BIOL EXAM 3

reproductive isolation

the inability of individuals from two populations to produce fertile offspring with each other

The extinction that occurred on earth 65 million years ago was immediately followed by:

the rapid divergence and radiation of modern mammals.

The innermost portion of a virus' structure is made up of

either DNA or RNA

Birds are ___________________, whereas turtles are _________________.

endotherms; ectotherms

monophyletic group

includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

monogamy

individuals mate and remain with just one other individual

If a virus is latent, it

is not actively replicating.

Most apparent acts of altruism in the animal kingdom have proved, on closer inspection, to be not truly altruistic. Instead, they have evolved as a consequence of either _____________________ or _____________________.

kin selection; reciprocal altruism

Sponges of the phylum Porifera are sessile, meaning that they:

live attached to a solid structure and do not move around

How many kingdoms do eukarya have?

4 PAFP

Soon after amniotic vertebrates appeared, two different evolutionary lineages began to diverge. They are the:

mammals and the reptiles

Polygamy and monogamy are two types of:

mating systems.

The sex with the greater energetic investment in reproduction will be ___________________ when it comes to mating.

more discriminating

The _____ species concept works better when classifying asexual species.

morphological

pair bond

A bond between an individual male and female in which they spend a high proportion of their time together, often over many years, sharing a nest or other refuge and contributing equally to the care of offspring

Linnaean System

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Human babies quickly and easily develop a fear of snakes, yet they don't easily develop a fear of guns. Why?

During most of the history of human evolution, snakes were dangerous to humans and guns didn't exist.

fixed action pattern

In animal behavior, a sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried to completion.

selection for a behavior that lowers an individual's own chances of survival or reproduction, but raises those of a relative

Kin Selection

sexual monomorphism

Males and females are similar in physical attributes associated with equality in relationships

Behaviors can be influenced by

Natural Selection

Polyandry

One female, several males.

Polygyny

One male, several females.

Urey-Miller Experiment

One of early experiments to attempt to recreate atmosphere of early Earth resulting in autosynth molc such as urea/amino acids/adenine

What phylum do sponges belong to?

Porifera

Which animal phylum lacks true tissues?

Porifera (sponges)

internal fertilization

Process in which eggs are fertilized inside the female's body

What kind of symmetry do cnidarians have?

Radial Symmetry

allopatric speciation

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

(T/F) All animals are multicellular

True

(T/F) In almost all cases, the apparent acts of altruism are not truly altruistic and have evolved as a consequence of either kin selection or reciprocal altruism

True

(T/F) Innate behaviors develop without any environmental input.

True

(T/F) Sponges are hermaphrodites

True

Prokaryotes are classified into _________ domain(s).

Two

when are behaviors exhibited not necessarily evolutionarily adaptive?

When organisms are in environments that differ from the environment to which they are adapted

All arthropods have:

a chitinous exoskeleton and jointed appendages.

Why did Darwin think his theory would be unsuccessful?

natural selection should never produce altruistic behavior

Polygamy

a system in which some individuals attract multiple mates while other individuals attract none

A behavior will be favored by natural selection when

an animal's behavior in natural situations usually increases its relative reproductive success

analogous traits

are characteristics that are similar because they were produced by convergent evolution

Polygynous species:

are usually sexually dimorphic, with males larger and more highly ornamented

Postzygotic barriers

occur after fertilization and generally prevent the production of fertile offspring from individuals of two different species

From an evolutionary perspective, behavior can best be viewed as:

part of the phenotype

Relative to birds, more mammalian species are:

polygynous

prezygotic barriers

prevent mating or fertilization between species

All invertebrates except one group are

protostomes

The biological species concept is primarily based on:

reproductive isolation.

Two types of cnidarian bodies

sessile polyp and free-floating medusa

When the sexes of a species differ in size or appearance, it is called:

sexual dimorphism

A population of organisms that breaks away and becomes different from the original population through isolation and separate evolution might eventually become a separate:

species

indirect fitness

the fitness that an individual gains by helping relatives pass on copies of their genes

Sexual dimorphism refers to:

the situation in which males and females differ physically and/or behaviorally.

inclusive fitness

the sum of an individual's direct and indirect fitness

Biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Warm Little Pond Theory

- Darwin - ammonia, phosphate, salts, light, electricity, chemicals formed like in a little warm pond

Animals communicate with many different types of signals. Three types are most common:

-Chemical -Acoustical -Visual

Why is it so much easier for an infant to learn a complex language than for a college student to learn biology?

-Language is a feature with great evolutionary relevance for humans. -Learning biology was not a behavior with evolutionary relevance for humans.

reciprocal altruism can evolve if these certain conditions are met:

-Repeated interactions among individuals, with opportunities to be both the donor and the recipient of altruistic-appearing acts -Benefits to the recipient that are significantly greater than the costs to the donor -The ability to recognize and punish cheaters, individuals that are recipients of altruistic-appearing acts but do not return the favor

Female choosiness is manifested by four general rules:

-courtship rituals -valuable resources -large parental investment up front -valuable physical attribute

process of speciation

-reproductive isolation -genetic divergence -

Why do human taste preferences exist?

Human feeding choices influence energy intake and, consequently, fitness.

Which of the following taxonomic ranks is least inclusive? A. genus B. class C. family D. phylum E. order

A. genus

Behavior

Any and all actions performed by an organism

The _____ have a biomass greater than that of all the ____ and ______ on earth .A. plants, animals, bacteria B. fungi, animals, plants C. animals, bacteria, fungi D. bacteria, plants, animals E. viruses have the most biomass

D. bacteria, plants, animals

Speciation with geographic isolation is ________. A. saintpatric speciation B. allopatric speciation C. parapatric speciation D. autopatric speciation E. sympatric speciation

B. allopatric speciation

Which order of insects has the highest species diversity—more than that of any other order in animals?

Beetles

Do sponges produce sexually or asexually?

Both

What chemical do corals secrete to give them a hard outer structure?

Calcium Carbonate

What is the stinging cell called on Cnidarians?

Cindocyst

What phylum do jellyfish belong to?

Cnidaria

Which of the following is the quickest method of speciation? A. Allopatric speciation involving the formation of a river for separation of two populations. B. Sympatric speciation involving the formation of a river for separation of two populations. C. Allopatric speciation involving the formation of a fertile hybrid. D. Sympatric speciation involving the formation of a fertile hybrid. E. None of the above

D. Sympatric speciation involving the formation of a fertile hybrid.

The morphological species concept: A. was popular among early biologists but is hardly ever used anymore. B. is still the most accurate species concept in use. C. groups species based on how they have changed through time. D. almost always incorrectly classifies species due to homoplasies. E. groups species based on similar physical features.

E. groups species based on similar physical features.

The _____ species concept works better when classifying asexual species. A. biological B. reproductive C. sympatric D. allopatric E. morphological

E. morphological

Babies in the United States quickly and easily develop a fear of snakes. Yet they don't easily develop a fear of guns. Why?

Evolution can be slow in producing populations that are adapted to their environments.

In a situation in which males guard eggs and care for the young without help from the female, which of the following statements would most likely be correct?

Females are more brightly colored than males and court males aggressively.

You are eating in a French restaurant and read that snails are on the menu. Being a knowledgeable biologist, you kindly inform the other members at the table that this restaurant is serving the ___________ class of Mollusks.

Gastropod

the evolution of a trait that is beneficial for the species or population while decreasing the fitness of the individual exhibiting the trait.

Group Selection

Which animal does the waggle dance?

Honeybees

altruistic behaviors

behaviors that come at a cost to the individual doing the behavior while benefiting the recipient

Echinoderm larvae are ________________, whereas echinoderm adults are ________________.

bilaterally symmetrical; radially symmetrical

Arguments that a morphological characteristic or behavior has evolved because it benefits the species or population are arguments for __________. But because this decreases the reproductive success of individuals, it very rarely occurs.

group selection.

The morphological species concept:

groups species based on similar physical features.

The current mass extinction is believed to be primarily caused by:

human actions.

The difference between macroevolution and microevolution is that:

they take place on different time scales.

prepared learning

when behaviors are learned easily and by all individuals