ch. 24

FallouxLaw

It allowed the Catholic clergy to open secondary schools and permitted them to serve on education committees.

Ausgleich, 1867

Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.

Austro-Prussian War, 1866

(1866) Also known as the Seven Weeks' War Resulted in a Prussian victory Prussia offered Austria generous peace terms, and Austria agreed to withdraw from German affairs. North German Confederation formed.

Young Ireland

- A movement that began in 1842 in resistance to English occupation of Ireland. Members of the movement sought to recover Irish history and preserve the Gaelic language.

Zemstvos

- A new institution of local government in reformed Russia, whose members were elected by a three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners. - Russian liberals hope that this reform would lead to an elected national parliament, but they were soon disappointed. the local zemstvo remained subordinate to the traditional bureaucracy and and the local nobility.

Ulster

- A part of Northern Ireland that were largely Protestant - The Northern Irish Protestants of Ulster

Emancipation Act, 1861

- Abolished serfdom: peasants no longer dependent on the lord; free to move and change occupations; could enter contracts and own property - it divided the land and the peasants received about half of it

Socialist Revisionism

- An effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time. - Instead of believing that the proletariat should take power through a revolution, they believed it should be through the democratization of government - the advocacy among nineteenth-century German socialists of achieving a humane socialist society through the evolution of democratic institutions rather than through revolutions.

Jingoism

- An inverse patriotism where the individuals love of their nation turns into hatred of other nations and their citizens - racist nationalism

Congress of Berlin, 1878

- Assembly of representatives from Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. - they met in order to reorganize the countries of the Balkans and settle the disputes over them. - At the Congress, Germany, Austria and Britain forced Russia to give up the Treaty of San Stefano and sign the Treaty of Berlin, which split Bulgaria into three parts, and brought Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian military occupation, and essentially negated Russia's victory over the Ottoman empire in the Russo-Turkish War, angering Russia.

Alexander II

- Czar from 1855 to 1881. - Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government - Realized Serfdom didn't help agricultural efficiency nor the economy, so instituted the Emancipation Edict along with other changes that together formed the Great Reforms. - These changes did not go as planned, and he was assassinated in 1881 by a group of Jews.

Emmeline Pankhurst

- English feminist - Leads movement to win women's vote (suffrage) through militant (radical, sometimes violent) means - She used tactics such as processions to the House of Parliaments, window smashing and bombs in letter boxes.

Eduard Bernstein

- Founder of revisionist socialism, believed that socialists should work for reform within capitalist framework instead of violent revolution - A Social Democratic member of the Reichstag in the German Empire. - Led Marxist revisionism in Germany. - Wrote, 1898, Evolutionary Socialism (as distinct from revolutionary socialism). Held that class conflict was not inevitable and capitalism might be transformed in workers' interests - especially if labor had vote and its own political party.

Easter Rebellion

- Nationalistic uprising in Dublin, Ireland. Violence erupted in Ireland when the members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and Citizens Army occupied government buildings in Dublin on Easter Sunday in 1916. - The Brits suppressed it in less than a week, executed the leaders and immediately created a broad nationalistic movement.

pogroms

- Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia. - organized riots against Jewish neighborhoods in Russia and Prussia - After assasination of Alexander II in 1881, Alexander III undertook repression of revolutionism and terrorism and Jews became subject to pogroms/waves of persecution that were by far the worst of any until that time.

"Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Russification"

- Policy of Alexander III intended to preserve conservative govenment principles and industrialize the country - Was what Alexander III ruled by.

Mikhail Bakunin

- Radical Russian revolutionary - "Father of anarchy," critiqued Marxism - involved in the first international and led many revolts in Russia against the tsar - HE believed that revolutionary movements should be lead by secret societies who would seize power, destroy the state and create a new social order. - Believed that small groups of anarchists could perpetrate so much violence that the state and all its institutions would disintegrate.

anarchy

- Rule of no one, absence of government, no rules - anarchists believe: The state and society corrupts people's natural goodness and true freedom can only come through the abolition of the state and all social institutions - Anarchism was popular in less industrialized and less democratic countries - Spain, Portugal, Italy, Russia - In the second half of the 19th century anarchists start to turn to violence and more radical means to accomplish their goals

"Sick Man of Europe"

- The name for the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century. - The Ottoman empire's nickname because it had lost Hungary and more was coming - Europe was waiting for it to die/fall

Russo-Japanese War

- War between Japan and Russia, marking the first time an Asian nation defeated a European nation. - when the diplomatic protests of equally imperialistic Japan were ignored, the Japanese launched a surprise attack in Feburary 1904. - It resulted in the Japanese takeover of the Liaotung Penninsula, Korea, and South Manchuria.

"Eastern Question"

- What should the European powers do about Ottoman inability to assure political and administrative stability in its possessions in and around the eastern Mediterranean? - The question of who will benefit from the crumbling Ottoman Empire. - Any internal change in the Turkish domains caused tension among the European powers, each of which feared that one of the others might take advantage of the political disarray to increase its own influence

Count Sergei Witte

- served as Russia's finance minister from 1892 to 1903 - inspired by the writings of Friedrich List - Under Witte's leadership the government built state owned railroads rapidly - he established high protective tariffs to rebuild Russian industry - his greatest innovation was to use Westerners to catch up with the west - he encouraged foreigners to build factories in Russia

Intelligentsia

- the few educated people in Russia who wanted to modernize revolutionaries - they were the source of revolutionary disturbance and mostly wanted a catastrophic overthrow of the tsardom - supported nihilism ( destroy all and rebuild) - constituted a very small part of society.

"Irish Question"

- the question faced by British of giving independence to Irish who wanted freedom - Question Internal dispute in Great Britain concerning calls for Irish independence. - Ended in separation of an independent republic, first known as the Irish Free State, now called Eire, from Northern Ireland, which remained part of the United Kingdom.

Revolution of 1905

- this occurred because of growing public discontent with the government as well as an increase in revolutionary parties or propaganda; the government refused to make any concessions and believed autocracy was the best form of government - the war went so terribly that the Russian public had even less faith in its government - this resulted in the Bloody Sunday and a wave of political strikes and eventually the October Manifesto and the creation of the Duma; the Russian government however was still not overthrown by this revolution

Irish Home Rule

-The Act of Union in 1801 unites Britain and Ireland - The Irish hate the British and absentee landlords = Irish nationalism - Irish Catholics begin to demand independence = "home rule" - Attempts by Liberal party to pass a home rule bill fail in Parliament - Home Rule Bill of 1885: A bill proposed by Ireland that provided for their independence from England. - Home Rule Act is passed in 1914 ...but it is suspended because the Irish Protestants in Northern Ireland/Ulster don't want it and World War I breaks out in 1914

Representation of the People Act, 1918

-Women over 30 gained suffrage -all men gained suffrage (property qualifications completely eliminated)

Giuseppe Garibaldi, Red Shirts

1807-82 An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily. This Italian republican revolutionary's claim to power was a result of the support received by Sicilians.

Count Cavour

1810-1861 The prime minister of Italy appointed by Victor Emmanuel who pushed for Italian unification. This man orchestrated the unification of Italy around the constitutional monarchy of Piedmont-Sardinia.

Jean Jaures

A French Socialist leader. Initially an Opportunist Republican, he evolved into one of the first social democrats, becoming the leader, in 1902, of the French Socialist Party, which opposed Jules Guesde's revolutionary Socialist Party of France. Both parties merged in 1905 in the French Section of the Workers' International.

Adolphe Thiers

A French politician and historian. He was a prime minister under King Louis-Philippe of France. Following the overthrow of the Second Empire he again came to prominence as the French leader who suppressed the revolutionary Paris Commune of 1871. From 1871 to 1873 he served initially as Head of State (effectively a provisional President of France), then provisional President.

Mirs

A Russian farm community that provided for holding land in common and regulating the movements of any individual by the group. Peasant village assembly responsible to the government.

Gregori Rasputin

A Russian peasant and self-proclaimed mystic who gained significant influence over Tsar Nicholas II's wife, Alexandra, prior to the revolutions of 1917. Rasputin's behavior caused scandals, and the Russian people began to believe that the tsar himself was under Rasputin's influence. Supporters of the tsar had Rasputin killed in late 1916.

Dreyfus Affair

A divisive case in which ________, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason in 1894. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against _______. After _______ was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.

" Bloody Sunday"

A massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905 that triggered a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy.

Ems Dispatch

A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war. A telegram edited by Bismark to insult the French people while making it sound as though they had insulted the Prussians. This led to the Franco-Prussian wars which Prussia won handily and violently. The French people never forgave the Prussians, setting the stage for World War I

Alexander III

After Alexander II was assassinated in 1889, Alexander III came into power. He possessed all of the autocratic and repressive characteristics of Nicholas I. He strengthen secret police and influenced the regulation of the press. - took over and reverted to brutal program of resistance to liberals and revolutionaries alike. However, peasant emancipation, zemstvos and judicial reforms were allowed to continue.

Second French Republic

After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage. Louis Napoleon (later known as Napoleon III), nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was overwhelmingly elected president and France enjoyed a period of stability and prosperity. This government was late overthrown in yet another coup d'etat.

Plombieres, 1859

An agreement signed here between Cavour and Napoleon helped Napoleon III gain influence in Italy and Piedmont-Sardinia wage war with Austria. Agreement made by Cavour with Louis Napoleon stated that if Piedmont were at war with Austria, France would back them up and if Piedmont won there would be land gains for both countries. Cavour wanted Venetia and Lombardy, and Napoleon wanted to weaken Austria get Nice and Savoy and get back at the Austrians.

Paris Commune

An organization of disgruntled bourgeoisie members took over Paris in this. Adolphe Thiers organized an army to surround Paris and quell this uprising. It has wrongly been called the first seizure of power by the working class.

Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71

Bismarck realized that a patriotic war with France would drive the south German states into his arms. This essentially worked as Prussia flattened France and forced them to accept harsh peace terms.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878, resulting from Pius IX's declaration of papal infallibility.

Lord Palmerston

British prime minister who was without strong party loyalty and found it easy to make political compromises. Not a reformer and opposed expanding the franchise.

Parliament Act of 1911

Came about when the House of Lords refused to pass a budget to pay for the National Insurance Act of 1911. The result was the ________________ which allowed the House of Commons to override any legislative veto of the House of Lords. The Act was pushed through the House of Lords when George V who threatened to create sufficient Liberal peers to overcome the Conservative majority in the House of Lords. The Act effectively removed the right of the Lords to veto money bills.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) This "Iron Chancellor" used realpolitik to obtain Germany's self interest.

Crimean War

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.

Independent Labor Party

Created by Hardie Goal: to secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange.

Second French Empire

December 2, 1852: Louis Napoleon assumed the title of Napoleon III. The Second French Empire begins. Napoleon III controls armed forces, police, and civil service and only he could introduce legislation and declare war.

Syllabus of Errors, 1864

Document released by Pope Pius IX condemning certain rights.

Florence Nightingale

During the Crimean War, this British woman organized nursing care for the wounded and set standard sanitary conditions. She began the professional education of nurses, which led to a new type of nurse, one who was reliable and successful. She was the founder of modern-day nursing by starting a sort of "nursing revolution." The death rate in hospitals dropped 90% under her care. She was the first practiced epidemiologist.

Liberal Party

Eliminated House of Lords, increased taxes on the rich and passed a national health program.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Empire in which a dual monarchy was set up in order to bring compromise to a series of different ethnicities. After being defeated by Prussia, Austria could no longer ignore the call for national autonomy coming from Hungary. The creation of a dual monarchy gave Hungary control over domestic affairs. Certain areas of governance, such as foreign affairs, were to be directed from Vienna.

King Victor Emmanuel

First King of Italy, who was originally king of Sardinia. King of a unified Italy. Takes the Piedmont from Austria. This man wanted to unify Germany by gradually extending his control over the peninsula.

Social Democratic Party

Founded in 1875 because of the labor agitation of Ferdinand Lassalle who wanted workers to participate in German politics. It was divided between those who advocated reform and those who advocated revolution. Bismarck largely repressed this party, believing socialism would undermine German politics and society. Being a socialist in Germany eventually meant sacrificing a respectable German life and possibly, a career. Its members had the goal of getting more and more representatives in the Reichstag.

Third French Republic

French Republic started after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the demise of Napoleon III, and survived until the invasion of the German third Reich. It was the longest regime from after the French Revolution.

Emile Zola "J'accuse!"

French novelist who came to the defense of Dreyfus and attacked the army in his newspaper article "J'accuse" (I accuse). He accused the army of denying Dreyfus due process, forgiving evidence, and of being anti-semitic.

Boulanger Crisis

Gained support of the military. Plotted a coup to overthrow the Republic. He was called to trial but committed suicide. His fall resulted in increased public confidence in the Republic.

Reform Bill of 1867, "leap in the dark"

Gave most male adults in urban areas the right to vote.

Reform Act of 1884

Gave the right to vote to all men who paid regular rents or taxes. Still excluded women from the right to vote.

Zollverein

German custom's unit formed to remove tariffs and trade barriers from inside the German confederation in the 19th cent. 1834; German customs union under the leadership of Prussia; German states (except Austria) were joined into a single economic union A free-trade union established among the major German states in 1834.

Wilhelm II

German emperor who forced Bismarck to resign in 1890 and refused to renew the Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, prompting republican France to court absolutist Russia with loans, arms, and friendship and in 1894 became military allies, creating two rival blocs in Europe.

Prussian-Danish War, 1863

Germany and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein.

Fabian Society

Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change.

Sardinia-Piedmont

Italian nationalists looked for leadership from this kingdom. It was the largest and most powerful of the Italian states.

Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and then ended the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin. In WWI ordered a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary, forcing a chain reaction of mobilization. - he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

"Liberal Empire"

Later regime of Napoleon III during which he enacted liberal reforms to ensure the loyalty of the people.

Millicent Garrett Fawcett

Leader of National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. Demanded that Parliament grant female suffrage. Knighted in 1924.

Benjamin Disraeli

Leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century. Took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867. Typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics.

Conservative Party

Led by Margaret Thatcher- determined to roll back many of the socialist policies that Britain had enacted since the war.

Bundestag

Lower house of the Reichstag elected by universal male suffrage.

Napoleon III

Nephew of Emperor Napoleon I. Used Napoleonic legend to win elections in 1848 to become France's first president under universal suffrage for men. Seized power in 1851 via coup d' état and became dictator of second French empire. Discards constitution, taking France back to 1791. Leads period of economic growth: rebuilt Paris, extends French power overseas (Crimean War, war for Italian unification (which got some territory for France Nice and Savoy), Constructed Suez Canal between Mediterranean and Red Sea. Losses through involvement in mexico and Franco-Prussian war. Went into exile.

"Humiliation of Olmutz"

Occurred in 1850 as the response to Austrians threat of war with Prussians if they didn't abandon their plans for a unified Germany. In November of 1850 Prussian ministers signed an agreement with Austrian counterparts in the Moravian city of Olmutz. Became known as "the Humiliation of Olmutz " due to the fact that Prussia was forced to accept Austrian dominance or go to war.

Kaiser Wilhelm I

On January 18, 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors in Louis XIV's palace at Versailles, Wilhelm I, with Bismarck standing at the foot of the throne, was proclaimed Kaiser or emperor of the Second German Empire (the first was the medieval Holy Roman Empire).

Age of Mass Politics

Ordinary people felt increasing loyalty to their governments. By 1914 universal male suffrage was the rule. Politician and parties in national parliaments represented the people more responsibly as increased suffrage spread, The welfare state emerged, first in germany, then in Britain, France and other countries. Increased literacy: governments came to believe public education was important to provide society with well-informed and responsible citizens. Governments were often led by conservatives who manipulated nationalism to create a sense of unity and divert attention away from underlying class conflicts

Pan-Slavism

Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid-19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples. It rose with the emergence of nationalism in the nineteenth century. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires, Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. Pan-Slavism was a factor in the Russian support of Serbia at the beginning of World War I.

kleindutsch plan

Plan supported by Bismarck for German unification Kleindeutsch: Meaning "small German". The argument that the German speaking portions of the Habsburg empire should be excluded from a United Germany.

Catholic Center Party

Political party of Catholics in Germany. Second largest party in Germany. Approved Bismarck's policy of centralization and promoted the political concept of Particularism which advocated regional priorities.

Kier Hardie

Scottish miner. Spokesman for newly created Labour Party. Was first independent working man to sit in House of Commons. Convinced people to support Labour Party rather than liberals.

Duma

The Russia Parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes .

Junkers

The nobility of Brandenburg and Prussia, they were reluctant allies of Frederick William in his consolidation of the Prussian state.

"Il Risorgimento"

The political and social movement that collected different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century.

Reichstag

The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.

Bundesrat

The upper house of the German federal parliament whose members are appointed by the various state governments.

German Empire

This was the empire that was unified by Bismarck of Prussia. The German Empire was created after the Franco-Prussian war when Bismarck captured Alsace-Lorraine. This Empire evolved into Germany. It became a major European power under Bismarck.

Jules Ferry

Under the leadership of him, the moderate republicans of small towns and villages passed a series of laws between 1879 and 1886 establishing free compulsory elementary education for both girls and boys. At the same time, they greatly expanded the state system of public tax-supported schools. Thus, France shared fully in the general expansion of public education, which served as a critical nation-building tool throughout the Western world in the late nineteenth century.

William Gladstone

Was a British Liberal Party statesman and four times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94). He was also Chancellor of the Exchequer and a champion of the Home Rule Bill which would have established self-government in Ireland. Intense rival with Benjamin Disraeli.

Chamber of Deputies

Within the French bicameral legislature, the lower house, or the ________________, was elected according to a very narrow franchise with a high property qualification.

"gap theory"

gained Bismarck favor with King it claimed that if king and legislature came to a stalemate, then king gets to decide since he granted the constitution

Magyars

sought political control over non-magyar peoples living within the historical boundaries of Hungary. Ethnic group in Hungary. They were led by Kossuth in '48. They were triumphant in March Days. They shook off German connection. They moved from Pressburg to Budapest as their capital. They changed official language from Latin to Magyar. But less than half of Hungary was Magyar - this therefore alienated many. Slovaks, Romanian, German, Serbs, Croats, etc. resisted Magyar domination.

"blood and iron"

the speech that Otto Von Bismarck gave with the belief that a strong industry and military was needed in a country to have success. The blood represented the military while the iron represented the industry of Germany.

Theodor Herzl, Zionism

• Austro-Hungarian Jewish Politician • Founder of Zionism—political solution to antisemitism • Wrote The Jewish State in 1896 in which he concluded that Jews must have a state of their own in Palestine