a sea star which serve to keep it clean of parasites and aquatic growth
Spicules
small, spike shaped particles of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges
Gastropoda
snails and slugs
Geographic range
spatial location and total area covered by a population; Determined by: --Climate --Food --Shelter --Predators --disease
Ampullae of Lorenzini
special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled canals; these organs help sharks sense electric fields in the water
introduced species
species moved by humans to new geographic areas, either intentionally or accidentally
Calcareous or siliceous elements of the sponge body wall provide support. These elements are called
spicules
Cephalopoda
squid, octopus
Crop
stores food
Cartilage
strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone
A representative of the ray-finned fish group (the chondrosteans) is the
sturgeon
Vertebrata
subphylum
subphylum of phylum chordata in which members are considered the "perfect chordates"
subphylum cephalochordata
Urochordata
subphylum of tunicates
The Hirudinida are unique in that they have both an anterior and a posterior ___________.
sucker
The perforated pharynx of chordates first evolved as a device for
suspension or filter feeding
water vascular system
system of fluid-filled tubes used by echinoderms in locomotion and feeding and respiration
Gravid proglottid
tapeworm segment containing ripe fertilized eggs; this segment is ready to drop off the tapeworm body and be eliminated from the host in feces
mudskippers
teleosts which can use gills but mostly use their skin and the interior of their mouths for respiration
Bipedalism
the ability to walk upright on two legs
fins
the appendages of fish
barbules
the barbs of a feather are held in place by these, minute filament projecting from the barb of a feather
Macroevolution
the broad pattern of evolution above the species level
hunting
the catching and killing of wildlife for food
IUCN Red List
the conservation status of species based on: population size, degree of specialisation, distribution, reproductive potential, geographic distribution and fragmentation, habitat quality, trophic level and therefore, the probability of extinction
biodiversity crisis
the current rapid decline in the variety of life on Earth, largely due to the effects of human culture. Extinction rates are 1,000-10,000 times faster than the natural rate.
Segmentation
the division of the body of an organism into a series of similar parts
Radiometric Dating
the estimation of the age of an object by measuring the radioactive isotopes and decay products
Spiracle
the external opening of the trachea in insects
allantois
the extraembyonic membrane of birds, reptiles and mammals that serves as an area of gaseous exchange and as a site for the storage of noxious excretion products
The hemichordate "notochord" is
the feature proposed by Bateson to include this animal with the chordates; a buccal diverticulum; not homologous with the chordate notochord
scyphistoma
the fixed polyplike stage in the life cycle of a jellyfish, which reproduces asexually by budding (strobilation).
Definitive host
the host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place
Dimorphism
the instance of polymorphism in which there is a difference of form between two members of a species, as between males and females
Cretaceous
the last age of the mesozoic period, between the Jurassic and Tertiary periods. marked by the 5th mass extinction, which killed the dinosaurs
trunk
the long section of an acorn worm which is located below the collar
Proboscis
the long snout of an animal; a nose, especially a prominent one; a tubular organ
amplexus
the mating position of frogs and toads, in which the male clasps the female about the back.
Pharynx
the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.
acorn worm
the most common example of a hemichordate
species richness
the number of different species in a community
equilibrium point
the number of species on the island remain the same, although the species composition may change
Gonopore
the opening at the distal end of gonangia through which young medusae escape
Blastopore
the opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development.
Periostracum
the outermost layer of a molluscan shell
Carboniferous
the period during which modern amphibians arose
Triassic
the period in which turtles first appeared, 250 mya
effective population size is based on _______
the population's breeding potential
Polyploidy
the presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division
Archenteron
the primitive gastric cavity of an embryo
ecosystem services
the processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced
Genetic diversity
the range of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of species. Genetic variation within a population and between populations
Symmetry
the repitition of parts in an animal
Mass extinction
the result of disruptive global environmental changes
Strobila
the segmented part of the body of a tapeworm that consists of a long chain of proglottids.
Aestivation
the shutting down of metabolic processes during the summer in response to hot or dry conditions
Germinative zone
the site immediately following the scolex on the body of a mature tapeworm where new proglottids are produced
scales
the small, thin, flat plates that help protect the bodies of fish and reptiles
Velum
the soft area toward the rear of the roof of the mouth
vane
the soft part of the feather
pedicellaria
the tiny piercers of sea stars which are used to remove debris from their body's surfaces
Gizzard
thick-walled muscular pouch below the crop in many birds and reptiles for grinding food
ctenoid scales
thin flexible and overlapping scales in bony fish that have tiny spines. found in teleost fishes
cycloid scales
thin, overlapping scales with a smooth posterior edge that are found in teleost (bony) fishes
lungfishes
three surviving genera, one from Australia (the oldest), South America (which can live outside water for extended time periods), and Africa (which can live outside water for extended time periods and burrow to become dormant during the dry season)
The mechanism whereby buoyancy is achieved in different kinds of fishes is
through the presence of a large & oily liver when a swim bladder is not present; through the presence of a swim bladder that is kept filled as the fish periodically swims to the surface and gulps air; through the presence of a swim bladder that is regulated internally by structures that add or remove gas from the bladder by capillary beds
opposable thumb
thumb that enables grasping objects and using tools
Pedicellariae
tiny pincers that are used for surface maintenance by sea stars and some sea urchins
Density
total number of individuals per unit of area or volume.
Abundance
total number of individuals within a population.
the age of reptiles consisted of the
triassic, jurassic, and cretaceous
Diapsid
two fenestra in skull - found in birds, reptiles, and dinosaurs.
The traditional view of Cnidarians relative to germ layers is that Cnidaria possess
two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm
Intracellular Digestion
type of digestion in which food is digested inside specialized cells that pass nutrients to other cells by diffusion
caudal fin (heterocercal)
unequal caudal fin which has a larger upper lobe to which the vertebra continues. Found in sharks
Prokaryotes
unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus
Tunicates belong to the subphylum __________ (Tunicata)
urochordata
Tunicates belong to the subphylum ____________
urochordata
Species range shifts
usually defined as changes of the distribution limits of a species, generally along altitudinal or latitudinal gradients.
ecosystem diversity
variety of habitats, living communities, and ecological processes in the living world
Ecosystem diversity
variety of habitats, living communities, and ecological processes in the living world.
osteoderm
very hard tissue in reptile scales which is part of the dermis
Volcanism
volcanic activity or phenomena.
Passenger Pigeon
was a bird that existed in North America until the early 20th century when it went extinct due to hunting and habitat destruction.
The following characteristics are adaptations for parasitism discussed in class, except
well developed sense organs
podium
what connects to the ampulla
Ocean Acidification
when CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH
global extinction
when a species can no longer be found anywhere
Sexual selection
when individuals select mates based on heritable traits
Reinforcement
when the parent species is selected over hybrid species because the parent species is more fit
furcula (fused clavicles)
wishbone, the fused clavicles of birds
Hybrid zone
zones where two populations can meet and mate to interbreed and create hybrids.
Homo sapiens first appeared how long ago
~300,000 years ago
Describe anuran reproductive behavior and the metamorphosis process
· When the eggs are mature, females enter the water and the males clasp them in amplexus, releasing the eggs into the water as the male releases sperm. After external fertilization, jelly layers of eggs absorb water and swell; eggs are usually laid in large masses and are abandoned by the parents. Development begins immediately, tadpoles may hatch in a few days. Internal and external gills, must be in the water. · Eggs of most hatch into tadpoles with a long, finned tail, no legs, internal and external gills and specialized mouthparts for (usually) herbivorous feeding, hindlegs are first to appear, Forelegs temporarily hidden in the folds of operculum, Tail is resorbed, Lungs develop and gills are resorbed. (metamorphosis is triggered by the hormone thyroxine)
Major threats
• Habitat loss, fragmentation, modification • Hunting for bushmeat, pet trade • Disease • Political instability • Climate change